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An Exploration of the Role of Women in Liberia's BUILDING PEACE IN POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES: AN EXPLORATION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN LIBERIA’S PEACEBUILDING ARCHITECTURE ____________________________________ SHULIKA Lukong Stella (Student Number: 212552417) ____________________________________ A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the award of a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Degree in Conflict Transformation and Peace Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ____________________________________ Supervisor Dr. Janet M. Muthuki ____________________________________ 2018 DECLARATION I, Lukong Stella Shulika declare that: i. The content reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. ii. This research has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. iii. This dissertation does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. iv. This dissertation does not contain other persons’ writings, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. their words have been rearticulated and the general information attributed to them has been referenced; b. their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotations marks and referenced. v. Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co- author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of it was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications. vi. This dissertation does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the sources being detailed in the dissertation and in the references sections. Signature: Date: 19 June 2018 i DEDICATION To my beloved parents Mr. Lukong Fon Julius Fabian and Mrs. Bongkiyung Helena Shiykpu, as well as to the evergreen memory of my lovely late sister Nyuykighan Lukong Honorine. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to many for their invaluable dedication and supportive roles that gave me the boost to successfully soar through the completion of this academic journey My sincere and profound gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr. Janet Muthuki, whose professional expertise and mentorship motivated and empowered me to be conscientious to work hard and complete this research. I would like to sincerely thank the women organizations, institutions and bodies in Liberia for providing substantive content to this research through their participation in focus group discussions and interviews. I am also very grateful to Tarnue Marwolo for his exceptional support, knowledge, guidance and time sacrificed to assist me during the field research phase in Liberia. My profound gratitude to Prof. Stephen Mutula for his words of encouragement and advice. To the administrators of the School of Social Sciences, especially Nancy Mudau and Vincent Mashau and to the School’s leadership for according me the opportunities to acquire some professional and career experience as a contract lecturer, supervisor, researcher, and support staff, during the course of my study. I am extremely thankful to the University of KwaZulu- Natal Scholarship Board, without whose award of a Doctoral Scholarship, my field work would not have been possible or this dissertation successfully completed. Heartfelt appreciation also goes to my friends: Mr. Free Abel, Etta Manyi Joseph, Zoe Anderson, Elijah Frank, Dr. Chinedu Ekwealor, the family of Prof & Mrs Gueguim Kana, Dr. Suinyuy Terence, Kelvin Banda, Prof. Brownhilder Neneh, Dr. Silas Formunyuy, Aloysius Fomonyuy, Belehkeh Eric, Charles Nyuykonge, Miguel Castañeda, Dr. Adeoye Akinola, Kebuma Jude, Mr. Clarkson Obasi, Binwi Nancy, Dr. Nasejje Justine, Albert Bangirana, Sabum Beatrice, Kubuma Jude Tita, Nyenti Aloys, Dr. Nicoline Fomuyam, Ndukong Delphine, Ndikintum Noela, Feria Wirba, Hongla Bekono, Anastasie Nde, Gerald Ekosso, and Moses Kaufulu. iii To my colleagues Eyerusalem Amare, Marceline Niwenshuti, Dr. Muna Wilson Kamau, Dr. Anthony Gathambiri, Dr. Simeon Nwone, Ernest Nkunzimana and Victor Kabata, thank you for your invaluable support and continuous words of encouragement that turned the challenges of this academic journey into one of motivation. To my parents Mr & Mrs Lukong and siblings Bongdzem Judith, Berka Louis, Berinyuy Bruno, Yuri Floa, Berriliy Brenda, Leinyuy Nestor, and Lendzemo Jude, I remain forever thankful for your loving-kindness, encouragement, love, prayers, support, and being my source of strength and inspiration. I would also like to specially acknowledge family and friends of blessed memory, my sister Nyuykighan Honorine, my uncle and guardian Bongkiyung Kilian, my guardian and mentor Prof (Pa) Fanso Free Samuel, and my amazing friend and advisor YM. I see your prints in all the significant steps I have made thus far in my life and only wish you were here to celebrate this milestone achievement with me. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Louis Mbibeh for his editorial contribution to this study. Lastly, I acknowledge all whom I have not mentioned here for want of space, but who directly and indirectly contributed and encouraged me to forge ahead with this study. iv ABSTRACT Post-conflict situations raise questions about the level to which the notion and practice of peacebuilding can contribute to sustainable peace, reconstruction, and development through transformative gender-responsive and inclusive processes. Embedded in these inquiries are the different standpoints and accentuation that the role and contributions of women in peacebuilding are an important contextual component for (post-)conflict agendas and are very much interlinked to their human and civil rights to participation and representation in public and official decision-making processes. This notwithstanding, the question regarding women’s participation, representation, and the consideration of their interests in the array of post-conflict approaches and processes still remains subject to a complexity of institutional, structural, socio-economic injustices and challenges, even at the grassroots levels. This study recognizes the manner and extent to which the importance of demystifying misconceptions about women and integrating their lived experiences into peacebuilding is imperative for the effectiveness and sustainability of post-conflict drives and its environment. Therefore, to understand the processes of peacebuilding in post-conflict transitions and address the question regarding the role of women therein, this study capitalizes on the Liberian experience as a macrocosm that embodies these themes. It provides a nuanced perspective and context of the role of women and women organizations in Liberia’s peacebuilding architecture using a qualitative research methodology that comprises the review of relevant secondary info and primary data generated from focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with selected women organizations, institutions, and individuals in Liberia. The study identifies the absence of comprehensive scholarship that specifically examines women’s role in relation to each defined pillar of what constitutes post- conflict transition processes. Likewise, it uncovers dearth in literature inherent in the areas of policy implementation and domestication as well as the tendency to homogenize women and women’s organizational roles and significance. In response to these gaps, the study adopts post-conflict peacebuilding, reconstruction and development theoretical framework, and Maxine Molyneux’s organizational theory. These theories serve as the lens through which the study expounds on the underlying importance of v women’s peacebuilding agencies as being practically and strategically diverse as their experiences of conflict and the approaches that inform the different post-conflict processes. Hence, the study generates critical insights on women’s opportunities and challenges of engagement as well as the importance of using transformative stances to peacebuilding programmes; cognizant of the proactive role women are playing and their underplayed contributions in Liberia. It arrives at the several findings, including that Liberian women through their distinctive and shared experiences of conflict provide a gendered specific and transformative perspective to peace and security agendas both at the structural and practical levels. It also establishes that diverse women initiatives remain(ed) the core interventionist platform for women’s efforts in peace and decision-making processes during and in (post-) conflict Liberia and that there are numerous barriers to women’s peacebuilding efforts. The study concludes with several recommendations and the contention that women’s initiatives and agency for peace if genuinely supported would represent and serve as a strategy to progressively advance their different gender interests, participation, and representation in decision-making. It would equally increase the effective implementation as well as eventual sustainability of peacebuilding and development processes in Liberia. Key Words: Post-conflict Societies; Women and Women’s Organizations; Liberia; Policy Instruments; Post-conflict Peacebuilding, Reconstruction, and Development Framework; and Maxine Molyneux’s Organizational Theory. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................
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