Security Council Report

SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly AUGUST 2008 31 July 2008 This report is available online and can beFORECAST viewed together with Update Reports on developments during the month at www.securitycouncilreport.org OVERVIEW FOR AUGUST CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE Status Update since our July In August, Belgium will have the presidency expected. A briefing is likely. (Our Special Forecast...... 2 of the Council. Research Report of 17 December 2007 Sudan...... 3 provides background on the history of An open thematic debate on Council Work- Timor-Leste...... 5 Council involvement.) ing Methods is expected in late August. Lebanon...... 8 It responds to a request by the S5 group Open meetings are also likely on: Somalia...... 10 (Costa Rica, Liechtenstein, Jordan, Singa- n Timor-Leste (briefing by the SRSG and Liberia...... 12 pore and Switzerland) that the Council, after possibly also the foreign minister of Iraq ...... 14 two years, consider the progress made since Timor-Leste); Democratic Republic of its working group under Japan’s leadership n Iraq (renewal of the UNAMI mandate); the Congo...... 16 reached agreement on a number of reforms n Somalia (renewal of the authorisation for International Criminal Tribunals.....18 to working methods, which are recorded in the AU force AMISOM); Notable Dates for August...... 20 S/2006/507. (Our Special Research Report n Sudan (briefing by the UNMIS SRSG is Important Dates over the Horizon....20 of 18 October 2007 “Security Council Trans- likely); and parency, Legitimacy and Effectiveness– n Lebanon (renewal of the UNIFIL mandate). from the Sanctions Committee); Efforts to Reform Council Working Methods Discussions are possible on: n Liberia (initial discussion of the UNMIL 1993-2007” provides detailed background n Counter-Terrorism (the delayed report report due on 15 August); information. This will be supplemented by an of the 1540 Committee); n International Criminal Tribunals (experts Update Report prior to the August debate.) n Myanmar (on the visit of Special Envoy discussions on the annual reports of the A public session on the Middle East, in Ibrahim Gambari); ICTY and ICTR are likely); and accordance with normal practice, is also n DRC (possible consideration of the report n Zimbabwe (follow up to S/PRST/2008/23). Aide-Memoire

Important matters pending for the Council Committee has not acted on individual presidential statement (S/PRST/2008/4). include: sanctions under resolution 1698 against n In a letter from its president (S/2007/722) on n The 2005 World Summit requested that the armed groups that recruit children, despite 7 December 2007 the Council asked the Security Council consider reforms for the MONUC reports about the problem continu- Secretary-General to provide an outline of the Military Staff Committee. This has yet to ing on a serious scale. Nor has the Council mandate of the adviser on the prevention of be addressed. resumed discussion of the issue of natural genocide and of the implications of upgrading n In its resolution 1327 (2000) on the imple- resources in the DRC, which was raised in this position from an Assistant Secretary- mentation of the report of the Panel on its open thematic debate on the subject of General to Under Secretary-General. At press United Nations Peace Operations (the natural resources and conflict in June 2007 time, no response had been released. Brahimi report, S/2000/809), the Council (S/PV.5705). n UNAMI reports on human rights are now decided to review periodically the imple- n A report with recommendations from the usually delayed by several months and are mentation of the provisions contained in the Somalia Sanctions Committee on targeted therefore quite outdated. (The last report, resolution’s annex. No such reviews have measures, requested by 15 July in resolu- released in March, covered the period from occurred in the past three years. tion 1814, was still pending. 1 July to 31 December 2007.) In the past, n The Council requested the Secretary- n The Council is awaiting the PBC’s response the reports were produced every two to General on 29 November 2006 (S/2006/928) to its June request for advice and recom- three months. to update the index to Council notes and mendations on the situation in the Central n The Council is yet to follow up on the Secre- statements on working methods. This has African Republic (S/2008/383). tary-General’s recommendations regarding not been published. n The Secretariat is yet to report to the Council protection of civilians, presented in his n On the DRC, the Council Sanctions on Kenya as requested in its 6 February October 2007 report (S/2007/643). n

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Status Update since our July Forecast

Recent developments on the situations cov- Declaration. The statement also endorsed n Children and Armed Conflict: On 17 July, ered in this Forecast are addressed in the the Secretary-General’s recommendations the Council held an open debate (S/PV.5936 relevant briefs. Interesting developments in with regard to the need for increased and resumption 1) on children and armed the Council on other issues included: resources for the UN Assistance Mission in conflict. The Council adopted a presidential n UNDOF: On 27 June, the Council adopted Afghanistan (UNAMA) and welcomed the statement (S/PRST/2008/28) condemning resolution 1821, which extended the man- mission’s intention to expand its field pres- equally the six gravest violations against date of UN Disengagement Observer Force ence (S/PRST/2008/26). children in conflict identified by the in the Golan Heights until 31 December. n Rwanda: On 10 July, the Council unani- Secretary-General and welcoming the n Counter-Terrorism (Al-Qaida and Taliban): mously adopted resolution 1823 to end the ongoing implementation of the monitoring The Security Council adopted resolution prohibition on the supply of arms and and reporting mechanism in all situations 1822 on June 30, extending for 18 months weapons for use in Rwanda, contained in listed in the annexes to the Secretary-Gen- the mandate of the Analytical Support resolution 1011 (1995) originally imposed eral’s latest report (S/2007/757). It also and Sanctions Implementation Monitoring after the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and dis- called for additional administrative support Team, which analyses the implementation solved the committee tasked with monitoring for the Working Group on Children and of the travel, financial and arms embargoes compliance with the sanctions. The Council Armed Conflict and welcomed its efforts in for the Committee. The resolution also also stressed the need for countries in the improving its working methods. Also it reit- revised rules for its listing process and region to ensure that arms and related mate- erated the need for a stronger focus on the asked states to identify information that riel delivered to them were not diverted to or long-term effects of armed conflicts on chil- can be made public on why some 493 used by illegal armed groups, welcomed dren and the impediments to children’s full individuals and entities were placed on the the entry into force of the Pact on Security, rehabilitation and reintegration. sanctions list. The resolution also directed Stability and Development in the Great n UNOWA: On 18 July, the Special Represen- the Committee to conduct a review of all Lakes Region and emphasised the impor- tative of the Secretary-General for the United names on the list by 30 June 2010. tance of its full implementation. Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA) n DPRK (North Korea): The Chair of the 1718 n Côte d’Ivoire: The Secretary-General’s briefed the Council in private consultations Sanctions Committee on the Democratic latest report on the UN Operation in Côte on the recent report (S/2008/426) of the People’s Republic of North Korea, Ambas- d’Ivoire or UNOCI (S/2008/451) was submit- Secretary-General on UNOWA. No formal sador Marcello Spatafora of Italy, briefed the ted to the Council on 10 July 2008. The decisions were taken. Council on 2 July. (S/2007/778 transmitted Council renewed the mandate of UNOCI on n Georgia: On 21 July, the Council held a pri- the Sanctions Committee’s activities for 29 July in resolution 1826. vate meeting (S/PV.5939) on the situation in 2007 to the Council.) n Zimbabwe: On 11 July, the Council failed to Georgia. The meeting was convened at the n Nepal: On 8 July, the Secretary-General adopt a draft sanctions resolution against request of Georgia following the intrusion of received a letter from the interim govern- certain individuals responsible for the a Russian military aircraft into Georgian ment of Nepal requesting the extension of political violence in Zimbabwe. Nine Coun- airspace on 8 July. The Council held consul- the UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) for six cil members (Belgium, Burkina Faso, Costa tations on the UN Observer Mission in months but on a smaller scale (S/2008/476). Rica, Croatia, France, Italy, Panama, UK and Georgia (UNOMIG) on 29 July, to discuss On 18 July, the Council held an open debate US) voted in the affirmative, while five others the latest UNOMIG report (S/2008/480). (S/PV.5938) during which it was briefed by (China, Vietnam, Libya, Russia and South n Middle East: On 22 July, the Council held the Special Representative on the Secre- Africa) voted against the draft text, with one its monthly debate on the situation in the tary-General’s latest report (S/2008/454). abstention (Indonesia). Middle East. Briefing the Council, Under On 23 July, the Council adopted resolution n Northern Uganda/LRA: During the week Secretary-General for Political Affairs B. 1825 extending the mandate of UNMIN for of 14 July, the Council deferred issuing a Lynn Pascoe commended the recent for- six months until 23 January 2009 and presidential statement on Northern mation of a unity government in Lebanon endorsing the Secretary-General’s plan for Uganda-LRA that was under discussion and indirect talks between Syria and Israel. a gradual drawdown and withdrawal of after the Special Envoy for LRA affected While noting that the ceasefire had held in the mission. areas, Joaquim Chissano, briefed the Gaza, he expressed concern about the n Afghanistan: On 9 July, the Council held an Council on 20 June. The decision not to situation in the West Bank. Most partici- open debate (S/PV.5930) during which it issue a presidential statement was report- pants said the expansion of Israeli was briefed by Kai Eide, the Special Repre- edly made after protracted consultations settlements in the occupied territories sentative of the Secretary-General for failed to produce agreement on references impeded the peace process. The Israeli Afghanistan on the Secretary-General’s to the International Criminal Court in the representative appealed to the “Arab and special report on the International Confer- text of the draft statement. Muslim world… to support… moderates ence in Support of Afghanistan (S/2008/434) n Chad/Central African Republic: On 15 and isolate and marginalize…extrem- and by John Holmes, Under Secretary-Gen- July, the Council heard a Secretariat briefing ists…” (S/PV.5940 and resumption 1). eral for Humanitarian Affairs, on his June in consultations on the Secretary-General’s There was no formal outcome. visit to Afghanistan. On 11 July, the Council latest progress report on the UN Mission in n Cambodia/Thailand: Following UNESCO’s adopted a presidential statement welcom- the Central African Republic and Chad 7 July approval of a Cambodian request to ing the outcome of the Conference and (MINURCAT) (S/2008/444). There was no designate the Preah Vihear temple as a endorsing the key elements in the Paris formal outcome. >>page 3

World Heritage Site in Cambodia, the stakeout afterward, Ambassador Le Luong report on Kosovo (S/2008/458), which notes disputed 11th century temple on the border Minh of Vietnam, Council president for July, that UNMIK’s operating reality has been fun- between Thailand and Cambodia led to a noted that the Council reaffirmed its support damentally transformed by actions taken build up of about 4,000 troops from the two for the good offices role of the Secretary- both by the authorities in Kosovo and by states. Cambodia requested an urgent General, and wished Gambari success on Kosovo Serbs since Kosovo’s declaration of meeting (S/2008/475) of the Council on his upcoming visit to Myanmar. independence in February. No formal deci- 21 July. This was postponed on 24 July n Kosovo: On 25 July, the Council held an sion was taken. because both countries are discussing the open debate (S/PV.5944) during which it was n Ethiopia/Eritrea: On 30 July, the Council issue bilaterally. briefed by Lamberto Zannier, the Secretary- unanimously adopted resolution 1827, dis- n Myanmar: The Council held consultations General’s Special Representative for Kosovo banding UNMEE as of 31 July as a result of on Myanmar on 24 July with the Secretary- and head of the UN Interim Administration increased intransigence on the part of both General’s Special Advisor Ibrahim Gambari Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). The Council sides to the dispute. present. In informal comments at the media had before it the Secretary-General’s latest

