DOCSLIB.ORG

How Our Laws Are Made

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How Our Laws Are Made HOW OUR LAWS ARE MADE 52nd LEGISLATURE of LIBERIA Joint Legislative Modernization Committee This program is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States UNDERSTANDING THE Agency for International development (USAID) under Award No. 669-A-00- 09-00090-00. The opinions LEGISLATIVE PROCESS expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. LAW SENATOR A general body of rules and An individual elected to represent a TABLE OF CONTENTS regulations officiated by authority. county and to make decision on Laws are generally found in behalf of his constituents. constitutions, legislation, and judicial opinions. SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE AND DEPUTY SPEAKER Foreword………………………………….…………….1 LEGISLATURE The presiding officer of the House of An officially elected body of people Representatives elected from and by vested with the responsibility and the membership of the House at the power to make laws for a political beginning of each legislature. Introduction……………………………………………. 2 unit, such as a state or nation. QUORUM PLENARY A quorum is constituted by the The Liberian Legislature ……………………….….. ..2 A plenary is a legislative sitting that simple majority of the membership of takes place within each house of the the House or Senate (or 50% + 1 of Legislature. It is also the highest the membership.) A quorum must be How a Bill becomes a Law…………….……………..4 decision making body in the present in order for either house to Legislature. conduct business. Checks and Balances………………………………..11 PUBLIC HEARING VETO Session at which citizens or experts To veto is to reject or to refuse to present their views on a specific sign a bill from the Legislature. This matter to a government body. is the “check” that the executive Glossary……………………………………….……. 13 branch has on the powers of the PRESIDENT PRO-TEMPORE legislative branch of government. A Temporarily; literarily, for the time. veto can be overridden by a 2/3 vote The term is used particularly to apply in each of the Houses of the to a temporary presiding officer of the Legislature. Senate. He or she is elected by members of the Senate to serve as the Chief Administrator of the Senate. SECRETARY OF THE SENATE The administrative officer of the Senate responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Senate and its departments. Also assists President Pro-Tempore in administering the affairs of the Senate. 15 occurs when the House of COURT Representatives or the Senate A body in government to which the FOWARD convenes as a Whole, for the administration of justice is delegated. purposes of receiving information or An institution of government We are pleased to present this manual on Liberia’s legislative process acting upon a bill. established to administer the civil developed in partnership with the National Democratic Institute (NDI). and criminal law. Members of the 52nd Legislature of the Republic of Liberia are committed DEMOCRACY to improving the quality and effectiveness of the legislative process. COMMITTEE REPORT Political system in which the people The text of a bill or resolution and its share in directing the activities of As representatives of the Liberian people, legislators are the eyes and required attachments that is prepared the state, as distinct from ears of their constituents; they debate and adopt legislation to benefit all when the measure is reported from a governments controlled by a single Liberians, and exercise oversight over the executive branch of committee for further consideration by class, select group, or autocrat. government. In taking the oath of office, legislators commit themselves the members of the chamber. The definition of democracy has to uphold and defend the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Liberia been expanded to describe a and to conduct their responsibilities faithfully. CONCURRENCE philosophy that insists on the right Concurrence occurs when one house and the capacity of a people, acting of the Legislature (Senate or House) either directly or through This manual is intended to provide an overview of the steps a bill goes approves a bill that was passed in the representatives, to control their through on its way to becoming law. Every citizen should be well other house. When the originating institutions for their own purposes. informed about the legislative process to increase understanding of news chamber votes to accept, or concur reports and discussions around the work of the legislature and to with the amendments made by the ENGROSSED increase the meaningful input of citizens in democratic government. opposite chamber. The stage in a bill’s legislative progress when it has been passed An open, transparent, and inclusive legislative process is one of the CONFERENCE COMMITEE by the chamber in which it was filed cornerstones of any democracy. In Liberia, the legislative process has A conference committee is composed and all amendments to the bill have been designed to give all sides an opportunity to be heard and share of a number of legislators from each been incorporated into the text of their views. The fact that a bill cannot become law without the passage house of the Legislature who meet in the bill, which is then forwarded to of both the Senate and the House of Representatives and approval of the to forge one version of similar Senate the second house for President is also a component of the inclusive approach to lawmaking in and House bills. The final conference consideration. Liberia. committee version must be approved by both houses of the Legislature. ENROLLED This manual was designed as part of the modernization process of the The stage in a bill’s legislative Legislature. Our special thanks to the President of the Senate, President CONSTITUENT progress when it has been passed Pro-Tempore and members of the Senate; and the Speaker and A citizen residing within the district of by both chambers of the legislature Members of the House of Representatives for their support and an elected legislator. in identical form and is prepared for leadership in this process. signature by the presiding officers CONSTITUTION of both houses. If a bill is not A written instrument embodying passed in identical form by both the fundamental principles of the houses, any changes made by the Republic that guarantees powers and opposite chamber must be J. Nanborlor F. Singbeh, Sr. James R. Kaba, Esq. duties of the government and certain accepted by the originating SECRETARY CHIEF CLERK rights of the people. chamber or a conference Liberian Senate House of Representatives committee report must be adopted CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT by both chambers before the bill A change to the Liberian Constitution. may be enrolled. 1 14 INTRODUCTION GLOSSARY In Liberia there are three branches of government: the Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. The Legislative branch is responsible for making laws, ACCOUNTABILITY CHAMBER exercise oversight and represent the Liberian people. The relationship between government The place in which the Senate or and citizens, acknowledgement and House of Representatives meet. The Executive branch enforces and carries out laws after they have been assumption of responsibility for Also, a generic way to refer to either passed. The Executive branch is made up of the Presidency, ministries and decisions, actions, and policies, in house of the Legislature. agencies. light of agreed expectations, such as an agreement between an elected CHIEF CLERK The Judicial branch is composed of courts including the Supreme Court and official and his/her constituents. The chief administrative officer of the other subordinate courts. The Judiciary branch of government interprets the House of Representatives. The chief law. clerk is the custodian of all bills and AMENDMENT Together these three branches of government create a system of “checks An amendment is a formal proposal resolutions in the possession of s/he and balances” that ensures that no one branch of government is too to change the language of a bill, a the House, is responsible for keeping powerful, as illustrated in page 12. law, or a constitution. Any proposed a complete record of bills introduce alteration to a bill or resolution as is and all subsequent house actions moves through the legislative taken on them throughout the process. Amendment to a measure legislative process. Coordinates the THE LIBERIAN LEGISLATURE may be proposed by members in their operation of the various departments assigned committees or by any of the House. The Liberian Legislature meets at the Capitol Building in Monrovia. The member of a chamber during that Legislature is made up of two chambers: the Senate and the House of chamber’s second reading or third CITIZEN Representatives, and presently there are a total of 94 members. reading consideration. An individual, who is a naturalized or The Senate: The Senate currently has 30 members, two Senators from each native-born resident of a state, county, regardless of its size. The Vice President of Liberia serves as the BICAMERAL displays allegiance to that state’s President of the Senate. The Senate also elects a President Pro-Tempore A legislature consisting of two political and legal authority, and who who presides over the Senate in the absence of the President of the Senate houses, such as the Senate and is therefore entitled to the rights and and serves as the chief administrator. House of Representatives. protections of its laws, including the right to political participation. The House of Representatives: The House of Representatives is currently BILL COMMITEE composed of 64 members. The membership of the A bill is a proposed law introduced on Committees are composed of a small House is currently based upon the number of the floor of either chamber for number of legislators, and are registered voters found in each electoral district in consideration by lawmakers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia
    ‘Listen, Politics is not for Children:’ Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Henryatta Louise Ballah Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Drs. Ousman Kobo, Advisor Antoinette Errante Ahmad Sikianga i Copyright by Henryatta Louise Ballah 2012 ii Abstract This dissertation explores the historical causes of the Liberian civil war (1989- 2003), with a keen attention to the history of Liberian youth, since the beginning of the Republic in 1847. I carefully analyzed youth engagements in social and political change throughout the country’s history, including the ways by which the civil war impacted the youth and inspired them to create new social and economic spaces for themselves. As will be demonstrated in various chapters, despite their marginalization by the state, the youth have played a crucial role in the quest for democratization in the country, especially since the 1960s. I place my analysis of the youth in deep societal structures related to Liberia’s colonial past and neo-colonial status, as well as the impact of external factors, such as the financial and military support the regime of Samuel Doe received from the United States during the cold war and the influence of other African nations. I emphasize that the socio-economic and political policies implemented by the Americo- Liberians (freed slaves from the U.S.) who settled in the country beginning in 1822, helped lay the foundation for the civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Image Credits, the Making of African
