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Richard Hollenbach Dr. Elizabeth Wylie-Ernst GER 1500 Spring 2015 J.R.R. Tolkien's Two Towers of Inspiration: Beowulf And

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Richard Hollenbach Dr. Elizabeth Wylie-Ernst GER 1500 Spring 2015 J.R.R. Tolkien's Two Towers of Inspiration: Beowulf And Hollenbach 1 Richard Hollenbach Dr. Elizabeth Wylie-Ernst GER 1500 Spring 2015 J.R.R. Tolkien’s Two Towers of Inspiration: Beowulf and The Volsung Saga So you know the story: a young Hobbit joins a group of dwarves on a quest to win back their kingdom, with the help of an old sorcerer. Along the way he finds a magic ring in a cave that allows this hobbit to become invisible. Many, many, years later he bequeaths this ring to his grandson, who then embarks upon his own journey with the ring, until he drops it into a volcano. Everybody should know that there was the plot line for The Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings Trilogy, written by the one and only J.R.R. Tolkien. Well, did you know that there were many old European poems and stories that inspired the writing of his novels? In fact, Tolkien was a knowledgeable scholar on poems such as Beowulf; in 1936 he gave a lecture on the poem, focusing on monsters and critics (is there a difference?). This Old English poem, however, was not the only story that may have influenced his writing; Norse sagas and myths also affected the creation of his novels. Many aspects of the poem Beowulf as well as the Saga of the Volsungs such as characters, objects, plotlines, and themes find themselves incorporated into Tolkien’s novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. First let us look at the poem Beowulf, written in the 8th century by an anonymous Christian Monk. The story, set in Northern England, begins with the kingdom of Heorot, ruled by Hrothgar. At first the kingdom was all well, until a descendant of Cain (who killed his brother Able in the Bible) discovers Heorot. He goes into the big hall and kills thirty men the first night, then continues to take the lives of the knights and nobles for many years. Suddenly a Geatish Hollenbach 2 hero named Beowulf arrives, and in one night kills Grendel the monster with his bare hands. For his great feat, Hrothgar rewards him greatly. Sometime later Grendel’s mother appears and wreaks havoc on Heorot; Beowulf responds by venturing to her underwater lair and disposing of her as well. He utilizes an ancient giant’s sword laying there since no other sword would harm her, and he kills the mother. Now a national hero, Beowulf becomes King, and establishes a good relationship between the Geats and the Danes; he also becomes an honorary part of Hrothgar’s family. Decades later, Beowulf decides to reclaim treasure that has been guarded by a dragon in a mountain. Taking many of his best men with him, he travels to the dragon to fight him. Right before they fight, however, all the men but Wielaf run away in fear. Beowulf kills the dragon, but not before it poisons him; as a result, they both die. Wielaf alone survives to tell Beowulf’s heroic tale (Hieatt). Now let us look at some surface level comparisons. Both (for the sake of ease, we will consider the combination of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings as one story) stories contain monsters, people, treasure, and a dragon. People are terrorized by many evil monster, and they need a hero or many heroes to come to their aid and protect them. These same heroes travel to hidden treasure guarded by a dragon. In the end the dragon faces defeat and treasure becomes a reward. There exist other connections between the two books. For example, many consider Middle-Earth to be shaped after Heorot, the kingdom in Beowulf (Wainwright). Tolkien most likely took inspiration from the poem’s landscape while creating his world. Another superficial comparison deals with a melting sword; Beowulf’s sword dissolves following the slaying of Grendel’s mother, while Merry’s sword melts after a blow from a Nazgûl (Wainwright, Tolkien). One more example comes when the Fellowship honors Boromir’s death by setting him adrift with treasures and weapons in his boat (Tolkien). This act resembles Norse acts of burial as well Hollenbach 3 as Anglo-Saxon; the ritual also appears in the beginning of Beowulf when Scyld Scefing’s body is placed on his ship and set adrift in the sea (Wainwright). Not a modern ritual in any way, Tolkien must have read about it in one of these sources, and decided to include it into his tale. There already exist some great evidence that Tolkien fashioned his books using Beowulf as a source. However these petty comparisons are not good enough, let us go deeper. The hero Beowulf can be directly compared to the character Aragorn; both are considered very skilled warriors, containing strength of many men. Each man takes a crown, not due to desire of power or thirst of wealth, but from earned right and reward for courage. Each character even exhibits a sense of sadness around them, making both characters serious, focuses, and pensive for the survival of others (Morin). Another direct connection comes in the beginning of Beowulf and in the third book of The Lord of the Rings. In the poem, a guard states “What kind of men are you who arrive / rigged out for combat in coats of mail, / sailing here over the sea-lanes / in your steep-hulled boat? I have / been stationed / as lookout on this coast for a long time” (Hieatt). A similar guard states a very similar thing in the finale of the trilogy, “Who are you that come heedless over the plain thus strangely clad, riding horses like to our own horses? Long have we kept guard here, and we have watched you from afar” (Tolkien). Clearly there was some type of connection between the two guards’ statements, maybe a nostalgic act or a statement of remembrance for the older poem. Now one common theme between the two stories is the next generation of heroes; after a main character dies or gets older, a new hero takes over. In Beowulf, the generational transition is from Beowulf to Wielaf; similarly, Bilbo Baggins is replaced by his grandson Frodo as a new hero. Another common theme proves to be blood revenge. For example, Grendel’s mother comes to avenge her son’s death by attacking Heorot, taking her Hollenbach 4 son’s hand back, and fighting Beowulf in her lair. Thorin Oakenshield, in The Hobbit, also displays similar motives for reclaiming his kingdom under the mountain after the dragon takes it away from his ancestors (fun fact: Oakenshield is a name found in the Prose Edda). Another example would be that Beowulf fights the dragon in vengeance for his kingdom’s devastation and to protect it from total destruction (Rauer). Comparatively in The Hobbit, Bard the Bowman slays Smaug the dragon to prevent him from destroying the rest of Lake Town, most of which already faced annihilation (Tolkien). The theme of blood revenge and vengeance finds its way in both stories, keeping up the ancient themes of honor and glory by slaying a dangerous beast and protecting the kingdom. One more theme proves to be courage or a hero confronting fears. Bilbo Baggins faces many of his fears along his journey, from the darkness of a cave, to fighting dangerous creatures, to facing a dragon all by himself. Frodo and his friends also face fearful situations from the Mines of Moria to Shelob’s Lair and much more. Beowulf travels underwater to the lair of Grendel’s Mother, much different than fighting her son in Heorot’s main hall. All of the characters face their fears at one time or another, most of the time alone, but every time confronting the danger and surviving it (Wainwright). By all the evidence above, clearly Tolkien had at least a little bit of inspiration from Beowulf in terms of details, themes, and characters, many to a much deeper level than just surface comparisons. In his lecture “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics,” Tolkien makes a very interesting statement; he describes Beowulf as not “the hero of a heroic lay,” putting him down by saying that “[h]e has no enmeshed loyalties, nor hapless love” (Tolkien). The author clearly degrades Beowulf’s level of grandeur in those statements, making him seem like an ordinary human. There exists a connection to Tolkien’s choice of main characters when looking at Beowulf in this light. Both Bilbo and Frodo are ordinary hobbits, neither skilled fighters nor magical beings; Hollenbach 5 neither character came from a royal bloodline, or developed any special talent. With Tolkien’s mindset of Beowulf being an ordinary character, he must have used that to fashion his characters in his novels. More than just the poem, Tolkien most likely had some influence on his novels from Old English itself, in which Beowulf was first written. One connection would be the choice of names in the trilogy and Old English names. The prefix Éo-, the Old English word for horse, appears often in reference to tribes of skilled horse riders, or in names of horse riding heroes (Morin). Another example is Frodo, which in Old English translates to Froda; that name is found in Beowulf (Wainwright). Since this language reaches few ears of people today, Tolkien clearly did his research when picking names for characters. Another careful choice of character naming is Saruman, also known as the White Wizard; he plays the role of an antagonist, although he originally may have been a good character inside. His name might come from the Old English word for cunning, which is “Searu;” thus his name translates to “Searuman”, turned into “Saruman” to keep with the Mercian form of words (Morin).
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