Sudan members armed with machine guns and Darfur, and for the independence of the anti-aircraft weapons aboard some forty Court and the Chief Prosecutor. Expected Council Action vehicles. On 9 July, the Council adopted a The Secretary-General held talks with the The situation in Darfur, attacks on the UN- press statement condemning the attack. Sudanese government in mid-July. He clar- AU Mission (UNAMID), lack of cooperation After a Secretariat briefing on the incident, ified that the Secretariat has no influence regarding its deployment, and tensions members also adopted a presidential state- over the ICC, and urged Khartoum to ensure arising from proceedings before the Inter- ment on 16 July noting that the attack had the security of humanitarian workers and national Criminal Court (ICC) mean that been “premeditated, deliberate and the ability of UNMIS and UNAMID to carry Darfur issues will continue to be on the intended to inflict casualties”, and that the out their mandates. The situation seemed Council’s agenda in August. However, given Council is determined to “take action relatively calm at press time, but there were the uncertainty arising from the continuing against those responsible” on hearing the reports of harassment against UNAMID staff impasse on ICC-related aspects, it was outcome of an ongoing UN investigation. following the ICC developments. unclear at press time how those issues A week later, another UNAMID peacekeeper would play out, or how they would impact Sudan launched domestic and diplomatic was shot and killed in West Darfur during an on Council action in August. efforts to counter the warrant request. This attempted carjacking. The attacks once included pressure, particularly through the The Secretary-General’s quarterly report again drew attention to the equipment and Arab League and AU members, for Council on the UN Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS, troop shortfalls plaguing UNAMID’s effec- action under article 16 of the Rome Statute. which is deployed in the south) is expected tiveness and credibility. Under this provision, the Council may to be discussed in August. A briefing by the On 14 July, the ICC Chief Prosecutor, Luis request a suspension of ICC proceedings Special Representative of the Secretary- Moreno-Ocampo, presented an application for one year, renewable, through a Chapter General, Ashraf Qazi, is possible, including for a warrant of arrest against Sudanese VII resolution. comments on the mission’s capabilities President Omar Hassan al-Bashir alleging especially in the contested region of Abyei. The Arab League initially proposed a plan, genocide, crimes against humanity and war It is unclear whether proposals for formal under which Sudan would pledge to step crimes. ICC judges must rule on whether to action will emerge. up domestic judicial proceedings with grant the warrant, but a decision may take international monitoring in return for a Key Recent Developments some time. If it is granted, states parties to suspension of ICC proceedings. Sudan Conditions in Sudan and the region contin- the Rome Statute are under obligation to rejected this possibility and indicated it ued to deteriorate in July. Humanitarian execute it if Bashir is on their territory. Sudan might revive domestic human rights courts, assistance remains severely affected, is obliged to fully cooperate with the ICC reportedly inviting international experts to including because of obstruction by gov- under resolution 1593. assess the state of Sudan’s judiciary. But ernment officials and insecurity caused by The Sudanese government strongly criti- no further details appear to have emerged all sides. UNAMID’s ability to move equip- cised the warrant request, warning that it as to whether trials would resume, and ment and supplies has also been severely may negatively impact a peace process in there is controversy as to whether Suda- affected by the lack of cooperation and Darfur, humanitarian operations, Sudan’s nese law includes provisions curbing war security problems. cooperation with UNAMID’s deployment crimes, genocide and crimes against On 8 July, seven UNAMID troops were killed and the north-south situation. humanity in line with international stan- and 19 wounded after an attack and a dards. It was also unclear whether Ali The AU and the Arab League also voiced three-hour heavy exchange of fire in a Kushayb and Ahmed Haroun (already sub- concerns about the warrant. By contrast, a government-controlled area in North Darfur. ject to ICC warrants) would be included in number of UN member states and civil The attack was apparently orchestrated such domestic judicial proceedings. society organisations expressed support and carried out by two hundred militia for progress with accountability issues in

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Sudan seems also to be proposing an all- At a meeting under the auspices of the what options might be on the table. (For inclusive peace conference, promising Dakar Agreement Contact Group on 18 background and analysis on existing cooperation with UNAMID and renewing July, Sudan and Chad agreed to restore options, see our 28 June Update.) pledges of implementation of the Darfur diplomatic relations, broken since a rebel On north-south issues, an option is for the Peace Agreement. But Khartoum also attack on the outskirts of Khartoum in May. Council to adopt a more proactive and seems to be sending a variety of conflicting The Group has also held talks on a border focused approach, including: signals on the issue; some Sudanese monitoring force, which is expected to n a process for closer monitoring of the officials have reportedly warned that the include two hundred monitors from the CPA’s implementation, perhaps through safety of UNAMID and humanitarian work- Contact Group members plus one thou- informal Secretariat briefings every thirty ers may be threatened should an arrest sand from Sudan and Chad each. days; and warrant be granted. On the north-south situation, the parties n considering options for strengthening On 21 July, the AU Peace and Security Coun- missed a 1 July deadline for full withdrawal UNMIS, in close consultation with the cil (PSC) issued a communiqué requesting a from the Abyei area, which is contested by Secretariat and the parties. UN Security Council resolution suspending the north and south. Withdrawals now seem Key Issues ICC proceedings. Similarly, on 22 July, the to be making some progress, but southern On Darfur, one key issue is whether there is Organisation of the Islamic Conference’s officials have accused the north of back- anything the Council can do to encourage Group in New York wrote to the Council pedalling. In early July, the parties finalised the parties to move towards a genuine requesting the article 16 suspension. details on proceedings at the Permanent ceasefire and a peace process. Another is Court of Arbitration regarding Abyei’s On 24 July, following the AU PSC decision improving security and, in that context, how boundaries, but a final decision may take at and the Arab League initiative, South Africa best to advance UNAMID’s deployment least a year. and Libya separately proposed that any and improve Chad-Sudan relations. draft resolution renewing UNAMID should In early July, the Sudanese parliament Justice and accountability issues are likely to include a paragraph mandating the sus- adopted the much-awaited electoral law, a remain on the minds of Council members. pension of ICC proceedings. step essential for elections in 2009 as man- dated by the Comprehensive Peace Still another issue is whether the Council Members discussed the proposals on 28 Agreement (CPA). But southern officials should increase its focus on the broader July in consultations, but no agreement expressed concern about possible bias in challenges facing Sudan, especially regard- was reached. the law favouring the ruling National Con- ing the CPA’s implementation. Related to (For further information, see our 28 July gress Party and warned that key legislation this is whether consideration should be Update Report, which addresses the issue on the media, national security and criminal given to developing a new role and capa- of ICC warrants in more detail.) acts need to be revised to ensure free and bilities for UNMIS in support of the fair elections. Agreement. Underlying issues on the CPA’s In his 7 July report, the Secretary-General implementation include: noted that improvement of the security situ- It seems that the Secretariat is conducting n elections in 2009 and a southern inde- ation hinged on a cessation of hostilities an assessment of UNMIS’ capabilities and pendence referendum in 2011; and strengthening of UNAMID. The political configuration, to determine whether adjust- n demarcating the north-south border; process, however, remained stalled due to ments will be necessary. (Plans for the n the status of Abyei; and rebel fragmentation and suspicion among assessment pre-date the recent Abyei ten- n oil-revenue sharing. the parties. On 10 July, rebel commanders sions.) Results may be included in the and humanitarian agencies held discus- forthcoming Secretary-General’s report Council and Wider Dynamics sions on improving access and security. in September. Traditional divisions within the Council on There are signals suggesting that rebels Related Developments at the Darfur issues once again came to the fore- may be interested in uniting their groups. Human Rights Council front following the ICC Chief Prosecutor’s request. China, Russia, South Africa, Libya On 30 June, the Secretary-General informed The UN Special Rapporteur on human and Burkina Faso support the suspension the Council of the appointment of Djibril rights in Sudan, Sima Samar, said during of ICC proceedings on the grounds that an Yipènè Bassolé of Burkina Faso as the new a visit to the region that rebel groups, in arrest warrant may put Sudan’s stability at AU-UN Joint Chief Mediator. It is unclear particular the Justice and Equality Move- risk and frustrate the prospects of peace whether existing plans for an international ment, and the government have used negotiations in Darfur. partners’ conference on the political pro- child soldiers. (Samar’s mandate, estab- cess will materialise. lished by the Human Rights Council, Other Council members—such as UK, France, Belgium, Italy, Croatia, Costa Rica, UNAMID continues to face significant troop expires in December. Her next report is Panama and US—are concerned with and equipment shortfalls. Major logistical, due in September.) safeguarding prospects for justice and infrastructure and bureaucratic problems Options accountability and opposed to Council have contributed to the slow pace of On Darfur, until there is greater clarity on the interference in ICC proceedings. Those deployment, leading to new delays in the outcome of discussions on possible article members reject the notion of holding UNA- arrival of Ethiopian, Egyptian and Bangla- 16 ICC suspension, it is difficult to forecast MID’s renewal hostage to the ICC issue. deshi contingents.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Some observers have suggested that the those responsible for the 8 July attack ICC developments could provide a new against UNAMID troops. element with which to pressure Khartoum • S/PRST/2008/24 (24 June 2008) was SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT to make meaningful concessions. a statement on Abyei. Monthly On the other issues regarding Darfur, no • S/PRST/2008/21 (16 June 2008) was AUGUST 2008 new ideas have emerged so it remains to a statement urging Sudan’s coopera- FORECAST be seen whether and how ICC develop- tion with the ICC. UNAMID: Duration ments will impact prospects for the Selected Secretary-General’s Reports humanitarian situation, a peace process 31 July 2007 to present; mandate expires • S/2008/443 (7 July 2008) was the and full UNAMID deployment. 31 July 2008 (at press time) latest UNAMID report. • S/2008/267 (22 April 2008) was the UNMIS: Special Representative of the Council attention to the north-south situa- Secretary-General tion seems to have once again receded. latest available UNMIS report at Ashraf Qazi (Pakistan) The upcoming briefing by Special Repre- press time. sentative Qazi may lead to a return to more • S/2006/478 (29 June 2006) was the UNMIS: Size, Composition and Cost focus on UNMIS’ capabilities and the LRA report. • Maximum authorised strength: CPA’s implementation. Some US officials, Selected Council Meeting Records up to 10,000 military and 715 including Special Envoy Richard William- • S/PV.5905 (5 June 2008) was the police personnel son, voiced a degree of frustration with the most recent briefing by ICC Chief • Strength as of 30 June 2008: 8,720 mission’s response to the recent tensions Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo. troops, 551 observers, and 664 police in Abyei. • Main troop contributors: India, Paki- Other stan and Bangladesh The Secretariat seems ready to provide • S/2008/483 (22 July 2008) was the • Cost: 1 July 2008-30 June 2009: clarification on mission capabilities and OIC letter. $858.77 million explain realistic expectations about what • S/2008/481 (21 July 2008) contained UNMIS: Duration role it could play in the south including its the AU PSC communiqué. lack of an enforcement role but also the • S/2008/465 (14 July 2008) contained 24 March 2005 to present; mandate options that exist to do more through the an AU decision signalling concern expires 30 April 2009 CPA’s ceasefire commission. (The Secre- with the impact of ICC proceedings Useful Additional Sources tary-General, in a June 2006 report on the over the situation in Darfur. Permanent Court of Arbitration, Abyei case Ugandan rebel group Lord’s Resistance • S/2008/460 (15 July 2008) was the summary and documentation: http:// Army (LRA) had noted that UNMIS had not report of the June Council mission www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?nws_ been set up as a robust mission and that its to Africa. id=212&pag_id=1261&ac=view military capabilities were limited. Observers • SC/9391 (9 July 2008) was a press note that this is in part due to the political statement condemning the 8 July circumstances surrounding the mission’s attack against UNAMID troops. establishment, in particular pressure from • A/HRC/7/22 (3 March 2008) was the Timor-Leste both north and south Sudan for the mission most recent Sudan human rights to assume a largely monitoring and verifica- report to the Human Rights Council. Expected Council Action tion configuration.) • S/2007/584 (2 October 2007) was the The Secretary-General’s progress report on latest Panel of Experts’ report. the activities of the UN Integrated Mission in UN Documents Timor-Leste (UNMIT) is due on 1 August Selected Security Council Resolutions Other Relevant Facts 2008. It is possible the report will include recommendations on possible adjustments • S/RES/1769 (31 July 2007) estab- UNAMID: Joint AU-UN Special to the mandate and strength of UNMIT as lished UNAMID. Representative for Darfur requested in resolution 1802 but it is unlikely • S/RES/1672 (25 April 2006), 1591 (29 Rodolphe Adada (Republic of Congo) these recommendations will require imple- March 2005) and 1556 (30 July 2004) Joint AU-UN Chief Mediator mentation at this time. imposed sanctions. • S/RES/1593 (31 March 2005) referred Djibrill Yipènè Bassolé (Burkina Faso) The Special Representative of the Secre- the situation in Darfur to the ICC. UNAMID: Size, Composition and Cost tary-General in Timor-Leste, Atul Khare, and • S/RES/1590 (24 March 2005) estab- • Maximum authorised strength: up to Timorese Foreign Minister, Zacarias Albano lished UNMIS. 19,555 military, 3,772 police and 19 da Costa, are expected to brief the Council Selected Security Council Presidential formed police units on 19 August. A presidential statement or Statements • Strength as of 30 June 2008: 7,671 press statement is likely. The mandate of • S/PRST/2008/27 (16 July 2008) was troops, 160 observers, 1,835 police UNMIT expires on 26 February 2009. a statement signalling the Council’s • Main troop contributors: Nigeria, Key Recent Developments Rwanda, South Africa and Senegal determination to take action against Significant underlying problems remain. An • Cost: 1 July 2008 - 30 June 2009: estimated 100,000 civilians (10 percent of $1.5 billion

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org the population) remain displaced as a result attacks. In early July, Gusmão said the n a capacity assessment of the justice of the political and military crisis in 2006 and problem of the petitioners had come to an sector; further violence in 2007 and 2008. Lack of end and they would return to their homes n measures to improve the capacity and confidence in the ability of the security by the end of July. Out of a total of 685 cohesion of UNMIT’s training and men- forces to guarantee safety has obstructed petitioners, 605 reportedly have indicated a toring personnel; and the return of internally displaced persons desire to remain civilians. n a timeline with benchmarks for UNMIT’s (IDPs). Furthermore, many IDPs no longer police certification and a review of its On 21 February, the Council held an open have homes to return to. Others seem to mentoring programme. debate on Timor-Leste, which included a have been attracted to IDP camps in Dili briefing by the Under Secretary-General for A further UN team visited Timor-Leste in May because of better living conditions there. Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie to begin implementation of the recommen- The government launched a National Guéhenno. Amongst the issues raised by dations made in the report. In addition to the Recovery Strategy in December 2007 to members were the need for progress with capacity and integrity problems, major deal with the humanitarian crisis. According security sector reform, institution-building, issues include how best to improve the cer- to the Ministry of Social Solidarity, under political reconciliation and accountability. tification and mentoring programmes, and this strategy, 3,200 IDP families have the adoption of a timeline and benchmarks On 25 February, the Council renewed the received a package for recovery or reinte- for the phased handover of UNMIT policing mandate of UNMIT for another 12 months. gration. A further 13,400 families have responsibilities to Timorese police. (The It urged UNMIT to intensify its work in registered their desire for return or resettle- planned phased drawdown of UN police strengthening the security sector including ment. As at 8 July, 17 IDP camps had personnel in the first half of 2008 had to the national police. The Council also wel- reportedly been closed. be postponed because of the prevailing comed the Secretary-General’s intention to security situation.) There seems to have been some improve- send an expert mission to Timor-Leste to ment in law and order. However, the security conduct an assessment of the requirements On 13 June, an agreement was signed situation remains fragile due to weaknesses of the national police and possible adjust- between the government and the UN Devel- in law and justice institutions, societal divi- ment to UNMIT police skill sets. It further opment Programme on technical assistance sions, unemployment and poverty. requested the Secretary-General to develop and advice for a review of Timor-Leste’s a medium-term strategy for UNMIT with security sector. The review will be finalised On 11 February, President José Ramos- appropriate benchmarks. by early to mid-2009. An initial element of Horta and Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão the review is a survey to ascertain public were attacked in Dili by a group led by former The expert mission, led by United Nations perceptions of security threats and the military officer Alfredo Reinado. The deser- Police Adviser Andrew Hughes, conducted security sector. tion of 685 soldiers sacked after protesting its assessment from 17 to 27 March. The discrimination sparked the 2006 violence. mission’s report noted that rebuilding the It is expected that the review process will be Reinado was one of the leaders of the national police is a long-term undertaking conducted in parallel with the drafting of the deserting soldiers, and was wanted on mur- requiring national ownership and continued national security policy framework. Since der charges related to the 2006 violence. international assistance for the foreseeable UNMIT’s establishment in August 2006, the future. The report also says the national issue has made painfully slow progress due Reinado was killed in the 11 February attack police face challenges with capacity and to the change in government and the on Ramos-Horta and Gusmão. Prior to this, integrity, and are not in a position to fully political sensitivity of the issue. he had been engaged with Ramos-Horta in implement their responsibilities. a series of talks to address the deserting In May the Social Democratic Association of soldiers’ grievances. A breakdown in dis- The report also highlighted the challenges Timor (Associação Social-Democrata Timo- cussions on a possible amnesty is seen by UNMIT faces in fulfilling two distinct man- rense, or ASDT), a party in the governing observers as a possible explanation for the dated tasks, namely interim law enforcement coalition, signed an accord with opposition 11 February attacks. Ramos-Horta was and police reform, restructuring and rebuild- Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Inde- airlifted to Australia for medical treatment, ing. According to the report, the mission pendente (Fretilin) to form a ruling coalition returning to Timor-Leste on 17 April. faces problems of deployment, capacity, in a move to force early elections. Despite conflicting training standards, resources the agreement, all five of ASDT’s members On 11 February, the Council condemned and limited timeframe for its mandate. of parliament seemingly remained support- the attacks, and urged the full cooperation ive of the governing coalition. of all parties in Timor-Leste to bring to The report makes several recommenda- justice those responsible. Timor-Leste’s tions for key players including the The Commission of Truth and Friendship Prosecutor General is leading the investiga- government, UNMIT and the international (CTF) formally completed its final report on tion which is yet to be completed. Rebel community. They include: 15 July. The report had not been released soldiers involved in the attacks surrendered n the development of a plan to reform, publicly at the time of writing. (Indonesia to Timorese authorities in March and April. restructure and rebuild the national and Timor-Leste had agreed to establish An additional four suspects have been police, as well as the adoption of mea- the Commission in 2005 to investigate extradited from Indonesia. sures to increase police capacity and human rights violations in the lead-up and integrity; aftermath of the UN-administered referen- The security situation nonetheless remained dum in Timor-Leste in 1999.) relatively calm following the 11 February

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org According to media reports, CTF found that n making progress with security sector the Indonesian police, army and civilian reform including the justice sector and government officials funded, armed and the national police; and SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT coordinated anti-independence militias, n addressing the accountability and victim- Monthly which carried out activities resulting in grave related issues in light of the CTF report. human rights violations, including crimes AUGUST 2008 A more technical issue is addressing the FORECAST against humanity. The report said these recommendations of the expert group on Indonesian institutions all bear institutional policing as well as questions surrounding Council and Wider Dynamics responsibility for these crimes. It also the timing for the handover of UNMIT The Council voted unanimously in February accuses Timorese pro-independence policing recommendations. A procedural for a 12-month extension of the UNMIT groups of committing human rights viola- question is whether these aspects can be mandate. In the open debate, members tions, but on a smaller scale. The report did addressed in sufficient depth in August or highlighted the importance of security not name perpetrators. Significantly it did whether they will be left to a later stage. sector reform, accountability for previous not recommend an amnesty. (Criticism had crimes, resolving political divisions, earlier been levied against the CTF because Other issues include: strengthening weak institutions, and resolv- it seemed possible it would exclude any for- n humanitarian concerns regarding the ing the enduring issues of IDPs, poverty mal judicial mechanism to address crimes future of the remaining 100,000 IDPs; and unemployment. committed during the 1999 violence. Its n support for the government in areas of terms of reference also allowed it to recom- institutional capacity building; and There is continued support for the current mend amnesty for those involved in serious n how best to support a response to the UNMIT arrangements and a strong desire crimes.) In July 2007, Secretary-General root causes of instability (including for progress in the implementation of its Ban Ki-moon announced that UN officials poverty and unemployment). mandate, particularly with regards to secu- would not testify at CTF proceedings unless rity sector reform. Members of the Council Options the terms of reference were revised to and the Core Group have expressed sup- One option for Council members is to sim- exclude amnesty since the UN “cannot port for the continuing transfer of policing ply hold a debate on the situation in endorse or condone” such an outcome. authority from UNMIT police to the Timorese Timor-Leste and UNMIT’s activities but This followed clear statements by the Coun- Police, providing benchmarks are met and leave action to a later stage. Alternatively cil in resolutions 1704 and 1745 on the need substantial UNMIT police remain in a men- the Council could adopt a statement: for credible accountability mechanisms and toring and support role. n reiterating concern with and support for the importance of justice issues. progress with security sector reform; On justice issues, there is wide sympathy Upon receiving the CTF report on 15 July, n reminding the Secretary-General of the for the need to balance both accountability Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Council’s interest in a medium-term and reconciliation, especially with respect Yudhoyono and President Ramos-Horta strategy to measure and track progress; to the 1999 violence. Some members of the issued a statement accepting the findings, n noting the CTF report and the importance Council and Core Group see UNMIT conclusions and recommendations of the of the remaining issues and requesting support for the Timorese Government’s Commission and committing to imple the Secretary-General include analysis of implementation of the recommendations menting the recommendations, which recommendations of these issues in his made in the Commission of Inquiry as the include reforms of judicial and security insti- future reports in light of resolutions 1704 priority focus. On accountability for the 1999 tutions, human rights training for security and 1745; independence-related violence, most forces and training in conflict resolution and n encouraging key players to seriously appreciate the reasons for the bilateral survivor healing programmes. They both consider the policing experts’ recom- approach taken by the Timorese govern- expressed remorse for the violence. The mendations; ment with the Indonesian government. But Secretary-General on 15 July encouraged n directing the Secretary-General to con- there also seems to be strong support, both governments to ensure full account- tinue to address the problems raised in especially now that the CTF report is com- ability, to end impunity and to provide the experts’ report regarding UNMIT, while plete, for solutions compatible with reparations to victims. Ramos-Horta has perhaps expressing support for the rec- international standards. It remains to be said he will not push for an international tri- ommendations particularly regarding seen whether this will translate into any spe- bunal. Human rights groups have called for certification and mentoring programmes; cific proposals for Council action or, more identification and prosecution of those who n expressing support for a UNMIT police likely at this stage, appropriate language in committed crimes against humanity in handover strategy with clear and sound a Council statement based on the Council’s Timor-Leste and support the Commission’s benchmarks that bear in mind the ongo- earlier language (eg: in resolutions 1704 recommendation for Indonesia to compre- ing problems within the Timorese police; and 1745) on the importance of ongoing hensively reform its armed forces. and efforts to reach accountability and justice n reinforcing the importance of national for the events of 1999. Key Issues ownership of donor programmes The key issues for the Council regarding Finally, given the relative stability in the last designed to strengthen state institutions Timor-Leste include: reporting period, there is a lingering con- in ensuring sustainability. n helping to ensure that the security situa- cern from some members that pressure tion remains calm; may emerge for a drawdown of UNMIT during the February 2009 mandate renewal.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Underlying Problems Other Relevant Facts This responds positively to implementation Problems related to justice and account- of Council resolutions 1680 and 1701. ability continue. Weaknesses in the law and Special Representative of the Secretary-General On 11 July, the formation of the govern- justice sector have resulted in impunity at all ment of national unity was announced after levels. There is a considerable backlog of Atul Khare (India) six weeks of negotiations on the distribu- cases related to the crises in 1999 and 2006, Size, Composition and Cost tion of portfolios. Under the terms of the as well as recent violence. • Maximum authorised strength: up to Doha agreement, the Hezbollah-led oppo- Serious questions have also been raised on 1,748 police and 34 military officers sition was provided with enough seats to whether the government struck an appro- • Size as of 30 June 2008: 1,527 police block any cabinet decision. The cabinet priate balance between reconciliation and and 31 observers has one Hezbollah minister in addition to accountability with the granting of pardons • Civilian staff as of 29 February 2008: ten ministers from its Shi’ite, Druze and to 94 prisoners in May. These included 332 international and 796 local Christian allies. several pro-Indonesia militia members • Key police contributors: Malaysia, On the other hand, the resumption of sec- implicated in the 1999 violence and former Portugal, Bangladesh and Pakistan tarian fighting in the northern city of Tripoli Minister of Interior Rogerio Tiago Lobato, • Approved Budget (1 July 2008–30 between Sunni Muslim supporters of the accused of involvement in the illegal trans- June 2009): $173.44 million government majority and Alawite gunmen fer of security forces’ weapons during the Duration close to the opposition is a setback. The 2006 crisis. 25 August 2006 to present; mandate Lebanese Army was deployed to stem vio- expires 26 February 2009 UN Documents lence; however, fresh clashes erupted on International Stabilisation Force 25 July. Selected Security Council Resolutions • Size as of 1 July 2008: approximately On 9 July, the Under Secretary-General for • S/RES/1802 (25 February 2008) 920 troops Political Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe, briefed the extended UNMIT until 26 February • Contributors: Australia (750 troops) Council in closed consultations on the Sec- 2009. and New Zealand (170 troops) • S/RES/1745 (22 February 2007) retary-General’s latest report on resolution renewed UNMIT’s mandate for 12 Useful Additional Source 1701. He said the ultimate goal of this months. International Crisis Group, Timor-Leste: resolution, a permanent ceasefire and a • S/RES/1704 (25 August 2006) Displacement Crisis, Asia Report no. 148, long-term solution, had yet to be achieved. established UNMIT. 31 March 2008 Ongoing sectarian violence in Lebanon was a reminder that the situation remained frag- Selected Security Council Presidential ile and that national dialogue needed to Statement resume quickly. He also said that the fight- • S/PRST/2008/5 (11 February 2008) Lebanon ing in Beirut in May had demonstrated the was the statement condemning the presence of weapons inconsistent with res- Expected Council Action attacks on Ramos-Horta and Gusmão. olution 1701 and that compliance by Iran The mandate of the UN Interim Force in Latest Report of the Secretary-General and Syria with the arms embargo was nec- Lebanon (UNIFIL) expires on 31 August. essary. The Director of the Asia and Middle • S/2008/26 (17 January 2008) The Council is expected to extend it for East Division of the Department for Peace- Other another year. keeping Operations also briefed the Council • S/2008/329 (16 May 2008) was the Also expected is a report from the Lebanese on UNIFIL. report of the expert mission on policing. Independent Border Assessment Team • The latest 1701 report was published on 27 S/PV.5843 (21 February 2008) was the (LIBAT) on the situation along the border June. The Secretary-General noted: Council debate on Timor-Leste. between Lebanon and Syria and the status • n the Doha agreement provided an oppor- S/2007/711 (6 December 2007) was of international assistance to Lebanese tunity to make further progress on the the report on the Security Council authorities for enhanced border control. 1701 process; mission to Timor-Leste, 24 to 30 The Council is likely to discuss the report’s n non-state actors still posed a risk to the November 2007. recommendations in consultations. • SG/SM/11101 (26 July 2007) was the foundation of the Lebanese state; statement regarding UN officials not Key Recent Developments n recent signals from Syria regarding the testifying before the CTF. Several positive developments occurred in establishment of diplomatic ties with Leb- • S/2006/822 (2 October 2006) was the recent weeks. On 12 and 13 July, Syrian anon, and renewed declarations from the report of the Independent Special President Bashar al-Assad and Lebanese international community on the impor- Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste. President Michel Suleiman, invited to Paris tance of finding a solution to the Sheb’a • S/2006/580 (26 July 2006) was the by President Nicolas Sarkozy, attended the Farms were positive indicators; report of the Secretary-General on jus- launching of a union between the EU and n progress on the issue of Ghajar was ongo- tice and reconciliation for Timor-Leste. the Mediterranean basin. Following meeting (the northern part of this village in south ings with Sarkozy, Assad and Suleiman Lebanon remains occupied by Israel con- agreed to re-establish diplomatic relations. trary to resolution 1701, and there have

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org been talks among the Lebanese Armed Options Forces, the Israeli Defense Forces and On format, the Council has the following UNIFIL on Israel’s withdrawal); options: SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT n the presence of armed elements in UNI- n proceeding with a simple resolution Monthly FIL’s area of operations and incidents extending the UNIFIL mandate and restricting UNIFIL’s movement remained adopting a parallel presidential statement AUGUST 2008FORECAST a source of serious concern; focusing on political aspects of the imple- n Israeli violations of Lebanon’s airspace mentation of resolution 1701 (this is the Key Issues continued; and format used for the UN Disengagement A key issue is how much to push for further n full implementation of the arms embargo Observer Force in the Golan Heights); 1701 implementation at this stage. While was necessary and the determination of n combining into the resolution language some believe that the risk of instability the Lebanese government to enhance on UNIFIL other aspects relating to reso- requires stronger Council action, others its border-management capacity should lution 1701 (the Council took this think that only the resumption of inter- be supported. approach in resolution 1773, which Lebanese dialogue would eventually renewed UNIFIL’s mandate in 2007); and contribute to long-term stability, hence the Overall, the report seemed less alarming in n addressing political issues at a later stage. Council should only encourage progress in tone than previous ones. For instance, there that direction. was no reference to potential arms smug- On substance, the Council could adopt a gling across the Syrian-Lebanese border. low key approach: Another issue will be driven by the conclu- n welcoming recent developments, in par- sions of the LIBAT report. At time of writing, On 29 June, the Israeli government signed ticular the formation of the Lebanese it was unclear whether its conclusions a deal following nearly two years of government, the exchange of prisoners would be technical or whether it would ven- complex and secret mediation led by a UN- and the re-establishment of diplomatic ture into the area of arms smuggling across appointed German negotiator for a relations between Syria and Lebanon; the Syrian-Lebanese border. prisoners’ exchange involving the release n reaffirming the need for all parties to of two Israeli soldiers captured in 2006 by Council Dynamics implement both resolution 1701 and the Hezbollah. This was implemented by Israel Recently, traditional fault lines seemed to Doha agreement in full, including the and Hezbollah on 16 July. Hezbollah have re-emerged. Some (Libya, Indonesia, reinforcement of state authority over Leb- handed over the bodies of the two Israeli Vietnam and South Africa) appear to anon’s territory; and soldiers captured in 2006, as well as the emphasise Israeli airspace violations. n reaffirming its strong support for the sov- body parts of other Israeli soldiers killed in Others (the US in particular) emphasise dis- ereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and south Lebanon in the summer of 2006. armament and the need to strengthen the political independence of Lebanon under Israel handed over five Lebanese prisoners arms embargo. Positions on the Sheb’a the exclusive authority of its government and the remains of some two hundred Farms issue also differ. The US, for instance, and repeating past language on Israeli Lebanese and Palestinian fighters. The maintains that full delimitation of the border overflights and unexploded ordnance in Secretary-General welcomed the exchange between Lebanon and Syria is the best south Lebanon. in a statement, expressing his satisfaction solution. Russia suggests that if Israel with- that the humanitarian aspects of resolution If the Council wanted to be more proactive, drew from the Farms that would be an 1701 were thus fulfilled. it could: essential step forward. France, the US and n urge intensified efforts to find a solution the UK support a solution to the situation in During an open Council debate on the Mid- leading to Israeli withdrawal from Ghajar; Ghajar believing this would contribute to dle East situation on 22 July, several n request the Secretary-General reenergise building confidence. members welcomed the recent positive efforts to resolve the Sheb’a Farms issue (a developments in Lebanon highlighting the All members seem to agree that the Doha first step might be having the parties con- formation of Lebanon’s national unity gov- agreement has created a positive context firm that they agree with the definition of the ernment, the exchange of prisoners for further progress on 1701 and that the area provided by the UN cartographer); between Israel and Hezbollah and the Council needs to lend its support to its n encourage resumption of a Lebanese moves to establish diplomatic relations full implementation. dialogue with the view to reaching agree- between Syria and Lebanon. Libya high- ment on disarming militias, and request There seems to be consensus that the UNI- lighted Israel’s violations of Lebanese air the Secretary-General to provide assis- FIL mandate should be extended for a space, Israel’s occupation of Sheb’a Farms tance to this process; and further twelve months. It remains to be seen and Israel’s failure to respond to appeals for n address in detail the border security whether the US will propose reinforcing the maps showing mines and cluster munitions issues, including the recommendations UNIFIL disarmament mandate. Many Coun- in southern Lebanon. The US said outside of the LIBAT report and remind the par- cil members (including France, which has parties, especially Syria and Iran, should ties of the arms embargo and signal the lead on Lebanon) apparently think that stop arming illegal militias in Lebanon. possible measures to strengthen the the Council should not restrict itself to a embargo (such as the establishment of a simple renewal but should also include in sanctions committee) if the situation does the resolution substantive language giving not improve. support for full implementation of 1701.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org At time of writing, there seemed to be no Other Relevant Facts according to media reports. In the midst of proposals for more detailed measures to rising global food prices there are also reinforce the arms embargo. Support for Secretary-General’s Special Coordinator large funding shortfalls (of about $ 400 mil- for Lebanon the “softer” approach of providing assis- lion) for humanitarian operations in Somalia. tance to Lebanese authorities to enhance Johan Verbeke (Belgium) It also appears that a previous arrangement border control seems to be widely sup- UNIFIL Force Commander under which various states would take ported. Support for LIBAT recommendations Major General Claudio Graziano (Italy) turns assisting with naval escorts of human- is likely. However, it remains to be seen, Size and Composition of UNIFIL itarian shipments has been suspended. It depending on the conclusions of the report, seems that no member state has yet come whether the US will push for specific mea- • Authorised: 15,000 troops forward to replace the Netherlands, whose sures to strengthen the embargo. • Current (30 June 2008): 12,325 military personnel deployment ended on 30 June. UN Documents • Composition: Belgium, China, Croatia, It seems that discussions are ongoing Selected Resolutions Cyprus, Denmark, France, FYR of within the EU on this issue, as well as on the Macedonia, Germany, Ghana, • S/RES/1773 (24 August 2007) establishment of a maritime force to com- Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, extended UNIFIL until 31 August 2008. bat piracy as authorised in resolution 1816. Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, • S/RES/1701 (11 August 2006) called Malaysia, Nepal, Poland, Portugal, The basic drivers behind the humanitarian for a cessation of hostilities between Republic of Korea, Slovenia, Spain, crisis—violence, drought, rising food Hezbollah and Israel and for a long- Tanzania and Turkey prices and piracy—continue unabated. term solution, imposed an arms Cost (approved budget) Fighting involving insurgents, the embargo on Lebanon and authorised Transitional Federal Government (TFG), 1 July 2007 - 30 June 2008: $713.59 a reinforcement of UNIFIL. Ethiopian forces and AMISOM troops has million (A/C.5/62/23) • S/RES/1680 (17 May 2006) strongly continued, leading to the death of dozens encouraged Syria to respond of civilians in July. positively to the Lebanese request to delineate their common border and to Somalia Little progress has been made with improv- establish full diplomatic relations and ing security since the Djibouti Agreement Expected Council Action representation, and called for further was concluded on 9 June between the TFG The Council is expected to adopt a resolu- efforts to disband and disarm and some elements of the opposition. The tion renewing its authorisation for the AU Hezbollah and to restore fully the agreement was initially supposed to be Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), which Lebanese Government’s control signed in Saudi Arabia in early July but as of expires on 20 August. over all Lebanese territory. writing this had not yet taken place. More- Latest Presidential Statement It is unclear whether concrete proposals to over the agreement was rejected by the improve security in Somalia will emerge, main groups involved in the armed insur- • S/PRST/2008/17 (22 May 2008) such as an international stabilisation force. gency in Somalia—including the Shabaab. strongly supported the Doha The Council expects options in that regard agreement. On 23 July, insurgent leader Sheikh Hassan from the Secretariat by 15 August. Latest Secretary-General’s Report on Dahir Aweys reportedly claimed to have resolution 1701 Sanctions are also an option in the minds of taken control over the Asmara-based Alli- • S/2008/425 (27 June 2008) was the members, but it seems unlikely that momen- ance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS). latest 1701 report. tum will build up around this possibility in This was denied by Special Representative • S/2007/382 (26 June 2007) was the August. A report with recommendations Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah and Sheikh Sharif latest LIBAT report. from the Sanctions Committee on targeted Sheikh Ahmed, who negotiated the Djibouti measures, requested in resolution 1814 by Agreement and had until now been the ARS Latest Letters 15 July, was still pending at press time. leader. Aweys also reiterated pledges to • S/2008/406 (18 June 2008) was a fight the TFG and Ethiopian troops. letter from Lebanon on Israel’s Key Recent Developments violations of Lebanese territorial Humanitarian conditions in Somalia, Most recently, a string of deliberate killings integrity from 1 to 14 June. extremely difficult in recent months, have and kidnappings of aid workers has severely • S/2008/399 (17 June 2008) was the continued to worsen and are reaching increased the already significant risks faced Lebanese government’s position unprecedented levels. The current number by humanitarian operations in Somalia, and paper on the implementation of of civilians in need of assistance may the likelihood that some aid organisations resolution 1701. increase from the current total of 2.6 mil- may pull out. On 8 July, the Council issued a press statement condemning the killing of Other lion—more than a third of the population—to 3.5 million by the end of year if the situation the head of the UN Development Pro- • S/2008/445 (8 July 2008) was the does not improve, according to the World gramme (UNDP)’s office in Somalia, Ali draft resolution on Israeli settlements Food Programme (WFP). Malnutrition rates Osman Ahmed. Humanitarian assistance introduced by Libya. are already soaring amongst children, has come under strong pressure as aid distribution is reportedly seen by the vari-

10 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org ous parties as an opportunity for political n re-hatting and strengthening AMISOM as and military gain. Insurgents have criticised a UN operation; UNDP’s support for Somali police and n authorising the deployment of an interna- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT judiciary as taking sides. tional stabilisation force; and Monthly n establishing a UN peacekeeping operation. On 29 June, the AU Peace and Security AUGUST 2008 Council (PSC) renewed AMISOM’s mandate During comments to the media, Ould- FORECAST for six months from 17 July. The PSC also Abdallah also expressed support for justice over a number of years and most recently decided that AMISOM should take steps to and accountability measures, including a in May in resolution 1814. This would support the implementation of the Djibouti possible referral to the International involve mandating the Sanctions Commit- Agreement between the TFG and members Criminal Court (ICC). tee to adopt a list of individuals and entities of the insurgency, and expressed hope that Options for targeted measures. The new resolution the agreement would lead to the deployment The most likely option for the Council in could also include a request to member of a UN peacekeeping operation. August is a resolution renewing AMISOM’s states to report directly to the Sanctions In late June, Nigeria reiterated plans to send Council authorisation for six months and Committee on measures taken to imple- 800 troops to strengthen AMISOM with US including: ment the arms embargo. assistance. Possible plans for another n support for political reconciliation, per- Key Issues Burundian contingent to join AMISOM have haps with a specific mention of the Since re-hatting AMISOM and establishing also been floated. However, at press time Djibouti Agreement; a UN peacekeeping operation do not seem it was unclear whether and when these n concern with the humanitarian situation plausible at present, the key question is developments would materialise. and strong condemnation of the recent whether the deployment of an international string of attacks against humanitarians; On 16 July, the Secretary-General reported stabilisation force is a feasible alternative. n references to the need to increase that the Secretariat was assembling a team Other key issues include: humanitarian access and respect for that will: n re-energising the Djibouti process with a international humanitarian law; n plan the relocation of the UN Political view to early signature of the agreement n language signalling that contingency Office for Somalia (UNPOS) to that and perhaps securing wider participation planning for an international stabilisation country from Kenya; than was previously possible; and force or UN peacekeeping should con- n support the implementation of the n how best to encourage troop contribu- tinue; and Djibouti Agreement; tors and generate sufficient assets for a n support for strengthening UNPOS and n plan UN support for an international Council-authorised coalition. relocating it to Somalia. (One additional stabilisation force; and option in this regard would be to start dis- A fundamental related issue is whether it will n carry forward contingency planning for a cussions on options for the provision of ever be possible to attract elements from UN peacekeeping presence in Somalia. security for UNPOS.) the armed insurgency into a peace process The planning team would carry out a secu- and whether there is anything the Council A further option would be to call for a coali- rity assessment in the third quarter of 2008 can and should do—including sanctions— tion of states to provide an international and propose recommendations on arrange- to encourage this. stabilisation force as requested in the ments for the relocation of UNPOS. This Djibouti Agreement. A related option could Other issues include: would also depend on the provision of be to request the Secretariat to draw up n the ongoing problems associated with security by the host country or a third party. plans, a concept of operations and military the presence of Ethiopian troops not He informed that a human rights assess- requirements. But in the absence of a lead authorised under any UN mandate; ment mission would travel to Somalia to country willing to commit significant forces n the regional dimension, including con- prepare a report with recommendations on to such a coalition this option may be cerns about terrorism and the impact that strengthening the human rights capacity thought premature. these have on political reconciliation within UNPOS. efforts; Re-hatting AMISOM as a UN operation and n ensuring UNPOS’ security and reloca- The Secretary-General also reported that he establishing a UN mission are also alterna- tion; is consulting with key partners on how best tives, but increasingly they look very unlikely. n addressing violations of international to move forward with the planning for a stabi- Another option might be greater UN assis- humanitarian law and lack of humanitar- lisation force on the basis of the commitments tance of a non-military kind to AMISOM ian access; and contained in the Djibouti Agreement. and perhaps a request for some recom- n action on human rights and justice On 23 July, Special Representative Ould- mendations from the Secretary-General in issues. that regard. Abdallah briefed the Council. Expressing Council Dynamics hope about the prospects of the Djibouti Strengthening the sanctions regime is Members initially seemed encouraged by Agreement, he presented a range of options another option, possibly through a resolu- the recent Djibouti Agreement and support- for the Council’s consideration to improve tion establishing targeted measures, in line ive of the initiatives of Special Representative security in support of the accord, including: with the intention expressed by the Council Ould-Abdallah. There is painful awareness,

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 however, that the Agreement has not con- Other Relevant Facts Armed Forces of Liberia battalions to tributed to improving security and that more operational readiness. support—possibly in the shape of an inter- Special Representative of the Secretary-General In March 2008, the Secretary-General national military presence—will be needed. reported on progress achieved in imple- Some are sceptical about re-hatting Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah (Mauritania) menting that plan. He noted that the AMISOM as a UN operation, seeing it as an UNPOS: Size and Cost withdrawal of 2,450 military troops (mem- option that is not likely to meaningfully con- • Maximum authorised size: 44 interna- bers of Bangladeshi, Ghanaian, Namibian, tribute to strengthening the mission or tional and 28 local civilians Nigerian and Senegalese contingents) improving security. • Size as of 31 May 2008: 19 interna- would be achieved by 30 September and An international coalition is seen as in line tional and 11 local civilians that the gradual drawdown of UNMIL’s with the Council’s support for the Secretary- • 2008 budget: about $16 million police component was also set to take General’s strategic phased approach, UNPOS: Duration place as planned starting in April. However, which called for a coalition to assist in 15 April 1995 to present; mandate the Secretary-General said that it was improving security and creating conditions expires on 31 December 2009 premature at that point to consider arrange- for progress in the political track. However, ments for UNMIL’s final withdrawal. He has AMISOM: Size, Composition and Cost in the absence of concrete plans and consistently argued that the drawdown expressions of interest from potential lead • Maximum authorised strength: 7,650 should take into account the Liberian countries, there is still scepticism about the troops plus maritime and air compo- government’s ability to effectively control viability of this option. nents national security. • Strength as of 30 June 2008: about Members may adopt a wait-and-see 2,650 Ugandan and Burundian troops On 18 June 2008, the Council adopted approach until the Secretary-General sub- • Key resource contributors: US, EU, resolution 1819 renewing the mandate of mits his further recommendations in August. Italy, Sweden, China and the Arab the Panel of Experts on Liberia sanctions League until 20 December following a briefing on UN Documents 16 June by the Sanctions Committee Chair- AMISOM: Duration Selected Security Council Resolutions man, Ambassador Giadalla Azuz Ettalhi of February 2007 to present: AU mandate Libya, on the Panel’s report. The Council • S/RES/1816 (2 June 2008) authorised expires on 17 January 2009 and Council requested the Panel to report again by action against piracy in Somalia. authorisation expires on 20 August 2008 1 December. • S/RES/1814 (15 May 2008) requested an update to the Secretary-General’s On 12 June, the Liberia Sanctions Commit- phased approach and reiterated the tee removed Montgomery Dolo, former Council’s intention to strengthen the Liberia commander of Liberia’s Anti-Terrorist Unit, arms embargo. Expected Council Action from the list of individuals subject to its travel • S/RES/1801 (20 February 2008) ban. This is the fourth instance of “delisting” The Council expects to receive a report renewed AMISOM for six months. undertaken by the Committee, following the from the Secretary-General on the United • S/RES/733 (23 January 1992) removal from the list of Grace Minor, in Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) in imposed an arms embargo. November 2007, Gerald Cooper in March August on progress regarding benchmarks and four other individuals—Gabriel Doe, Selected Reports of the for the mission drawdown and including Secretary-General Khalid Eldine, Wesseh Dennis and Zarr recommendations on possible reductions Koffi—in May. • S/2008/466 (16 July 2008) was the in UNMIL’s military and police component. most recent report. The Council is expected to start discus- The Special Court for Sierra Leone trying • S/2008/178 (14 March 2008) sions, most likely at the level of experts, and former Liberian President Taylor in The contained the strategy for Somalia. take a decision by 30 September when Hague has now heard over thirty prosecu- Latest Monitoring Group’s Report UNMIL’s mandate expires. tion witnesses. The prosecution estimates • S/2008/274 (24 April 2008) Recent Developments that that the trial will conclude within a year. The prosecution requires four more months Other On 1 July, Liberian President Ellen John- to complete its case and the defence another • S/PV.5942 (23 July 2008) was the most son-Sirleaf, on the sidelines of the AU four months to present its response. recent briefing by Ould-Abdallah. summit, reportedly asked the UN to extend • S/2008/460 (15 July 2008) was the the timeline for the drawdown of UNMIL put The Truth and Reconciliation Commission report of the June Council mission to forward in the Secretary-General’s August of Liberia (TRC), whose mandate includes Africa. 2007 report. That report had proposed spe- bringing to light human rights abuses com- • SC/9388 (8 July 2008) was the Council cific benchmarks to measure progress, mitted during the Liberian civil war and press statement condemning the including completing basic training of 3,500 adopting procedures to address the experi- assassination of UNDP’s Ali Osman Liberian national police personnel, finalis- ences of women, children and vulnerable Ahmed. ing the national security strategy, and groups, held public hearings on 9 June in training and bringing the first and second Minnesota, US, focusing on the experience

