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Hazards to Groundwater & Assessment of Pollution Risks In REPUBLIC OF LEBANON FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Council for Development and Federal Institute for Geosciences Reconstruction and Natural Resources CDR BGR Beirut Hannover TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT NO.: 2008.2162.9 Protection of Jeita Spring SPECIAL REPORT NO. 16 Hazards to Groundwater and Assessment of Pollution Risk in the Jeita Spring Catchment Raifoun May 2013 German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Special Report No. 16: Hazards to Groundwater and Assessment of Pollution Risk in the Jeita Spring Catchment Hazards to Groundwater and Assessment of Pollution Risk in the Jeita Spring Catchment Author: Eng. Renata Raad, Dr. Armin Margane (both BGR) Commissioned by: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, BMZ) Project: Protection of Jeita Spring BMZ-No.: 2008.2162.9 BGR-Archive No.: xxxxxxx Date of issuance: May 2013 No. of pages: 209 page II German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Special Report No. 16: Hazards to Groundwater and Assessment of Pollution Risk in the Jeita Spring Catchment Table of Contents 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 3 2 SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................. 4 3 STUDY AREA .......................................................................................................... 6 3.1 GEOLOGY ....................................................................................................................6 3.2 CLIMATE ....................................................................................................................11 3.3 HYDROLOGY ..............................................................................................................15 3.3.1 Rivers ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.3.2 Dams ...................................................................................................................... 17 3.4 GROUNDWATER SYSTEM............................................................................................18 3.4.1 Springs ................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.2 Wells....................................................................................................................... 22 3.5 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE .............................................................................22 3.6 URBAN CONTEXT .......................................................................................................26 3.7 VULNERABILITY TO CONTAMINATION ...........................................................................33 4 GROUNDWATER PROTECTION ZONES ............................................................ 34 4.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PERMITTING SYSTEM ...........................................................38 5 HAZARDS TO GROUNDWATER.......................................................................... 39 5.1 NON-POINT SOURCES ................................................................................................41 5.1.1 Wastewater ............................................................................................................ 41 5.1.2 Agriculture .............................................................................................................. 55 5.1.3 Urban runoff (stormwater) ...................................................................................... 74 5.2 POINT SOURCES ........................................................................................................77 5.2.1 Feedlots (Livestock and Poultry Production).......................................................... 79 5.2.2 Slaughterhouses .................................................................................................... 87 5.2.3 Quarries.................................................................................................................. 94 5.2.3 Dumpsites and Waste Management ................................................................... 101 5.2.4 Industries and Factories ....................................................................................... 115 5.2.5 Contamination by Petroleum Products and By-products...................................... 142 5.2.6 Wells..................................................................................................................... 154 5.2.7 Healthcare Sector: Hospitals and Healthcare Clinics........................................... 158 5.2.8 Cemeteries ........................................................................................................... 167 5.2.9 Army Posts and Explosives.................................................................................. 168 6 STAKEHOLDERS................................................................................................ 171 7 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 171 8 RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................ 177 page III German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Special Report No. 16: Hazards to Groundwater and Assessment of Pollution Risk in the Jeita Spring Catchment 9 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 180 ANNEX 1: LIST OF MAIN MUNICIPALITIES OF THE JEITA SPRING GROUNDWATER CATCHMENT AREA ........................................................................................... 186 ANNEX 2: QUESTIONNAIRES USED FOR THE FIELD ASSESSMENT ........................ 188 SOURCE OF WATER __________________................................................................ 193 ANNEX 3: PERSISTENT PESTICIDES OF HIGH INFILTRATION CAPACITY ............... 196 ANNEX 4: LIST OF THE PESTICIDES BANNED FOLLOWING RATIFICATION OF ROTTERDAM CONVENTION IN 1998:............................................................... 197 ANNEX 5 : PESTICIDES BANNED IN LEBANON ........................................................... 198 ANNEX 6: LIST OF THE PUBLIC DISPENSARIES LOCATED IN THE JEITA CATCHMENT....................................................................................................... 201 ANNEX 7: LIST OF ILLEGAL DUMPSITES IN THE JEITA CATCHMENT................ 202 ANNEX 8: INDUSTRIES IN THE JEITA CATCHMENT.................................................... 204 ANNEX 9: CARS REPAIR WORKSHOPS IN THE JEITA CATCHMENT........................ 205 ANNEX 10: FEEDLOTS AND SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN THE JEITA CATCHMENT ..... 206 ANNEX 11: GAS STATIONS IN THE JEITA CATCHMENT............................................. 207 ANNEX 12: QUARRIES IN THE JEITA CATCHMENT..................................................... 209 List of Figures Figure 1: Karstification in the Mdairej Formation (C2b) at Faqra ........................................... 7 Figure 2: Scarce vegetation and soil cover on the C4 lead to high infiltration ....................... 8 Figure 3: Satellite image (Google earth) showing the dolines in the Sannine Formation (C4) ............................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 4: Hydrogeological classification in Jeita catchment groundwater contribution zone of Jeita spring (MARGANE et al., 2013)................................................................... 9 Figure 5: Geological map of the groundwater catchment of Jeita spring (MARGANE et al., 2013) .................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 6: Snow cover on the Upper Cretaceous plateau in the groundwater catchment of Jeita spring ......................................................................................................... 12 Figure 7: Direct groundwater recharge in dolines during snowmelt in Upper Cretaceous plateau of Jeita spring ........................................................................................ 12 Figure 8: Areas in Jeita catchment mountain ranges exceeding 1,600 m ........................... 13 Figure 9: Typical distribution of snow cover in the Levant ................................................... 14 Figure 10: Hydrology of the Jeita spring groundwater catchment........................................ 16 Figure 11: View of Chabrouh Dam from Mzaar.................................................................... 17 Figure 12: Groundwater flow velocities determined by tracer tests ..................................... 21 Figure 13: Water supply network in the Jeita catchment ..................................................... 25 Figure 14: Restaurants and touristic resorts assessed by BGR in Jeita catchment with highlight to the GW vulnerability......................................................................... 29 Figure 15: Intercontinental Hotel & resort at Aayoun es Simane located above Labbane spring.................................................................................................................. 31 page IV German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project
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