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VOLUME XXIV 1999 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL MONSERRADO MARGIBI soorophy Deportment 10.W 8.W Wismar of Pittsbiwoh at Johnstown Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts intended for consideration should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and-a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors must, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work, preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style (the preferred style), or the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA). All manuscripts intended for consideration should be mailed to: Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6306. All items relevant to Book Reviews should be mailed to: Yar D. G. Bratcher, Book Review Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Emory University; 859 Petite Lane; Lithonia, Georgia 30058 Cover map: Compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodi Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XXIV 1999 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor, Amos J. Beyan West Virginia University Associate Editor, Konia T. Kollehlon Book Review Editor, Yar D. G. Bratcher University of Maryland-Eastern Shore Emory University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD C. William Allen-University of South D. Elwood Dunn-The University Carolina-Spartanburg of the South Bertha B. Azango-University of Liberia M. Alpha Bah-College of Charleston Warren d'Azevedo-University of Nevada Momo K. Rogers-Kpazolu Media Enterprises Christopher Clapham-Lancaster University Yekutiel Gershoni-Tel Aviv University Thomas Hayden-Society of African Lawrence B. Breitborde-Knox College Missions Romeo E. Philips-Kalamazoo College Svend E. Holsoe-University of Delaware Henrique F. Tokpa-Cuttington University Coroann Okorodudu-Rowan College College of N.J. LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS Joseph Holloway-President Timothy A. Rainey Cyril Broderick-Vice President Emmanuel Do lo Dianne Oyler-Secretary-Treasurer Massa la Prince Reffell Ciyata Coleman FORMER EDITORS D. Elwood Dunn Svend E. Holsoe Edward J. Biggane C. William Allen Jo Sullivan Edited at the Department of History, West Virginia University. The editors and Advisory Board gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Eberly College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of History at West Virginia University in the production of the Journal. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS iii Pre-Intervention Trust-Building, African States and Enforcing the Peace: The Case of ECOWAS in Liberia and Sierra Leone By Jeremy Levitt 1 The Impeachments and Trials of President James S. Payne and Secretary Benjamin J. K. Anderson: The Documentary Evidence (Part I) By Tim Geysbeek 27 Building a Sustained Peace: Human Rights and Democratization in Liberia: A Commentary By Ezekiel Pajibo 56 Book Reviews Boikai, Jerome Z., Broadcasting and National Development in Liberia By T. Nelson Williams, SA 69 Chicoine, Stephen, A Liberian Family: Journey Between Two Worlds By Jo Sullivan 73 Pay, Won-Ldy and Margaret H. Lippert, Why Leopard Has Spots: Dan Stories from Liberia By Kathryn Z. Weed 75 Minutes of the 31st Annual LSA Conference Prepared by Alpha Bah 77 New Publications on or Relevant to Liberia 80 Documents 83 A refereed journal that emphasizes the social sciences, humanities, and the natural sciences, the Liberian Studies Journal is a semiannual publication devoted to studies of Africa's oldest republic. The annual subscription rate is US$40.00, US$15.00 for students, and US$50.00 for institutions, and includes membership in the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. All manuscripts and related matters should be addressed to Dr. Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6306. Subscriptions and other business matters should be directed to Dr. Dianne Oyler, Secretary-Treasurer; Liberian Studies Association, Inc.; Fayetteville State University; P.O. Box 14613; Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301 -4297. Copyright © 1999 by the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. ISSN 0024 1989 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Pre-Intervention Trust-Building, African States and Enforcing the Peace: The Case of ECOWAS in Liberia and Sierra Leone Jeremy Levitt* INTRODUCTION Since the end of the cold war, Africa has been host to an inordinate number of internal deadly conflicts. At no other time in contemporary African history have the masses of African people been forced to live amidst the violence and carnage that has manifested in the post cold war era. These phenomena have been exacerbated by systemic political and economic disengagement of Western states from Africa due to the devaluation of it's geo- political stock. Hence, African states appear to be attempting to re-assert themselves as national, sub-regional, regional and even international power brokers in order to obtain or sustain legitimacy in the "new continental" and global order. This power brokering has created complex security dilemmas that have affected the internal and external balances of power in and amongst states. Both authoritarian and democratic regimes have endured internal and external military challenges to their authority. In addition, they have had immense and counterproductive pressures bestowed upon them by coercive international financial institutions. These circumstances have worked together to spawn and exacerbate deadly conflict. As a result, African leaders have been forced to originate and implement indigenous formulas to establish the necessary mechanisms to prevent, manage and resolve conflict.' African states, in particular West African regimes, have demonstrated their commitment to build sustainable peace by proffering and securing African solutions to African problems. This point is best evidenced by the relative * Attorney at Law, Ph.D. candidate, University of Cambridge-St. John's College; Doctor of Law, University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School. ' The Organization of African Unity, "Resolving Conflicts in Africa Implementation Options," OAU Information Services Publication - Series II (1993), p. 1. Liberian Studies Journal, XXIV , 1 (1999) PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor 2 PRE-INTERVENTION TRUST-BUILDING success of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Cease-Fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) missions in Liberia (1990) and Sierra Leone (1997); Nigeria's popular intervention in Sierra Leone (1997); the Mission for the Implementation of the Bangui Agreement (MISAB) in the Central African Republic (1997); Senegal and Guinea's interventions in Guinea- Bissau (1998); and South Africa's intervention in Lesotho (1998).2 All of the above mentioned interventions were carried out without the authorisation of the United Nations Security Council and transpired between 1990 and 1998, the latter four taking place between 1997 and 1998. Notwithstanding, each mission had a distinctly different outcome, which I argue can be explained by qualitatively assessing the degree of trust-building that took place prior to each intervention. This article is concerned with examining the dynamics of trust-building in a pre-intervention context.' Specifically, it will analyse the concept of trust- building prior to the ECOWAS humanitarian interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone,4 although the general thrust of my argument will no doubt apply to other African interventions.' Humanitarian intervention can be taken to mean: Intervention in a state involving the use of force (U.N. action in Iraq and Somalia or ECOWAS action in Liberia and Sierra Leone) or threat of force (U.N. action in Haiti), where the intervenor deploys armed forces and, at the least, makes clear that it is willing to use force if its operation is resisted-as it
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