12 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org of Liberians in the diaspora. (The hearings Underlying Problems in Minnesota reportedly represented the Logistical challenges continue to confront first time that citizens in the diaspora have the security sector reforms needed to SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT been sought systematically by any truth strengthen Liberia’s fragile stability. These Monthly commission to participate in the process of include a lack of infrastructure, equipment national healing.) In a related development, and funds. High levels of youth unemploy- AUGUST 2008FORECAST the founder of the rebel group Independent ment, including ex-combatants, also pose a National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Prince threat to stability, particularly in the subre- • SC/9336 (21 May 2008) was the press Johnson, whose forces captured and killed gional context of riots by former combatants release on the delisting of Gabriel former Liberian President Samuel Doe at in Côte d’Ivoire over insufficient or delayed Doe, Khalid Eldine, Wesseh Dennis the early stages of the protracted conflict is compensation in June. The incidence of and Zarr Koffi from the Liberia reportedly set to appear before the TRC in sexual violence also remains high, a prob- Sanctions Committee travel ban list. August, in Monrovia. lem compounded by deficiencies in the • SC/9290 (31 March 2008) was the judicial and correctional systems. Key Issues press release on the delisting of The key issue for the Council is likely to be UN Documents Gerald Cooper from the Liberia finding the right balance between the previ- Sanctions Committee travel ban list. ous drawdown timetable and the continuing Selected Security Council Resolutions • S/2008/85 (8 February 2008) was the concerns that UNMIL not be reduced too • S/RES/1819 (18 June 2008) requested letter from the Secretary-General quickly. A related issue is the need to estab- the Secretary-General to extend the appointing the Panel of Experts lish a transition from a peacekeeping focus mandate of the Panel of Experts on on Liberia. to peace building. Liberia until 20 December 2008. • SC/9183 (29 November 2007) was the • S/RES/1792 (19 December 2007) press release on the delisting of Grace Options renewed the arms and travel sanctions Minor from the Liberia Sanctions Com- Options for the Council include: as well as the mandate of the Panel mittee assets freeze and travel ban list. n starting early discussions at the expert of Experts. level on ways to begin enhanced peace- • S/RES/1777 (20 September 2007) Other Relevant Facts building activities under the UNMIL renewed the mandate of UNMIL for a mission framework (perhaps enhancing Special Representative of the one year and endorsed the Secretary- Secretary-General civilian posts as military strength is General’s recommendations for the Ellen Margrethe Løj (Denmark) reduced) and developing options for mission’s drawdown. more effective oversight by member • S/RES/1753 (27 April 2007) lifted the UNMIL: Size, Composition and Cost states as a lead-in to eventual assump- diamonds embargo. • Strength as of 31 May 2008: 11,782 tion of responsibility of the Peacebuilding • S/RES/1731 (20 December 2006) military and 1,145 police Commission (this could include a formal renewed sanctions. • Key contributing countries: Bangla- or informal ad hoc Council Working • S/RES/1532 (12 March 2004) imposed desh, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Pakistan Group); an assets freeze against former Presi- • Cost: 1 July 2007–30 June 2008: n simply endorsing the Secretary-Gener- dent Charles Taylor and associates. $688.38 million al’s recommendations; and • S/RES/1521 (22 December 2003) UNMIL: Duration n adopting a more cautious approach and imposed sanctions. September 2003 to present; mandate extending UNMIL’s current mandate only • S/RES/1509 (19 September 2003) expires 30 September 2008 for six months thereby allowing for more established UNMIL. in-depth discussion of downsizing the Chairman of the Liberia Sanctions Selected Secretary-General’s Reports mission to be deferred until early 2009. Committee • S/2008/183 (19 March 2008) was the Giadalla Azuz Ettalhi (Libya) Council Dynamics latest UNMIL report. Panel of Experts on Liberia The consensus in the Council is that in • S/2007/479 (8 August 2007) was the principle a drawdown should continue. Secretary-General’s drawdown plan • Guy Lamb (South Africa, expert on However, some differences of opinion for UNMIL. arms and security) remain. Some European members stress • Thomas R. Creal (US, expert on Other the need to explore redistribution of peace- finance) keeping resources to other conflicts in • SC/9354 (13 June 2008) was the press • Wynet V. Smith (Canada, expert on Africa and seem to favour a further acceler- release on the delisting of Montgom- natural resources and coordinator of ation of the drawdown. Other countries, ery Dolo from the Liberia Sanctions the Panel) particularly the African members, empha- Committee travel ban list. sise the need for a more cautious approach • S/2008/371 (12 June 2008) was the calibrated to developments on the ground. latest report of the Panel of Experts on Liberia.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 13 Iraq forces and the progressive transfer of and the DFI and IAMB arrangements. The responsibility for security from MNF-I to the statement also expressed appreciation for Expected Council Action Iraqi government, noting that nine out of 18 UN assistance to Iraq, recognised efforts The mandate of the UN Assistance Mission provinces are now under Iraqi control. (On made by the Iraqi government to improve in Iraq (UNAMI) will expire on 10 August. 16 July, Qadisiyah province was also trans- security, national reconciliation, and recon- The Council is expected to renew the man- ferred to Iraqi control.) Finally, he said the struction and to combat terrorism and date for 12 months without change. In June Iraqi government needed to implement a sectarian violence. 2004, resolution 1546 established both the series of measures to sustain security On 5 June, the Secretary-General’s Special mandate for the UN in Iraq and also autho- gains, in particular by increasing delivery Representative in Iraq, Staffan de Mistura, rised the presence of the Multinational of humanitarian assistance to refugees, presented to the Iraq government UNAMI’s Force (MNF-I). In 2007, the UNAMI man- continuing progress in political reconcilia- initial analysis on possible processes to date and the MNF-I mandate were tion, and holding provincial elections. resolve disputed internal boundaries. Ana- separated. Resolution 1770 provided a Gambari said progress in political dialogue lytical reports were presented on four new and more detailed mandate for UNAMI was crucial because the security situation, specific districts in northern Iraq with the including assisting in the advancement of while improving, remained fragile. Updating aim of contributing to processes to resolve political dialogue and national reconcilia- the Council on the recent activities of UNAMI, these issues. tion, facilitation of regional talks addressing he said its human rights personnel were border issues, energy and refugees, and On 29 May, Sweden hosted the first annual hoping to gain access to places of detention aid in implementation of the Iraq Compact. review of the International Compact with to assess the situation of Iraqi detainees. He The MNF-I mandate was separately autho- Iraq, an Iraqi-led five-year partnership with also emphasised the necessity to alleviate rised in resolution 1790 and will expire in the international community aimed at achiev- the suffering of Iraqi refugees and internally December 2008. ing long-term stability and sustainable displaced persons (IDPs), and said the UN development. Around one hundred states The next report from the Secretary-General was developing a programme for refugee and organisations attended the conference, on UNAMI is due on 31 July. Under return to ensure the Iraqi government and which was co-chaired by the Secretary- Secretary-General for Political Affairs, B. aid agencies were prepared for when General and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Lynn Pascoe, is expected to brief the Coun- conditions are appropriate. al-Maliki. Maliki requested cancellation of cil on 6 August. The Council is expected to Sach highlighted weaknesses in financial around $60 billion of Iraq’s international debt consider renewal of the UNAMI mandate controls over Iraqi oil proceeds, and said and termination of Iraq’s continuing com- on 8 August. spending ministries reported less than 15 pensation payments related to Saddam It is unlikely that the Council will take up percent of audit recommendations had been Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990. In a issues relating to the MNF-I given that a implemented. He said the practice of brief- final declaration, the participants recognised review was conducted in June. ings by the Secretary-General’s representative progress made by Iraq in the fields of secu- to Council members should continue. rity and legislation, and reaffirmed their Key Recent Developments intention to promote investment and trade On 13 June, the Council debated the situa- Iraq’s Foreign Minister, Hoshyar Zebari, with Iraq. They also defined emerging priori- tion in Iraq and progress with the MNF-I also spoke. He emphasised significant ties such as development, human rights, mandate. The Council also received a brief- accomplishments in security, political and reconstruction and economic governance. ing from the US on behalf of the MNF-I. The economic fields. He said Iraq continued to Special Adviser on the International Com- need the MNF-I assistance, in particular to On 6 July, the United Arab Emirates pact with Iraq, Ibrahim Gambari, briefed the support provincial elections set for October announced it had cancelled Iraq’s debt of Council on recent UNAMI activities. Warren (these have since been delayed to Decem- almost $7 billion. On 10 July, the Kuwaiti Sach, the Assistant Secretary-General, ber). He said despite the Iraqi security government announced it would refer the Controller, briefed the Council on the Inter- forces being better trained, equipped and in cancellation of Iraq’s debts to parliament national Advisory and Monitoring Board greater numbers, they were still not able to and meet with UN officials to confer about (IAMB), which has audit oversight of the independently assume full responsibility for the possibility of cancelling war compen- Development Fund for Iraq (DFI). the maintenance of security in all Iraqi terri- sation. (Iraq currently allocates five percent tory. He told the Council Iraq was negotiating of its oil revenue to meet the compensation US Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad said bilateral security agreements with the US claims. A further $28 billion is owed.) that the security environment in Iraq which would replace the UN-mandate for continued to improve. He acknowledged On 19 July, the appointment of six Sunni MNF-I as it expires at the end of the year. al-Qaida and other armed extremists still cabinet ministers was approved after nearly Those agreements should reflect progress had the capability of carrying out attacks a year-long boycott of the government by achieved in the development of Iraqi secu- throughout Iraq. He called on Syria to halt the main Sunni political bloc. The six minis- rity forces, be subject to approval by Iraq’s the operation of networks supplying sui- ters were members of the Accordance Front Council of Representatives and preserve cide bombers in Iraq, and urged Iran to (Tawafiq). The bloc suspended its member- Iraq’s sovereignty and national interests. cease its sponsorship of violent Iraqi ele- ship from parliament and withdrew from the ments. He emphasised the increase in The Council adopted a press statement government on 1 August 2007 over power numbers and capability of the Iraqi security agreeing to support the MNF-I mandate sharing. Parliament also approved four members of the Shiite unified Iraqi alliance

14 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org to fill cabinet posts vacated by Sadrists and Refugees (UNHCR) and various nongov- Iraqi National List members of parliament. ernmental organisations are concerned (In April 2007, six ministers loyal to Shiite improvements in the security situation SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT cleric Moqtada al-Sadr withdrew from the are insufficient to support returnees at Monthly cabinet over the prime minister’s refusal to this stage. A related issue is the lack of set a timetable for an US troop withdrawal funding for UN agencies despite the UN AUGUST 2008FORECAST from Iraq.) issuing a relief appeal in February, as well as the Iraqi government’s apparent lack made by the Iraqi foreign minister and the On 22 July, Iraq’s parliament passed the of capacity to spend aid money efficiently. US regarding progress in the security and governorate election law. The Kurdish bloc It is reported up to five million Iraqis have political fields. However, most members boycotted the vote after objecting to how fled their homes for security reasons, with raised concerns over the ongoing humani- the law dealt with Kirkuk. The Presidency half of these now outside the country and tarian situation. Panama may like to see a Council, headed by President Jalal Tala- the other half internally displaced. greater focus on humanitarian aspects of bani, rejected the law on 23 July. The Kurds n Internally disputed territories and the UNAMI’s current mandate. are calling for a long-delayed referendum in status of Kirkuk: Many of Iraq’s political Kirkuk to determine its status. Provincial Members are conscious of the need to factions were unhappy with UNAMI’s first elections had been scheduled for October, address the issue of security for UNAMI per- set of analysis presented in June. The but because of delays in reaching an agree- sonnel in the event that the MNF-I does not Council will be interested in further prog- ment between all factions, have been have its mandate renewed in December. ress reports on the outcomes of UNAMI’s delayed until December. Neither the US nor the UK believes UNAMI’s continued engagement with stakeholders protection will dramatically change after Negotiations between Iraq and the US on a on the issue. December, whether or not the MNF-I man- broad strategic framework agreement and n Electoral Law: A key question is whether date is renewed. Some successor will likely status of forces agreement have encoun- the governorate elections will be held this carry out the necessary support to UNAMI. tered difficulties and it seems that agreement year. The status of Kirkuk is an issue. Council members, including both the US will not be concluded by 31 July as the US n Constitutional review process: On 21 and UK expect that in the medium term had anticipated. According to the White July, the Head of the Constitutional UNAMI will transition to security self- House, in the area of security cooperation, Review Committee announced its final reliance, supported by the Iraqi government, both sides agreed to include a “general report had been drafted and would be once security conditions are appropriate. time horizon” for the withdrawal of US passed to the Executive Council for com- troops based on continued improving con- ment. Disputed issues being considered UN Documents by the Committee include power-sharing ditions on the ground. Shi’a cleric Moqtada Selected Security Council Resolutions al-Sadr and Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani among the presidency, the governorates • S/RES/1790 (18 December 2007) have denounced the negotiations and and the regions, as well as issues of renewed the mandate of the MNF-I for reportedly oppose a long term agreement, oil-revenue sharing. one year, with a review by 15 June. favouring a short term pact. UNAMI’s security beyond the expiry of the • S/RES/1770 (10 August 2007) Options MNF-I mandate in December will become renewed UNAMI for one year and The Council is unlikely to consider any other an issue. On 18 December 2007, the Coun- revised its mandate. cil renewed the MNF-I mandate for one year options than renewing the UNAMI mandate Latest UNAMI Report for a further 12 months. noting the government of Iraq considered this to be its final request for such an • S/2008/495 (29 July 2008) At some stage, however, the Council may extension. Resolution 1770 recognises the Last Security Council Briefing and need to consider options for successor essential role of MNF-I in enabling UNAMI Debate on Iraq security arrangements for UNAMI, in the to carry out its work in Iraq. A successor will • S/PV.5910 (13 June 2008) event the MNF-I mandate is renewed be required to continue the support cur- Latest Press Statement in December. (MNF-I currently provides rently provided by MNF-I to UNAMI. UNAMI security.) • SC/9358 (13 June 2008) agreed upon Council Dynamics the continuation of the MNF-I mandate Key Issues During the June debate, most members and of the DFI and IAMB arrangements The UNAMI report is likely to discuss prog- demonstrated ongoing support for the UN Latest Letters ress made in activities undertaken to satisfy role in Iraq, in particular its work regarding • S/2008/380 (10 June 2008) was a its detailed set of requirements, as man- the disputed boundaries. Council members letter from Iraq emphasising that Iraq dated in resolution 1770. Discussions are continue to be satisfied with the reinvigora- still needed the assistance and sup- likely to centre on the following issues: tion of the mandate of UNAMI in resolution port of the MNF-I and noting that Iraq n Refugees: Maliki stated at the Stockholm 1770, and are keen to see UNAMI achieve is currently negotiating bilateral secu- conference that his government would real progress in implementing this man- rity arrangements with the US that work to create conditions to facilitate the date. Iraq is supportive of a mandate would address Iraq’s security needs; return of refugees and IDPs and provide renewal for UNAMI. them with financial incentives (the gov- these arrangements are currently ernment has allotted $195 million). During the June debate, almost all Council covered by the mandate of the MNF-I. However, the UN High Commissioner for members welcomed the assessments

