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Western Media and Health Experts' Representations of Cultures In East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2018 Myths, Risks, and Ignorance: Western Media and Health Experts’ Representations of Cultures in Ebola-Affected West African Communities Samson Wonnah East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Liberal Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wonnah, Samson, "Myths, Risks, and Ignorance: Western Media and Health Experts’ Representations of Cultures in Ebola-Affected West African Communities" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3389. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3389 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Myths, Risks, and Ignorance: Western Media and Health Experts’ Representations of Cultures in Ebola-Affected West African Communities ___________________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the School of Continuing Studies and Academic Outreach East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Art in Liberal Studies _________________________________ by Samson Z. Wonnah May 2018 ________________________________ Dr. Jill LeRoy-Frazier, Chair Dr. Marie Tedesco Dr. Jamie Branam Brown Keywords: Culture, Biomedicine, Media, Ebola, Narrative, Representation, Content Analysis ABSTRACT Myths, Risks, and Ignorance: Western Media and Health Experts’ Representation of Culture in Ebola-Affected West African Communities by Samson Z. Wonnah The 2014 Ebola outbreak, mostly affecting Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea, is the largest ever recorded. The Ebola response encountered resistance in some affected communities, where some residents accused relief agencies from the Global North of denigrating local cultures. This thesis examines mainstream Western media and health experts’ representation of culture in the Ebola- affected region and employed Foucauldian analysis of discursive power to discuss the impact of such a representation on the concerned communities. Through a content analysis of selected journal and news articles by Western scholars and media and official reports by some relief agencies involved with the Ebola response, the study discovers evidence of culture bias. There was a use of significantly negative words in describing aspects of culture in the Ebola-affected region. Western media and health experts also largely associated the epidemic with African “backwardness.” 2 DEDICATION To my mom, a single mother, who amidst a prolonged ill health and limited financial resources, struggled and brought her only child to the verge of manhood, but could not live to benefit from him. In these pages I reciprocate your endless love and generosity. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express how sincerely grateful I am for the extensive support and guidance I received from my thesis committee. My chair, Dr. Jill LeRoy-Frazier, especially played a vital role in securing crucial funding that kept me enrolled while completing this thesis. Also, both Dr. LeRoy-Frazier and Dr. Marie Tedesco have been an endless source of guidance not only during the writing of this thesis, but throughout the course of my graduate study. Their attention to details has increased my urge for excellence and their encouragement has inspired my future academic pursuit. The other member of my committee, Dr. Jamie Branam Brown, provided invaluable insights that shaped this thesis. Indeed, completing this work would not have been possible without the selfless efforts and influence of these brilliant scholars. My wife Dorcas, and sons Dapleh and Michael also deserve my gratitude for their role in making this project possible. Without their patience, understanding, and endless encouragement, I would not have endured staying away in a distant land to complete this study. This thesis would not have been possible without the generous support of staff of the ETSU School of Continuing Studies and Academic Outreach (SCSAO), especially those assigned in the dean’s office. During the two years I stayed in the office as a graduate assistant, dean Rick Osborn and the rest of the staff: Dr. Hogan, Alison, Morgan, Jessica, and Ethan provided such a supportive environment that helped me thrive. I am extremely grateful for their support. Finally, I thank God for granting grace and resilience during a tough time when I embarked upon this thesis. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................2 DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................4 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................7 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................15 Foucault and the Concept of Discursive Power ......................................................15 Limitation of the Study ......................................................................................................20 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................................22 Background ........................................................................................................................24 An Anthropological Overview of Liberia ..............................................................24 Religion and Worldview .............................................................................28 Social Customs and Lifestyle......................................................................35 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................................39 Media and the Politics of Knowledge ...............................................................................39 Africa in Western Media ...................................................................................................42 Public Health and the Culture Challenge ..........................................................................53 The Case of Ebola ...................................................................................................62 3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................65 Content Analysis ...............................................................................................................65 Selection of Sources and Sampling Strategies ..................................................................68 5 4. RESULTS, ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION ................................................................................76 Data Presentation ..............................................................................................................76 Analysis and Discussion ...................................................................................................77 Myths .......................................................................................................................80 Ignorance/Barbarity .................................................................................................96 Risks .......................................................................................................................107 How do Ebola Narratives Impact Ebola-Affected Communities? .........................113 5. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................120 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................124 VITA ............................................................................................................................................133 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa was the largest since the discovery of the first cases of the virus in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1976.1 From its onset in Guinea in December 2013 to September 3, 2015, when the World Health Organization (WHO) finally declared the region free of Ebola, the epidemic had infected 28,103 people and claimed 11,290 lives in the three most affected countries: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea.2 For many residents in the Ebola-affected region, Ebola was not only a threat to their lives, but also an assault on their culture and value systems. This belief echoes in President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf’s July 2014 televised address, in which the Liberian leader announced a wide range of new measures to consolidate her country’s effort at combating the disease. In ending the address, Sirleaf lamented, “No doubt, the Ebola virus is a national health problem. And as we have also begun to see, it attacks our way of life, with serious economic and social consequences.”3 There
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