    THE MAKING OF AFRICAN AMERICAN IDENTITY: VOL. I, 1500-1865 PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION The Making of African American Identity: Vol. I, 1500-1865 IMAGE CREDITS Items listed in chronological order within each repository. ALABAMA DEPT. of ARCHIVES AND HISTORY. Montgomery, Alabama. WEBSITE Reproduced by permission. —Physical and Political Map of the Southern Division of the United States, map, Boston: William C. Woodbridge, 1843; adapted to Woodbridges Geography, 1845; map database B-315, filename: se1845q.sid. Digital image courtesy of Alabama Maps, University of Alabama. ALLPORT LIBRARY AND MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. State Library of Tasmania. Hobart, Tasmania (Australia). WEBSITE Reproduced by permission of the Tasmanian Archive & Heritage Office. —Mary Morton Allport, Comet of March 1843, Seen from Aldridge Lodge, V. D. Land [Tasmania], lithograph, ca. 1843. AUTAS001136168184. AMERICAN TEXTILE HISTORY MUSEUM. Lowell, Massachusetts. WEBSITE Reproduced by permission. —Wooden snap reel, 19th-century, unknown maker, color photograph. 1970.14.6. ARCHIVES OF ONTARIO. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. WEBSITE In the public domain; reproduced courtesy of Archives of Ontario. —Letter from S. Wickham in Oswego, NY, to D. B. Stevenson in Canada, 12 October 1850. —Park House, Colchester, South, Ontario, Canada, refuge for fugitive slaves, photograph ca. 1950. Alvin D. McCurdy fonds, F2076-16-6. —Voice of the Fugitive, front page image, masthead, 12 March 1854. F 2076-16-935. —Unidentified black family, tintype, n.d., possibly 1850s; Alvin D. McCurdy fonds, F 2076-16-4-8. ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. Wilmore, Kentucky. Permission requests submitted. –“Slaves being sold at public auction,” illustration in Thomas Lewis Johnson, Twenty-Eight Years a Slave, or The Story of My Life in Three Continents, 1909, p.
    [Show full text]
  • MAPPING the STATE of LOCAL GOVERNANCE in MYANMAR: Background and Methodology Photo Credits
    Local Governance Mapping MAPPING THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN MYANMAR: Background and Methodology Photo credits Aung Htay Hlaing Anki Dellnas Shobhna Decloitre Emilie Röell Myanmar Survey Research The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Local Governance Mapping MAPPING THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN MYANMAR: Background and methodology UNDP MYANMAR Table of Contents Acknowledgements II Acronyms III 1. Introduction 1 - 7 2. Historical legacies and constitutional famework for local governance in Myanmar 8 - 29 2.1 Historical context 9 2.1.1 Introduction 9 2.1.2 Te colonial period (fom 1826 to 1947) 10 2.1.3 Te post-independence parliamentary period (fom 1947 to 1962) 13 2.1.4 Te socialist period (fom 1962 to 1988) 15 2.1.5 Te period of SLORC and SPDC military rule (fom 1988 to 2011) 17 2.1.6 Summary of the legacies of past decentralisation eforts 19 2.2 Te present situation: the new constitutional famework (2008) 20 2.3 Key local governance reforms in Myanmar since 2011 25 3. Institutions of local governance and people’s participation 30 - 59 3.1 Institutions of local governance 31 3.1.1 Te townships as basic administrative units of local governance 31 3.1.2 Te township administrator: coordination and development responsibilities 32 3.1.3 Village tract and ward administrators 35 3.2 Townships in Myanmar and the planning process 40 3.3 Decentralised funds for local development 41 3.4 Consultative and support committees 45 3.5 Municipal committees 51 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia-Human Rights-Fact Finding Mission Report-1998-Eng
    Fact-Finding/Needs Assessment Mission to L ib e ria 11-16 May 1998 nal Commission of Jurists The International CommLfdion of Jur'uftj (IC J) permits free reproduction of extracts from any of its publications provided that due acknowledgement is given and a copy of the publication carrying the extract is sent to its headquar­ ters at the following address: International Communion of Juridtd (ICJ) P.O.Box 216 81 A, avenue de Chatelaine CH - 1219 Chatelaine/Geneva Switzerland Telephone : (4122) 97958 00; Fax : (4122) 97938 01 e-mail: [email protected] C o n t e n t s Introduction ................................................................................. 7 Historical Background................................................................ 8 Structure of the State................................................................... 11 The Executive........................................................................ 11 The Legislature...................................................................... 11 The Judiciary.......................................................................... 12 The Courts and the Application of Substantive Laws........... 12 Judicial Independence................................................................ 13 Legal and Judicial Protection of Human Rights .................... 14 The Bar and related Bodies ....................................................... 17 The Role of Local Non-Governmental Organizations........... 18 International Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations .................................