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 15 Other Relevant Facts Democratic Republic of Chamber had found that prosecutors had withheld evidence from the defense. Special Representative of the the Congo The Pact on Security, Stability and Develop- Secretary-General Expected Council Action ment in the Great Lakes Region entered Staffan de Mistura (Sweden) The Group of Experts on sanctions in the into force on 21 June following its ratifica- Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is Deputy Special Representative for tion by eight of the 11 core countries of the Political Affairs expected to submit its next report to the International Conference on the Great DRC Sanctions Committee by 15 August. Michael von der Schulenburg (Germany) Lakes Region (ICGLR). Under the agree- The Sanctions Committee may report to the Deputy Special Representative for ment, the participating countries commit Council after considering the Group of Humanitarian, Reconstruction and themselves to address the underlying Experts’ report. Development Affairs causes of the conflicts in the region and to David Shearer (New Zealand) Recent Developments deal with major security, development, Secretary-General’s Special Advisor on On 3 July, the Secretary-General reported humanitarian, governance and social issues the International Compact with Iraq on the UN Mission in the DRC (MONUC) from a regional perspective. The eight Ibrahim Gambari (Nigeria) and described the overall security situation countries that ratified were Burundi, the as “tenuous”. He noted that while there had Central African Republic, the DRC, Kenya, MNF-I been a decline in the number of violations of the Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania • Strength as of February 2008: 166,000 the ceasefire in North Kivu, there had been and Uganda. The first ICGLR summit to be • Composition as of July 2008: US, an increase in attacks against civilian tar- held after the Pact’s entry into force will be UK, Georgia, South Korea, Australia, gets carried out by armed groups. This held in Kinshasa in mid-December. Romania, El Salvador, Bulgaria, included an attack by the Forces démocra- On 24 April, the DRC Sanctions Committee Albania, Mongolia, Czech Republic, tiques de liberation du Rwanda (FDLR) on 4 decided to remove the name of Congolese Azerbaijan, Denmark, Armenia, June against internally displaced persons businessman Kisoni Kambale from its con- Ukraine, Macedonia, Japan, Latvia, (IDPs) in Kinyandoni. The FDLR and the solidated assets freeze and travel ban list. Lithuania, Singapore, Moldova, Coalition des patriotes résistants congolais However, the Committee decided to main- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, (PARECO) also continued to attack posi- tain the assets freeze imposed on entities Tonga and Kazakhstan. tions of the Congolese national army. In associated with Kambale, Butembo Airlines UNAMI South Kivu, insecurity also increased with and Congocom Trading House. These were armed robberies of international NGOs and • Composition as of 31 May 2008: 219 separately designated for provision of assis- transport vehicles. The FDLR also seems to troops (Fijian blue helmets), 5 military tance to illegal armed groups in breach of be maintaining collaboration with the Mayi- observers, 292 international civilian the arms embargo imposed in 2003 and Mayi militia in South Kivu. staff and 337 local civilian staff. 2005. The delisting of Kambale, who is • Middle ring security (under MNF-I The Secretary-General’s report also high- reportedly dead, was the first delisting since command): about 200 Georgian lighted the need to accelerate the process the DRC Sanctions Committee was set up soldiers in Baghdad and about 60 for resolving the situation in eastern DRC in March 2004. South Korean troops in Erbil. and to develop legitimate government insti- Key Issues tutions in order to meet benchmarks for the Useful Additional Sources The key issue for the Sanctions Committee is eventual drawdown of MONUC. He noted n UNAMI press release: UNAMI presents the impact for the sanctions regime (arms that continued political engagement by the first analysis to help resolve on disputed embargo, assets freeze and travel ban) in various parties was necessary for the suc- internal boundaries, 5 June 2008 http:// light of the Secretary-General’s description cess of the Goma Agreement (reached www.uniraq.org/newsroom/getarticle. of the security situation as remaining fragile. asp?ArticleID=702 between the Congolese government and various armed groups in North and South n International Crisis Group, Failed Respon- Another major issue relates to the possible sibility: Iraq Refugees in Syria, Jordan and Kivu on 23 January) and the Nairobi Agree- extension of sanctions to those groups ille- Lebanon, Middle East Report no. 77, 10 ment (reached 9 November 2007 between gally operating particularly in the eastern July 2008 the DRC and Rwanda to cooperate against parts of the DRC, especially those respon- common security threats). n Iraq Consolidated Appeal Mid-year sible for serious violations of international law involving sexual violence and the Status Update, June 2008, http://www. The International Criminal Court (ICC), on 7 recruiting and use of children in armed con- humanitarianappeal.net July, reversed its 2 July decision to release flict. It is now two years since the Council Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, leader of the rebel adopted resolution 1698 calling for sanc- militia Union des patriotes congolais. tions against actors recruiting and using Lubanga had been accused of recruiting children in armed conflict in the DRC. How- and using child soldiers. The ICC said that ever, no list of individuals or entities has Lubanga should remain in custody until a been drawn up. In January, the Council decision was made on the appeal by the president conveyed the “grave concern” of prosecution. Previously the ICC Trial

16 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org its Working Group on Children and Armed UN Documents Conflict to the DRC Sanctions Committee about this. Selected Security Council Resolutions SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT • S/RES/1820 (19 June 2008) indicated In June resolution 1820 reiterated the Coun- Monthly the Council’s intention to consider the cil’s condemnation of violence against “appropriateness of targeted and AUGUST 2008 women and children in conflict situations FORECAST graduated measures” against parties and indicated an intention to consider the who committed acts of violence Other “appropriateness of targeted and graduated towards women and girls in situations measures against parties to situations of • SC/9312 (28 April 2008) was the press of conflict. armed conflict who commit rape and other release on the DRC sanctions commit- • S/RES/1807 (31 March 2008) lifted the forms of sexual violence against women and tee delisting of Kisoni Kambale from arms embargo for government forces girls in situations of armed conflict.” its consolidated assets freeze and and strengthened measures related to travel ban list. Options aviation and customs. • S/AC.51/2008/4 (14 January 2008) Options for the DRC sanctions committee • S/RES/1804 (13 March 2008) was the letter from the president of include: demanded all members of Rwandan the Council to the chair of the DRC n considering the report of the Group of armed groups operating in eastern Sanctions Committee following up Experts and reporting to the Council DRC lay down their arms, called upon on the recommendations of the quickly; DRC and Rwanda to implement com- Working Group on Children and n considering the report of the Group of mitments under the Nairobi Armed Conflict. Experts but delaying reporting the Coun- communiqué, and asked states to cil until a later date; and cooperate with the International Other Relevant Facts n recommending additions to the sanc- Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. • S/RES/1799 (15 February 2008) Chairman of the DRC Sanctions tions list in light of resolutions 1698 Committee and 1820. renewed the sanctions regime and the mandate of the Group of Experts until Ambassador R.M. Marty M. Natalegawa Council Dynamics 31 March 2008. (Indonesia) The DRC Sanctions Committee (which is • S/RES/1794 (21 December 2007) Group of Experts made up of all Council members) appears renewed the mandate of MONUC until • Abdoulaye Cissoko (Mali, aviation to be agreed on the ongoing relevance of 31 December 2008. expert) the sanctions regime until the situation • S/RES/1698 (31 July 2006), 1649 (21 • Caty Clément (Belgium, regional further stabilises and the Congolese December 2005) and 1596 (18 April expert) government gains effective control of its 2005) strengthened sanctions, includ- • Amadou Hamidou (Niger, customs national territory. (The recent delisting of ing, in resolution 1698, provisions expert) Kisoni Kambale was said to have been against actors recruiting and using • Ramón Miranda Ramos (Spain, arms prompted by a “factual finding” that he was children in armed conflict in the DRC. expert and Coordinator of the Group) deceased, and therefore it was no longer • S/RES/1533 (12 March 2004) estab- • Gregory Salter (UK, finance expert) deemed necessary to retain his name on lished the Sanctions Committee and the sanctions list.) Special Representative of the Secretary- the Group of Experts. General and Head of Mission There appear to be differences among Latest Presidential Statement Alan Doss (UK) members on whether to add to the sanc- • S/PRST/2008/2 (30 January 2008) MONUC Force Commander tions list. Members like Belgium, France, commended the government and Lieutenant-General Babacar Gaye UK and US have broached the idea that other parties for organizing the Goma (Senegal) sanctions would incentivise better behav- conference on a ceasefire and disar- iour from those responsible for attacks on mament of armed groups. Size, Composition and Cost of Mission civilians. Others like China, Indonesia and Latest Secretary-General’s Report • Strength as of 30 June is 16,666 Russia have expressed concern about the troops, 693 military observers, 1,046 • S/2008/433 (3 July 2008) was the timing and consequent ineffectiveness of police and 939 international civilian latest (26th) report on the DRC. such additions, arguing that action could personnel. undermine the Goma peace process by Selected Sanctions Committee • Approved budget (1 July 2007-30 Document alienating affected individuals and/or par- June 2008): $1,115.65 million ties. The sanctions committees operate on • S/2008/43 (11 February 2008) was the Duration the basis of consensus, and accordingly latest report of the Group of Experts the upcoming report of the DRC sanctions for the DRC. 30 November 1999 to present; mandate Group of Experts may help shed further expires on 31 December 2008 light on the matter.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 17 International Criminal tried at the ICTR: former Rwandan Deputy and the Democratic Republic of Congo Tribunals Governor Dominique Ntawukuriryayo, (DRC) to cooperate with the ICTR. The former planning Minister Augustin Ngira- letter also asked the Kenyan police to Expected Council Action batware and former Minister for Youth investigate the presence of Rwandan In August the Council is expected to receive Callixte Nzabonimana. In June 2007, for- businessman Félicien Kabuga in Kenya the annual reports of the International Crim- mer Bosnian Serb army officer Zdravko and freeze his bank accounts. inal Tribunals of the former Yugoslavia Tolimir and former Serbian police officer On 29 July, the Bosnian war crimes court in (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR). Vlastimir Dordevic were arrested and trans- Sarajevo convicted seven Bosnian Serbs of ferred to the ICTY.) The annual reports of the two tribunals, genocide over the massacre of Bosnian which are published as both Council and On 11 June, one of the top three fugitives on Muslims in Srebrenica in 1995. The two- General Assembly documents, are usually the ICTY’s wanted list, Stojan Župljanin, year trial was the first to be held in Sarajevo discussed in the General Assembly in Sep- was arrested in Belgrade by Serbian author- over crimes committed at Srebrenica and tember. The 2008 reports are likely to be of ities and transferred to The Hague. This and the first for genocide. particular interest following the arrest of for- Karadžic’s arrest are expected to affect the The Council’s Informal Working Group on mer Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic timeline for the ICTY’s first instance trials. Tribunals, which has been chaired by Bel- and also with the deadline for both tribunals The mandate of the judges of the ICTR will gium since January 2008, on 4 June met to complete initial trial activities rapidly expire at the end of 2008. On 6 June, the the presidents, prosecutors and registrars approaching. (In 2003, resolution 1503 ICTR president wrote to the presidents of of the tribunals to discuss residual issues established an expectation that the tribu- the Council and General Assembly asking outlined in the report submitted by the two nals would complete all “trial activities at for the extension of the term of office of the tribunals last year. The Informal Group is first instance by the end of 2008 and all work judges. In response, on 18 July the Council expected to start discussing the elements in 2010”.) adopted resolution 1824 which extended for a resolution setting up the framework for Updates on timetables for trials, the capture the term of office of 9 permanent and 17 ad managing residual issues in September. of remaining fugitives, international coop- litem judges. The General Assembly on 28 Options eration in tracking them down, and “legacy” July also endorsed the request. The Council does not usually take up the or “residual” issues (which would survive Other developments related to the ICTY tribunals’ annual reports for discussion. But the legal existence of the tribunals or be cre- and ICTR included: with the arrest of Karadzic and its impact on ated by their closure) are all expected to n On 3 July, the Appeals Chamber of the deadlines, the Council may choose to dis- feature prominently in this year’s reports. ICTY overturned a June 2006 judgement cuss the annual reports. A possible option Key Recent Developments from the trial chamber sentencing former then could be a presidential statement high- On 21 July, Radovan Karadzic was arrested Bosnian army commander Naser Oric´ to lighting the importance of international in Belgrade after 13 years as a fugitive. On two years in prison for failure to prevent cooperation in apprehending the remaining 25 July, Karadzic’s lawyers filed an appeal murder and cruel treatment of Serb key fugitives in the next few months as well against Karadzic’s extradition to the ICTY. prisoners in Srebrenica between late as the Council’s commitment to providing The appeal—apparently posted just before 1992 and early 1993. guidance on legacy issues. the midnight deadline on 25 July—had not n The ICTY on 11 July granted Dragoljub Key Issues been received by 29 July leading the Ojdanic´, the former Chief of the General As the 2008 deadline for the tribunals Serbian justice minister to issue a final Staff of the Yugoslav Army, provisional approaches, the key issue facing the Coun- extradiction order. On 30 July Karadzic was release on compassionate grounds. cil is its role in resolving questions such as: extradited to The Hague. Karadzic faces 11 n On 27 June, the ICTY ordered the tempo- n How to balance the time needed for a counts of genocide, war crimes, crimes rary release of Jovica Stanišic´ and Franko proper trial for suspects like Karadzic against humanity and other atrocities in the Simatovic´, two former high-level officials against the deadlines set in resolution Bosnian war of the 1990s. Ultra-nationalists with the Serbian secret service. 1503? in Serbia have been holding protest rallies n The ICTR on 9 June turned down a n What should be done if key fugitives are since Karadzic’s arrest. The rally on 29 July request to transfer Rwandan business- not apprehended by the 2010 deadline? attracted over 10,000 supporters and led to man Gaspard Kanyarukiga’s case to clashes with the police. Rwanda on the basis that he may not An increasingly urgent issue is cooperation receive a fair trial. (At the end of May, the in apprehending fugitives. The arrest of On 4 June, the Council received a briefing ICTR had ruled against a similar transfer Karadzic is likely to lead to greater pressure from the presidents and prosecutors of for another Rwandan businessman, on Serbia to cooperate in finding the remain- both tribunals on the semi-annual progress Yusuf Munyakazi, and four others.) ing two key fugitives, Ratko Mladic and reports on their completion strategies. n On 3 June, the Secretary-General trans- Goran Hadzic. In June during the Council Both presidents indicated that completion mitted a letter to the Council from ICTR debate ICTY Chief Prosecutor Serge Bram- of first instance trials by the end of 2008 President Dennis Byron conveying a let- mertz said that indictees sought by the ICTY was unlikely because of recent arrests. ter from the ICTR prosecutor to the were “within reach of the Serbian authori- (Between June and October 2007, there Council president requesting the Coun- ties” and rated Serbia as “unsatisfactory” in were three arrests of suspects who will be cil to call on the governments of Kenya helping capture them. With Karadzic’s arrest

