China & Africa Exchange In Urban Poverty Reduction

Allan Cain Development Workshop & Liu Haifang Centre for African Studies – PkU - China

Presented to the Urban LandMark Conference

13 - 14 March 2013 Johannesburg – South Africa Measuring Urban Poverty Reduction

• UN Habitat established a Global Urban Observatory Program to help countries monitor their progress to meeting the key urban MDGs as articulated in Goal 7 indicators 11. • The aim of the Urban MDGs is to reduce the proportion of populations living is slums by measuring the following indicators: 1. Acess to an adequate potable water supply 2. Acess to improved sanitation 3. Sufficient living space 4. Durable and safe housing 5. Secure land tenure

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Urban Growth Rates in Africa & Asia China & Africa Urban & Economic Growth

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Africa & Asia Urban Poverty Reduction

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Reduction of Slums between 1990 & 2010

1990

2010 Reduction of Slums between 1990 - 2010

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Economic Exclusion & Gini Coefficients The Gini coefficient measures the inequality of wealth within a group such as a city. A Gini coefficient of ‘zero’ expresses perfect equality while ‘one’ expresses maximal inequality The World’s most Unequal Cities Who benefits from urban growth?

How do women fare?

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL

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INFORMAÇÃO8 TERRITORIAL Tombo

Quingolo Rapado Quinzenza 290000 300000 310000 320000 330000 340000 Participatory Monitoring in Angola Voices of Citizens for Urban Change To influence more inclusive municipal planning processes, and equitable access to improved urban services for the poor by: • promoting community participation in monitoring urban poverty indicators related to the Millennium Development Goals • providing evidence-based information as inputs into municipal plans; • Building an urban poverty network that advocates for equitable access to improved basic services and promote participatory governance; • increase sustainable access basic services by promoting community management models to ensure that consumer voices are heard.

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Geographic Information Systems

Remote sensing: Applied GIS tools for collecting urban information, using aerial photographs and satellite images. Participatory Mapping

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Participatory Research • Household surveys made ​​by teams comprised of technicians from INOTU, university students and community groups, under the supervision and technical support of DW. • Data on MDGs was validated by interviews with key informants and focus groups in all bairros in Luanda. • Data mapped & put into the public domain. Provided to urban planners, ministries, municipal administrators, community associations.

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Municipal Forums • monitoring results are presented to the Municipal Forums & CACs • strengthens the capacity of local authorities and civil society to ensure inclusive and participatory local development. • demonstrated spaces for consultation between local authorities and civil society on urban issues and promotes municipal democratisation.

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Luanda’s rapid urban growth in war CRESCIMENTO EXPANSIVO 1980 - 19,42 Km² and post-war years 1989 - 100,80 Km² 1998 - 253,27 Km² 2000 - 270,05 Km² 2010 – 350,00 Km²

Development Workshop Angola Poverty Mapping of Luanda - findings Findings: Land Tenure • Most of poor families accumulated savings are tied up in the land they occupy and the house they built or purchase • Rapid development of informal markets for the purchase and renting of land and property • Formal titling is very rare, but levels of perceived tenure security is high Informal Purchase • The majority of peri-urban Informal Land Occupation residents acquired Informal House their and houses Occupation through informal Informal Rent mechanisms Informal Family and don't have Transfer access to Formal Purchase mechanisms to Formal Family regularize their Transfer Other land. Land Value Mapping in Luanda 2010 Mapping of Environmental Risk Areas

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL Mapping of Water Access & Afordability

Average Price of Water Bairro [Kz/20L] Consumer Spatial Price Coefficients 60 55 Kz/Km/1m3Kz/Km/1m3 fromfrom CacuacoCacuaco 50 40 35 CacuacoCacuaco 30 25 SambizangaSambizanga 20 8/Km/1m3 15 10 RangelRangel 5 <1/Km/1m3 CazengaCazenga No informal market 13/Km MaiangaMaianga 10/Km/1m3

KilambaKilamba KiaxiKiaxi 14/Km/1m314/Km/1m3

SambaSamba 12/Km/1m312/Km/1m3

Nivel de consumo Municipio M.Baixo Baixo Medio Alto M.Alto 5/Km/1m35/Km/1m3 Ingombota 6.2 6.5VianaViana 4.2 4.6 3.5 Maianga 16.2 10.7 15.3 11.5 17.0 Rangel 8.1 4.2 2.7 7.6 0.8 12.3 14.5 22.9 14.1 17.0 Cazenga 4.2 6.5 2.7 11.8 3.1 K.Kiaxi 15.0 17.2 17.2 17.9 16.6 Samba 13.5 15.6 14.1 10.7 23.2 Cacuaco 8.5 13.4 8.4 3.4 5.4 Viana 16.2 11.5 12.6 18.3 13.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100

Urban Challenges

76% of Luanda’s population lives in informal Musseques Financing urban development • Large-scale investment is needed in bulk provision, such as mains water supply and treatment, final rubbish disposal sites and mains sewerage. • Financing urban development in a situation such as Luanda, which has a low fiscal base, is a severe challenge. • This is due partly to the poverty of the majority of the inhabitants. • The weak taxation regime in general partly due to a lack of up-to-date cadastre and population census. • Financing is required at a scale that even the state cannot afford. • Partnerships with private sector and international lenders are necessary. • China has been the principal financer of Angolan reconstruction. Background on Angola & China

• Angola is China’s principal African trading partner • 25% of China’s African commerce is with Angola • 15% of China’s petroleum imports are from Angola • Angola and China are two of the fastest urbanising countries in the world. • At 7% growth Luanda is the fastest growing city in Southern Africa. • Much of Angola’s post-war reconstruction is financed by Chinese credit lines. • Chinese – Angolan economic cooperation is estimated to be about US$ 25 billion over the last decade. Chinese Economic Cooperation Contracts of Chinese Companies in Angola (2003 – 2009), US$ millions One million house programme

115,000 houses to be supplied by State

685,000 houses to be self-built Obrigado

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL