Processes of Legitimation: 10 Years of Mobile Images

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Processes of Legitimation: 10 Years of Mobile Images École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales ARTS ET LANGAGES Gaby David Processes of Legitimation: 10 Years of Mobile Images Thèse de doctorat Sous la direction de Giovanni Careri & André Gunthert VOLUME I & II. 9th of December 2015 Jury: Laurence Allard, François Brunet, Giovanni Careri, André Gunthert, Valérie Jeanne-Perrier Processus de légitimation : 10 années d’images mobiles Résumé en version française Table de matières Résumé……………………………………………………………………………...……….. ii Introduction État de l’art : Images mobiles, études et taxonomies ………………………………... iii Contexte et chronologie de la recherche ………………………………………….. xvii Résumé de la thèse, études de cas et méthodologie………………………………... xxix Première partie : Le processus de légitimation des photos mobiles Les années expérimentales : émergence des artistes et journalistes citoyens ……… xxiv Deuxième partie : Quand les images mobiles deviennent ordinaires - la prise de pouvoir des utilisateurs sur le processus d’auto-légitimation De la reconnaissance entre pairs à l’auto-validation ……………………………... xxxiii Conclusion générale …………………………………………………………………….. xxxix i Résumé Comment la production et la consommation d’images mobiles privées, vernaculaires, passent-elles d’une relative confidentialité à une large exposition médiatique, voire à un habitus généralisé, véritable phénomène social ? Avec l’accroissement de l’utilisation de ces images mobiles dans la vie quotidienne, comment et où ces effets ont-ils été perçus ? Afin de comprendre les mécanismes qui ont conduit à construire l’acceptation sociale de l’image mobile, la thèse de Gaby David explore les processus de légitimation et de validation que l’imagerie mobile a subis entre 2005 et 2015. Processus de légitimation : 10 années d’images mobiles, tente de retracer l’histoire récente des processus de légitimation de ces images en la divisant en deux grandes périodes. La première partie, structurale, comporte une double étude des processus de construction et de légitimation de ce phénomène par le biais de diverses industries culturelles, artistiques ou médiatiques - notamment à travers une analyse ethnographique du festival Pocket Films, appuyée ensuite sur une série d’études de cas des images mobiles dans les circuits institutionnels de l’information. La deuxième partie se concentre sur l’étude de la validation faite par les groupes de pairs, comme dans le cas des communautés de pratiques, ou quand les images mobiles deviennent ordinaires : y est mise en évidence la prise de pouvoir des utilisateurs sur le processus d’auto-légitimation. Enfin, une auto-ethnographie, réflexion sur les propres pratiques de l’auteure observées rétrospectivement, révèle comment la pratique des selfies a stimulé les échanges instantanés et Mots clés : affects, culture visuelle, dispositifs, ethnographie, études culturelles, films de poche, images mobiles, légitimation, mobile, pratiques, selfie, vernaculaire. ii Introduction État de l’art : Images mobiles, études et taxinomies En 2010, tentant de démontrer que les choses n’avaient pas tellement changé, Villi, dans sa thèse de doctorat, cite les propos tenus par Goggin des années auparavant : « La culture mobile est considérée comme futile, vulgaire et relevant de la culture de masse. Elle est donc boudée par la recherche ».1 Néanmoins, au cours des cinq dernières années, la recherche dans le domaine des Études Mobiles n’a cessé de se développer et diversifier. La raison en est l’indéniable augmentation du taux de pénétration et de la popularité de ce médium. Le tournant mobile a laissé place à une véritable discipline ayant son propre objet, et qui brasse des concepts comme l’identité, l’intimité, l’individualisme et le collectif. Le style de vie et les relations techno-sociétales en ligne et hors ligne sont devenus manifestes au quotidien, tout en étant en passe d’être reflétés et concrétisés pratiquement à chaque instant de nos vies. Cet état de l’art fait le tour (de la première et deuxième génération) des chercheurs universitaires qui tentent de comprendre les pratiques visuelles qu’ont facilitées les téléphones portables. Mais le nombre de chercheurs qui s’intéressent aux Études Mobiles demeure bien plus restreint que celui des spécialistes en Études Internet, Études des médias ou encore en anthropologie numérique. Cinq foyers de recherche en Études Mobiles ont initié : un foyer japonais et coréen, autour de chercheurs dont la réputation n’est plus à faire, tels qu’Okabe, Okada et Lee ; un foyer finlandais, qui compte Battarbee, Koskinen, Kurvinen, Kindberg, Mäkela, Rantavuo, Sarvas, Spasojevic, Oksman et Villi ; un troisième foyer, en Amérique du Nord cette fois-ci, mené par Aakhus, Katz, Davis, Van House, Edwards, Miller, Lillie, Caron et Caronia, et Ito ; un foyer européen, comprenant des chercheurs français, espagnols, allemands, hongrois, anglais et italiens, dont les grands noms sont Allard, de Gournay, 1 Villi, M. (2010). Visual mobile communication: Camera phone photo messages as ritual communication and mediated presence, (Thèse de Doctorat). Helsinki: Aalto University School of Art and Design, p. 25 cite Goggin, G. (2006). Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, p. 206. iii Frohlich, Fortunatti, Gomez-Cruz, Licoppe, Ling, Lasén, Martin, Rivière, Scifo, Nyíri et Von-Pape. Enfin, le dernier foyer, mais non le moindre, est l’école océanienne, dirigée par Goggin et Hjorth, et dans laquelle nous retrouvons Horst, Chesher, Grace, Gye, Burgess, Palmer et Richardson, et enfin Schleser.2 Il existe de fait des spécialistes qui n’appartiennent à aucun de ces pôles et qui se considèrent comme des ethnographes numériques ayant un intérêt pour les sujets mobiles. Mais les cinq foyers géographiques que je viens de citer englobent les chercheurs que je considère comme constituant la première et la deuxième génération d’universitaires travaillant dans le domaine de l’image mobile. Cet inventaire initial montre combien la recherche dans ce domaine est dépendante de l’influence géopolitique du développement industriel, des investissements économiques et de subventions industrielles ou de bourses et subventions de l’État. La conséquence est que la plupart des articles publiés par les chercheurs susmentionnés portent sur des analyses de données empiriques et ethnographiques de petite envergure (micro ethnographie). Cet état de fait confirme bien que les études à grande échelle sont majoritairement, sinon exclusivement, réalisées et financées par l’industrie des télécommunications, et ne peuvent être entreprises par des chercheurs disposant d’un modeste budget universitaire. Il n’empêche que, du fait que l’Internet mobile est en croissance constante, les budgets de recherche augmenteront peut-être, ce qui pourrait changer la donne et rendre la recherche elle-même plus mobile, moins locale, et plus globale. Quelques travaux constituent le fondement de la réflexion sur les images mobiles. Ils ont dégagé les concepts structurants des Études Mobiles visuelles et de la création d’images mobiles avant de les développer plus profondément. La taxinomie de Frohlich,3 notamment, classe ce que font les gens avec leurs photos d’après deux paires d’opposés : ici ou là d’une part, et maintenant ou plus tard de l’autre. Il en tire ainsi quatre catégories : le « visionnage à distance », l’« envoi », le « stockage » et le « partage en coprésence ». L’opposition ici/là fait référence au fait de vouloir partager un même espace physique, de permettre à l’autre de voir ce que je vois et de lui permettre de visualiser l’endroit où je me trouve. Quant à l’opposition 2 Je souhaite d’emblée présenter mes excuses à tout chercheur dont j’aurais omis de mentionner le nom. 3 Frohlich, D., Kuchinsky, A., Pering, C., Don, A. & Ariss, S. (2002). Requirements for Photoware, in ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Nov. 16-20, 2002, ACM Press, pp. 166-175. iv maintenant/plus tard, elle se réfère au temps réel et à l’archivage, qui sont les deux perspectives principales du partage de données mobiles. Les Finlandais Ilpo Koskinen et Esko Kurvinen font partie des premiers universitaires à avoir érigé l’étude des médias mobiles au rang de nouveau champ de recherche, grâce à leurs études de cas remarquables portant sur les images mobiles.4 L’article de Kurvinen, Only when Miss Universe snatches me : Teasing in MMS messaging (2003), a inspiré mon dernier chapitre – auto-ethnographique – et en constitue le cadre empirique et théorique : dans une perspective similaire, j’étudie comment les « images mobiles permettent d’entretenir la conversation »5, suivant une mécanique d’échange assez « intersubjective »6, informelle, très personnelle et relevant du cercle intime.7 L’article incontournable d’Okabe et Ito, Camera phones changing the definition of picture-worthy8 , illustre bien le fait que la conception de ce qui vaut d’être photographié ou non évolue constamment depuis que les utilisateurs ont commencé à accorder de l’importance à des objets ou instants relevant de la vie quotidienne - et non plus seulement à des événements marquants, comme les anniversaires ou les vacances. Pour mieux cerner ces pratiques d’utilisation, Kindberg et al. ont mis au point une taxonomie basée sur les raisons pour lesquelles on prend des photos avec un caméraphone. 9 Ces chercheurs ont remarqué que le phénomène s’articule sur un axe double : un premier axe sur lequel l’« émotionnel » s’oppose au « fonctionnel », et un second axe sur lequel le « social » s’oppose à l’« individuel ».10 Van House et al. ont recours
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