    [Show full text]
  • Iv. Liberia's Rural Finance and Agricultural Marketing
    IV. LIBERIA’S RURAL FINANCE AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SUB-SECTORS By Chet Aeschliman, FAO–RAF Rural Finance and Marketing Officer with contributions from Alfonso J. Wesseh, National Rural Finance and Marketing, Consultant, FAO Liberia 2007 IV. Liberia’s rural finance and agricultural marketing sub-sectors 142 CAAS-Lib Sub-Sector Reports Volume 2.2 ACRONYMS ACDB Agricultural Cooperative Development Bank of Liberia ACDI Agricultural Cooperative Development International of the United States ADB African Development Bank AFRACA African Rural & Agricultural Credit Association The United States Government’s "African Growth & Opportunity Act" programme AGOA to promote African exports to the USA BIVAC A private firm certifying the quality of exports from Liberia BNF Bureau of National Fisheries CARE Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere, an international NGO CARI Central Agricultural Research Institute of Liberia (Gbarnga, Bong Country) CBL Central Bank of Liberia CBO Community-based organizations CDA Cooperative Development Authority CLUSA Cooperative League of the United States CRS Catholic Relief Services, an international NGO CU Credit union, i.e. a savings and credit cooperative or association EAC A Liberian company formerly owning part of the LBDI ECOWAS The Economic Community of West African States EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAOR The FAO Representative or the entire Representation in Liberia FFA Farmers’ field school FX Foreign exchange GOL Government of Liberia IAS International
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia May 5 2011
    INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ACTION GROUP AGAINST MONEY LAUNDERING IN WEST AFRICA Mutual Evaluation Report Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism LIBERIA MAY 5 2011 Liberia is a member of the GIABA. This evaluation was conducted by the GIABA secretariat and was then discussed and adopted by its Plenary as a mutual evaluation as GIABA’s 13th evaluation on 5th May 2011. © 2011 GIABA. All rights reserved. No reproduction or translation of this publication may be made without prior written permission. Requests for permission to further disseminate, reproduce or translate all or part of this publication should be obtained from GIABA, Complexe Sicap Point E Av Chiekh A. Diop, X Canal IV 1er Etage Immeuble A, BP 32400, Ponty Dakar (Senegal). E-mail: [email protected] 2 Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................... 5 PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................... 7 INFORMATION AND METHODOLOGY USED FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA ............................................................................................................. 7 MUTUAL EVALUATION REPORT .......................................................................................... 8 1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON LIBERIA AND ITS ECONOMY
    [Show full text]
  • Country Presentation by the GOVERNMENT of LIBERIA
    THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Brussels, 14-20 May 2001 Country presentation by THE GOVERNMENT OF LIBERIA NOTE The views expressed in this document are those of the Government concerned. The document is reproduced in the form and language in which it has been received. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. A/CONF.191/CP/38 June 15, 2000 THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Brussels, 14-20 May 2001 Presentation of the Government of Liberia ACTION PROGRAMME FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIBERIA 2001-2010 Date June 15, 2000 i GLOSSARY ACP -------- African Caribbean Pacific Countries AEL -------- Association of Evangelicals of Liberia AfDB ------- African Development Bank ARF -------- (Local Exchange) AXE-b ----- (Transit Exchange) BCADP ---- Bong County Agricultural Development Project BMC ------- Bong Mining Company BWI ------- Booker Washington Institute CARI ------ Central Agricultural Research Institute CBL -------- Central Bank of Liberia DR -------- Data Rate ECOWAS --- Economic Community of West African States EDX-c ------ (Telex Exchange) EEZ ------ Exclusive Economic Zone ELWA ----- Eternal Love Winning Africa EU ------- European Union FAO ----- Food and Agriculture Organization FDA ------ Forestry Development