18 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org there is hope that Serbia’s new government There appears to be agreement on the will be more open to cooperation with the need to ensure that the remaining fugitives ICTY. Hassan Jallow, the chief prosecutor of are brought to justice even after the SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT the ICTR, highlighted the need for greater tribunals have closed. However, some Monthly cooperation from Kenya and the DRC. members, especially China and Russia state publicly that the timetables need to AUGUST 2008 An underlying issue will be the interpreta- FORECAST be observed. Russia has proposed that the tion of resolution 1503 which called on the tribunals should begin “no judicial pro- extension of the terms of office judges ICTY and ICTR to “take all possible mea- ceedings in the first instance after 1 and eight ad litem judges. sures” to complete all trial activities in the January 2009”. Other members prefer a • S/2008/356 (3 June 2008) was the first instance by 2008, and to compete all more flexible approach and do not think a letter from ICTR regarding fugitives in work by 2010. Some members see the resolution is necessary to allow the tribu- Kenya and the DRC. wording of this resolution to mean that the nals to continue. • S/2008/326 (13 May 2008) was the deadlines are indicative while others inter- letter from the ICTY president transmit- pret it as mandatory. Increased sensitivity to issues relating to ting his assessment of the the former Yugoslavia, due to develop- Another issue of increasing urgency is the implementation of the tribunal’s ments in Kosovo, may be influencing the ongoing functions of the tribunals in the completion strategy as of May 2008. ICTY issues. Over the last year, Russia future. One option is to downsize and main- • S/2008/322 (12 May 2008) was has shown increasing unhappiness with tain essential functions. Another is to close the letter from the ICTR president the ICTY, reacting strongly to the allega- down and transfer functions to the Interna- transmitting his assessment of the tions of witness intimidation in the case of tional Criminal Court. Other issues being implementation of the ICTR’s comple- Ramush Haradinaj, a former prime minis- considered are what type of mechanism tion strategy as of May 2008. ter of Kosovo, as well as the acquittal of should be set up, how to deal with arrests Naser Oric´. Selected Presidential Statements after the tribunals close down, and what • S/PRST/2002/21 (23 July 2002) happens if new evidence comes to light. UN Documents endorsed the ICTY’s completion An increasingly important issue is wit- Selected Security Council Resolutions strategy. nesses’ protection. There are questions • S/RES/1824 (18 July 2008) was the Other Relevant Documents about how this will be maintained following resolution extending the term of office • S/PV.5904 (4 June 2008) was the last the closure of the tribunals. of 9 permanent and 17 ad litem ICTR Council briefing by the presidents and Another significant issue is building capac- judges. prosecutors of the ICTY and ICTR. ity in national courts. Transferring cases to • S/RES/1534 (26 March 2004) called • S/2007/502 (15 August 2007) was the national jurisdictions is a key component of on the ICTY and ICTR to review their 2007 annual report of the ICTR. current completion strategies. But recent respective caseloads and requested • S/2007/469 (1 August 2007) was the ICTR rulings against transferring cases to both tribunals to provide the Council 2007 annual report of the ICTY. Rwanda signal potential problems in relying with a progress assessment of their exclusively on national jurisdiction. completion strategies every six months. Other Relevant Facts • S/RES/1503 (28 August 2003) called ICTY Archives continue to be a key issue. Impor- on the ICTY and ICTR to complete all tant factors include availability and trial activities in the first instance by the • Two accused at large, including former accessibility. Rwanda, the AU, Tanzania, end of 2008 and to complete all work Bosnian Serb military commander and the Netherlands have all expressed in 2010. Ratko Mladic. interest in housing them. The UN is also a • S/RES/955 (8 November 1994) estab- • Five accused at the pre-trial stage, possible home. The Advisory Committee lished the ICTR and contained its 13 referred to a national jurisdiction, on Archives to the Registrars set up in Octo- statute in the annex. 27 on trial, 8 at the appeal stage ber 2007 is expected to present its final • S/RES/827 (25 May 1993) established • Webpage: http://www.un.org/icty/ recommendations to the tribunals’ regis- the ICTY and approved the statute as index.html trars in the next few months. proposed by the Secretary-General in ICTR his report (S/25704). Council Dynamics • Thirteen accused at large, including There is now heightened awareness among Selected Reports of the Félicien Kabuga, a businessman Secretary-General Council members of the need to make accused of inciting massacres in progress on residual issues by the end of • S/25704 (3 May 1993) contained the Rwanda the year. Positions should emerge more statute of the ICTY, as requested by • Eight accused awaiting trial, 28 on clearly in the next few months as the Secu- resolution 808 of 22 February 1993. trial, two at the appeal stage rity Council’s Informal Working Group on Selected Letters • Webpage: http://69.94.11.53/default. htm Tribunals discusses elements of a frame- • S/2008/436 (13 June 2008) trans work for residual issues. mitted the ICTR’s request for an

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 19 Notable Dates for August Important Dates over the Reports Due for Consideration in August Document Requesting Report Horizon

31 July 1540 Committee report on the implementation of the S/RES/1810 n Demetris Christofias and Mehmet Ali resolution Talat, the leaders of the Greek Cypriot 31 July SG report on Iraq (oil-for-food programme) S/2008/341 and the Turkish Cypriot communities 31 July SG quarterly report on UN Assistance Mission for Iraq S/RES/1770 respectively, are scheduled to initiate (UNAMI) comprehensive negotiations on 3 Sep- August Lebanese Independent Border Assessment Team S/PRST/2007/12 tember 2008. (LIBAT) report n The Secretary-General is expected to 1 August SG report on UN Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) S/RES/1802 report on follow-up arrangements 15 August SG report on UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) S/RES/1777 regarding EUFOR Chad-Central African 15 August Democratic Republic of the Congo Group of Experts S/RES/1807 Republic by September 2008. The report report to Sanctions Committee is expected to include recommendations by 31 August SG monthly report on UN-AU Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) S/RES/1769 on the future mandate of the UN Mission by 31 August SG semi-annual report on UN Stabilisation Mission S/RES/1780 in the Central African Republic and Chad in Haiti (MINUSTAH) (MINURCAT), whose mandate expires on August 2008 Mandates Expire Relevant Document 25 September. 10 August UN Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) S/RES/1770 n The next IAEA Board of Governors meet- 20 August Council authorisation for the AU Mission in Somalia S/RES/1801 ing is scheduled for 22-26 September (AMISOM) 2008 in Vienna. 31 August UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) S/RES/1773 n Legislative elections have been sched- August 2008 Other Important Dates uled for 16 November 2008 in Guinea- Early or The Special Representative of the Secretary-General to Sudan, Bissau. mid-August Ashraf Qazi, is expected to brief the Council. n Presidential elections in Côte d’Ivoire are 19 August The Special Representative of the Secretary-General to Timor-Leste, now scheduled for 30 November 2008. Atul Khare, is expected to brief the Council. n In Iraq, governorate elections are cur- Also expected in August: rently planned for December 2008. • South African judge Navanethem Pillay, appointed as High Commissioner for Human Rights in July, will assume her post on 1 September 2008. • The Council is expected to receive the ICTY and ICTR annual reports in August. SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT STAFF • Special Advisor Ibrahim Gambari is planning to visit Myanmar in mid-August. Colin Keating, Executive Director • The Secretary-General is expected to present recommendations on improving security in Somalia Joanna Weschler, Director of Research by 15 August. Robert Afriyie, Research Analyst Anne-Gaëlle Claude, Research Analyst Fernanda Rafaela Fernandes, Research Analyst Shamala Kandiah, Research Analyst Evelyn Leopold, Research Consultant Nina Pregellio, Research Consultant Amanda Roberts, Programme Coordinator Paul Romita, Programme Consultant Brian Lockstone, Communications Consultant Robbin VanNewkirk, Administrative Assistant

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