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Public Awareness Campaign for Schools: Planning of the Mokhada

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Public Awareness Campaign for Schools: Planning of the Mokhada Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) Federal Institute for Geosciences Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) and Natural Resources (BGR), Wa ter Es tabli sh ment B ei rut and M ount L eb anon (WEBML) HGHannover, Germany German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Public Awareness Campaign for Schools Planning of the Mokhada Wastewater Treat men t Faciliti es BGR September 2012 Dr. Armin Margane, BGR Protection of Jeita Spring Groundwater Catchment of Jeita Spring groundwater catchment 406 km² Nahr Ibrahim surface water catchment 249 km² 2628 m Nahr el Kalb Status: May 2012 Protection of Jeita Spring What is karst and how Grou nd wate r is rec h ar ged High karstification in Cretaceous limestone (Faqra) The Jeita groundwater catchment consists mainly of limestone units which have been exposed since a long time so that they are highly karstified. Because of the high karstification, the planning of waste- water facilities needs geoscientificProtection expertise. of Jeita Spring Where does Beirut’s drinking water come from – Groundwater discharge Jeita Spring The main Source for Water Supply of Beirut 75 % of Beirut‘s water comes from Jeita Awareness Movie Protection„Beirut Waters“ of Jeita Spring Groundwater Flow Mean travel times ~20 days 150 m/h 10 days Lower Aquifer (J4) 7070--200200 m/h Upper Aquifer (C4) 4 days Protection of Jeita Spring Groundwater Protection Measures There are five measures that need to be implemented in order to protect the groundwater resources used for drinking water supply against pollution: • assess pollution risks and implement mitigation measures (e.g. abandon industrial sites or cleanclean--upup of contaminated sites) • establish gg(roundwater (and surface water) )p protection zones (landuse restrictions must be enforced) • collect and treat wastwater generated in the GW catchment • adopt landuse planning policies • monitor water quality ► In karst areas it is important to find the appropriate location for wastewater treatment and effluent discharge Protection of Jeita Spring Contamination Risks from Wastewater Currently wastewater is discharged - into injection wells residences with no wastewater - into open cess pits or collection and treatment - into nearby creeks/rivers/wadis Infiltration of untreated wastewater into highly karstified Jurassic limestone (Faitroun) ► microbiological contamination of Jeita spring Protection of Jeita Spring Contamination Risks from Wastewater Fractures and dissolution channels (conduits) reach deep into the underground. Rain infiltrates along these pathways together with contaminants Protection of Jeita Spring Contamination Risks from Wastewater Wastewater is typically discharged through open cess pits or injection wells Permeable areas of the underground are selected so that the cess pits will not need to be emptied Protection of Jeita Spring so often to save costs Pollution Pathways the karst is open, i.e. it is not covered by a protective layer. There is only a thin so il cover. Th eref ore cont ami nant s can reach groundwater easily. Protection of Jeita Spring Dbayeh raw water (treatment plant) Health Effects High and continuous microbiological contamination Escherichia Coli 5000 Maximum allowable limit: 4500 maximum allowable limit: 0 / 100 mL < 1 mpn/100 ml 4000 Because there are so many point- analysis frequency: 4 days sources of contamination by wastewater, 3500 exceedances: bacteriological contamination in raw water >1 100% 3000 >50 97% is continuously very extensive. The >100 85% microbes contained in the spring water 2500 are the cause for serious illnesses. 2000 Not all bacteria, viruses and protozoa can be eliminated by chlorination. This 1500 is whyyy even treated water may not be safe. 1000 500 0 01/06/2008 18/12/2008 06/07/2009 22/01/2010 10/08/2010 26/02/2011 14/09/2011 01/04/2012 Protection of Jeita Spring Health Effects ….. Numerous bacteria, viruses and protozoa are contained in groundwater. Many of them are related to human activities. … .. Krauss & Gr ie bler (2011) Protection of Jeita Spring Health Effects Survival times of pathogens in groundwater Their survival in groundwater depends on temperature, pH, microflora, organic carbon content, presence of cations (adsorption). Low temperatures support a long persistence. At typical groundwater Krauss & Griebler (2011) temperatures of ≤ 15°C viruses may survive and stay infectious for several Protection of Jeitahundred Spring days. Specific Problems concerning Wastewater Planning Jeita Catchment • Topography (WW must be pumped up at several locations; extremely high gradients) • Electricity not available 24/7 (max 40%) • Large spacing between residential areas (often only up to 70 % of a village can be serviced by a wastewater scheme) • Households cannot be forced to connect to WW collector lines • Municipalities have begun to construct WW collector lines without coordinating with the responsible agencies (aim: divert WW out of the village) • Their concept, material, etc. does not fit with KfW‘s/EIBs concept, material, ... i. e. all new foreign donor funded investment in the wastewater sector will not use any of the preexisting collectors ! • GlGeology: geohddithazards and impacts on wa ter mus tbiddt be considered: karst, tectonics, landslides,Protection ofrock Jeita falls, Spring earthquakes Wastewater Planning Impp()lementation Procedure (how it should be) In order to establish a wastewater scheme (collection & treatment), • a Wastewater Master Plan (WMP) has to be developed. This WMP defines the target for a specific planning horizon (e.g. 25 years), i.e. what must principally be done to cover a certain area with adequate collection and treatment facilities. The WMP proposes several individual wastewater schemes. It includes a rough estimation of costs. ••AnAn initial site investigation for the proposed wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) has to be con duc te d to de term ine the ir su ita bility (dra ft env ironmen ta l impac t assessmen t (EIA), especially on water resources). Based on this draft EIA an update of the WMP is done. • The agencies responsible for planning in the wastewater sector (here: CDR, MoEW), according to the available funds, define which wastewater schemes will be impp,lemented, what are the exact boundaries of these schemes and what is the time line for implementation. • The municipalities involved in the proposed wastewater schemes have to agree to the planned wastewater facilities . • Tender documents are prepared and a consultant is contracted to build the wastewater scheme. • The EIA for the scheme is prepared by the consultant and discussed with all stakeholders (public participation) • The wastewater facilities are builtProtection and transferred of Jeita Spring to the agency operating it (WEBML) Sanitation Systems Centralized sanitation systems - Collection of all wastewater from an area (groundwater catchment) and transfer to a central location mostly downstream of this area for treatment - Treatment at a central wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and discharge of treated effluent downstream of WWTP Wastewater treatment Plant (WWTP) Kiel/Germany 380,000 PE (PE-person equivalent) Protection of Jeita Spring Sanitation Systems Decentralized sanitation systems - Collection of wastewater from individual households, small areas or parts of the catchment and treatment at different locations (small, less sophisticated treatment plants) Decentralized treatment system for a single house Protection of Jeita Spring Wastewater Projects North of Beirut Fragmented wastewater schemes because of lack of systematic planning ► wastewater master plan needed at the beginning of the planning process! (1995) (1995) ? ? Italian EIB 2011 KfW KfW EIB (1995) Protection of Jeita Spring WWTP site selection Investigation of Proposed WWTP VtilflVertical flow through unsaturated zone ~ 360 m ijinjec tion s ites land surface monitoring sites 560 m initially5 kg 3.95 km 2.8 km proposed WWTP 2.25 km ~200 m asl 140 m asl 5 kg 70 m asl land surface 540 m Protection of Jeita Spring Investigation of Proposed WWTP Results Tracer Test 1A 2 1.8 secondfld flus hing 20h20 hours after first flushing mean travel time: 1.6 WWTP - Daraya tunnel : 56 h Daraya tunnel Jeita : 6h 1.4 injection 5 kg uranine 1.2 Daraya 1 Jeita 0.8 first arrival @ Jeita (6.75 km) 0.6 after 51 h 040.4 first arrival @ Daraya (2.8 km) 0.2 after 44 h 0 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 Consequence: KfW requests BGR to prepare proposal of alternative locations Protection of Jeita Spring Project Activities Result Tracer arrival in Jeita after only 62 h leaves not enough time for attenuation of pollution (die(die--offoff of bacteria/viruses/protozoa min. 10 days) In case of byby--passingpassing of untreated wastewater (WW) at wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) a direct and concentrated pollution would occur at Jeita Consequence WWTPs should not be located in Nahr el Kalb Valley upstream of spring ► centralized treatment at/near coast, downstream of Jeita spring Protection of Jeita Spring Site Selection Planning of Wastewater Facilities criter ia ca ta logue • General criteria • Geological/hydrogeological criteria ← BGR • Financial criteria Protection of Jeita Spring Proposed Wastewater Schemes Centralized sanitation systems only WW scheme 3 Main Criteria : -ThifTopography, size of area -Minimum pumping -Minimum impact on WW scheme 1 water resources WW scheme 2 -Local acceptance new KfW project Protection of Jeita Spring KfW Jeita Project Serviced area • (()Zouk Mosbeh) •BGR prepares EIA for all components of KfW •Jeita Phase I : 42,000 PE •wastewater scheme related to impact on water • (Sheile) Phase II: 85,000 PE •resources andid impac tft from geo hazar ds • Ballouneh • Aajaltoun • Daraya • Kleyyat • Kfar Debbiane WWTP Mokhada Escarpment collector Protection of Jeita Spring Environmental Impact Assessment Protection of Jeita Spring EIA Procedure Protection of Jeita Spring Stakeholder Participation Possible forms of public participation Protection of Jeita Spring Construction Protection of Jeita Spring Thank yyfyou for your kind attention www.bgr.bund.de/jeita Dr. Armin Margane – Project Team Leader Raifoun, Saint Roche Street [email protected] +961 70 398027 Protection of Jeita Spring.
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