    [Show full text]
  • LIBERIA. -A Republic Founded by Black Men, Reared by Black Men, Maintained by Black Men, and Which Holds out to Our Hope the Brightest Prospects.—H Enry C L a Y
    LIBERIA. -A republic founded by black men, reared by black men, maintained by black men, and which holds out to our hope the brightest prospects.—H enry C l a y . ./ BULLETIN No. 33. NOVEMBER, 19' ISSUED BY THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION ... ~ * *.^ Ui?un/ri5 c o x t k n t s . V £ REV. DR. ALEXANDER PRIESTLY CAMPHOR..............................Frontispiece PRESIDENT ARTHUR BARCLAY'S MESSAGE................. I LIBERIAN ENVOYS RECEIVED AT THE EXECUTIVE MANSION.... 14 THE LIBERIAN COMMISSION.............................................................................. 18 REMARKS OP H. R. p . THE PRINCE OF WALES.....................T 22 REMARKS OF THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL.OF CREWE, K. G 24 OUR LIBERIAN ENVOYS MEET PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT.................. 28 ,EX-PRESIDENT WILLIAM DAVID COLEMAN DEAD..-....................... f .. 30 ■JBERIA AND THE FOREIGN POWERS................................................. 33 LMPOSIUM OF NEWS FROM AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS ON L^ERIAN ENVOYS............................................... 37 PRESIDENT TO NEGRO—EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR WHITE AND BLACK RACES................ 39 THE RETURN-OF LIBERIA’S BIRTHDAY ......... 47 DR. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON WRITES OF RECEPTION IN WASH­ INGTON AND ELSEWHERE—THE UNITED STATES A FRIEND’ .49 BLIND TO M ........ ....................................... 52 THE THREE NEEDS OF LIBERIA.....................Dr. Edward W. Bi<yden 54 ITEMS ............................ 57 WASHINGTON, D. C. COLONIZATION BUILDING, 460 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE. THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. I'UE^IDEXT: 1907 Rev. SAMUEL E. APPLETON,D. D,, Pa. 1 'ICE-PR RSJDEN TS : k 1876 Rev. Bishop H. M. Turner, D. D., 6a., 1896 Rev. Bishop J. A. Handy, D. J)., Fla. ■ 1881 Rev. Bishop H. W. g ir re n , D. D., Col. 1896 Mr. George A. Pope, Md. W 881 Prof. Edw. W.BJyden, LL.D., Liberia. 1896 Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia's Security Sector Legislation
    Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Liberia’s Security Sector Legislation Compiled by Dr. Thomas Jaye Compiled by Dr. Thomas Jaye Copyright Copyright © February 2008 DCAF Disclaimer The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) publishes studies, reports, and books on security sector governance worthy of public consideration. The views and opinions expressed (unless otherwise declared) are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of DCAF, its sponsors, or its editors. The laws contained in this publication are transcripts of the original text as published by the Government Printing Office of the Republic of Liberia. The transcripts do NOT constitute the “official” text of the Republic of Liberia. ISBN 978-92-9222-065-5 Publisher Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Printer Alheri Excellence Prints, Kaduna, Nigeria Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) promotes good governance and reform of the security sector. The Centre conducts research on good practices, encourages the development of appropriate norms at the national and international levels, makes policy recommendations and provides in-country advice and assistance programmes. DCAF’s partners include governments, parliaments, civil society programmes and international organisations. Visit us at: www.dcaf.ch Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF): rue de Chantepoulet 11, P.O. Box 1360, CH-1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 741 77 00; fax: +41 22 741 77 05; e-mail: [email protected] Contents Foreword 1 Introduction 3 Part I General Legislation 7 A.
    [Show full text]
  • OTP Weekly Briefing 1‐7 February 2011 – Issue #73
    Le Bureau du Procureur The Office of the Prosecutor OTP Weekly Briefing 1‐7 February 2011 – Issue #73 HIGHLIGHT: OTP CONCLUDES SECOND MISSION TO THE RUSSIAN PREVIEW FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION INTO THE ‐ AIUSA issues new SITUATION IN GEORGIA satellite images on ongoing crimes in Darfur, p. 2‐3 2‐4 February ‐ An OTP delegation led a second visit to the Russian Federation, in the context of its preliminary examination into the situation in Georgia. The purpose of the mission was to gather additional information regarding national investigations into crimes allegedly committed in the context of the armed conflict in South Ossetia, Georgia in August 2008. ICC crimes allegedly committed include forced displacement of civilians, directing attacks against protected persons and widespread destruction of civilian objects. The OTP delegation, headed by Mr. Emeric Rogier, Head of the Situation Analysis Section, met with senior officials from The OTP delegation with Mr. Igor Panevkin, Deputy Director, Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, and his team the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and representatives of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. They received a comprehensive update on the progress of national investigations undertaken by the investigative committee. Prosecutor Moreno‐Ocampo stated: “We commend the Russian authorities for their cooperation and for their willingness to share their preliminary conclusions with the Office. We look forward to their continued cooperation, as well as that of the Georgian authorities, to ensure accountability for the alleged crimes committed in August 2008”. The Office is also receiving cooperation from the Georgian authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • INCB Precursors 2014
    PRECURSORS explanatory text aimed at assisting the establishment of 35. The Board has previously recommended, for tailored memorandums of understanding between substances in Tables I and II, that more attention needs to authorities and industries.11 be given to the law enforcement component of precursor control. The investigation of seizures, stopped shipments 32. In addition to cooperating with industry, another and attempted diversions should be considered the vital element in addressing the current challenges is an beginning of the process—not the end—in order to identify effective system of domestic controls that includes the the sources of diversion and the criminal organizations following: the effective monitoring of manufacture and behind these activities, and to prevent future diversions distribution, including the premises and operators involved based on the same or similar modus operandi. PICS in such activities; physical on-site visits to verify the bona provides the basis for sharing the relevant operational fides of all new companies entering business; end user information and building up cases. PICS also responds to registration, declaration of end use and verification of the repeated calls by the Board and in the 2009 Political legitimate end use; cognizance of legitimate requirements Declaration and Plan of Action for the early exchange of and setting realistic limits on the importation of controlled information on newly emerging and other non-scheduled chemicals and of chemicals that could be used in illicit substances. Governments are encouraged to make full manufacture. While in a number of countries and regions use of this secure online system to facilitate the necessary legislation may not yet be in place, the Board communication and operational cooperation on is concerned that weaknesses are most often the result precursor incidents.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa and Liberia in World Politics
    © COPYRIGHT by Chandra Dunn 2016 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED AFRICA AND LIBERIA IN WORLD POLITICS BY Chandra Dunn ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes Liberia’s puzzling shift from a reflexive allegiance to the United States (US) to a more autonomous, anti-colonial, and Africanist foreign policy during the early years of the Tolbert administration (1971-1975) with a focus on the role played by public rhetoric in shaping conceptions of the world which engendered the new policy. For the overarching purpose of understanding the Tolbert-era foreign-policy actions, this study traces the use of the discursive resources Africa and Liberia in three foreign policy debates: 1) the Hinterland Policy (1900-05), 2) the creation of the Organization for African Unity (OAU) (1957- 1963), and finally, 3) the Tolbert administration’s autonomous, anti-colonial foreign policy (1971-1975). The specifications of Liberia and Africa in the earlier debates are available for use in subsequent debates and ultimately play a role in the adoption of the more autonomous and anti-colonial foreign policy. Special attention is given to the legitimation process, that is, the regular and repeated way in which justifications are given for pursuing policy actions, in public discourse in the United States, Europe, Africa, and Liberia. The analysis highlights how political opponents’ justificatory arguments and rhetorical deployments drew on publicly available powerful discursive resources and in doing so attempted to define Liberia often in relation to Africa to allow for certain courses of action while prohibiting others. Political actors claimed Liberia’s membership to the purported supranational cultural community of Africa.
    [Show full text]