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Site Selection for Wastewater Facilities in the Nahr El Kalb Catchment General Recommendations from the Perspective of Groundwater Resources Protection

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Site Selection for Wastewater Facilities in the Nahr El Kalb Catchment General Recommendations from the Perspective of Groundwater Resources Protection German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Site Selection for Wastewater Facilities in the Nahr el Kalb Catchment General Recommendations from the Perspective of Groundwater Resources Protection REPUBLIC OF LEBANON FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Council for Development and Federal Institute for Geosciences Reconstruction and Natural Resources CDR BGR Beirut Hannover TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT NO.: 2008.2162.9 Protection of Jeita Spring TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1 Site Selection for Wastewater Facilities in the Nahr el Kalb Catchment £ General Recommendations from the Perspective of Groundwater Resources Protection Ballouneh January 2011 page I German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Site Selection for Wastewater Facilities in the Nahr el Kalb Catchment General Recommendations from the Perspective of Groundwater Resources Protection Author: Dr. Armin Margane (BGR) Commissioned by: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, BMZ) Project: Protection of Jeita Spring BMZ-No.: 2008.2162.9 BGR-Archive No.: xxxxxxx Date of issuance: January 2011 No. of pages: 155 page II German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Site Selection for Wastewater Facilities in the Nahr el Kalb Catchment General Recommendations from the Perspective of Groundwater Resources Protection Table of Contents 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3 2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AND DATA SOURCES USED FOR THE NAHR EL KALB CATCHMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 TOPOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.4 HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 14 2.5 HYDROGEOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.6 POLLUTION RISK ...................................................................................................................... 19 3 CURRENT PLANNING FOR WASTEWATER FACILITIES ..................................................... 19 4 WASTEWATER MASTER PLAN .............................................................................................. 26 5 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR WASTEWATER FACILITIES IN KARST AREAS .................... 29 6 ASPECTS TO BE COVERED BY THE BGR-PROJECT PROTECTION OF JEITA SPRING . 30 7 PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE TC-PROJECT ............................................................................................................................. 31 7.1 SUMMARY OF TRACER TEST 1 ................................................................................................... 32 7.1.1 Objective of Tracer Test 1 ............................................................................................. 32 7.1.2 Injection Sites ................................................................................................................ 34 7.1.3 Monitoring Sites ............................................................................................................. 38 7.1.4 Results ........................................................................................................................... 44 7.2 SUMMARY OF TRACER TEST 2 ................................................................................................... 47 7.2.1 Injection Sites ................................................................................................................ 47 7.2.2 Monitoring Sites ............................................................................................................. 53 7.2.3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 53 8 PREVIOUS TRACER TESTS .................................................................................................... 54 8.1 TRACER TESTS AT MAYROUBA .................................................................................................. 54 8.2 TRACER TESTS AT SIPHON TERMINAL AND PERTE DU NAHR ES SALIB ......................................... 55 9 PROPOSED OPTIONS FOR WASTEWATER FACILITIES ..................................................... 56 10 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 74 ANNEX 1: TASKS OF THE TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT "PROTECTION OF JEITA SPRING 76 ANNEX 2: CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN OF WASTEWATER FACILITIES IN THE NAHR EL KALB CATCHMENT ................................................................................................. 80 ANNEX 3: RESULTS OF TRACER TEST 1 .................................................................................. 87 ANNEX 4: RESULTS OF TRACER TEST 2 ................................................................................ 124 page III German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Site Selection for Wastewater Facilities in the Nahr el Kalb Catchment General Recommendations from the Perspective of Groundwater Resources Protection List of Figures Figure 1: Digital Elevation Model of the Nahr el Kalb Catchment ....................................................... 6 Figure 2: Slope determined from Digital Elevation Model of the Nahr el Kalb Catchment ................. 7 Figure 3: Meteorological Stations in the Nahr el Kalb Catchment (green: proposed; blue: existing) . 9 Figure 4: Rainfall Distribution (1939-1970) in the Nahr el Kalb Catchment (UNDP/FAO 1973) ....... 10 Figure 5: Lithostratigraphy and Hydrostratigraphy of Lebanon (modified after WALLEY, 2001) ..... 12 Figure 6: Geological Map - Sheet Beirut (adopted from DUBERTRET 1955) .................................. 13 Figure 7: Existing (blue) and Planned (green) Surface Water Gauging Stations ............................. 14 Figure 8: Average Annual Discharge of Jeita Spring during Water Year 1966/67 – 1973/74 correlated with Rainfall at Qleyyat (1070 m asl) (modified after ACE, 1988)..................................................... 16 Figure 9: Monthly Average Discharge of Jeita Spring during Water Year 1966/67 – 1973/74 (modified after ACE, 1988) ............................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 10: Water Level Fluctuations and Measured Spring Discharge in the Jeita Grotto ............... 17 Figure 11: Water Level Fluctuations at Kashkoush Spring and Rainfall at Beirut Airport ................ 17 Figure 12: Surface Water Catchment of the Jeita Spring with Hazards to Water Resources .......... 18 Figure 13: Proposed location of Jeita WWTP, also showing Jeita-Dbaye water conveyor and Kashkoush spring with water conveyor ............................................................................................. 20 Figure 14: Proposed Schematic Layout of KfW project Protection of Jeita Spring (adopted from BCT, 2008) ................................................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 15: Location of WWTP-2 Kfar Debbbiane and injection site 1 (uranine) ............................... 23 Figure 16: Proposed location of WWTP-2 Kfar Debbiane and tracer injection site 1 ....................... 25 Figure 17: Options of effluent discharge from WWTP-2 Kfar Debbiane ........................................... 26 Figure 18: Schematic layout of tracer test 1 ..................................................................................... 33 Figure 19: Injection site 1, Test 1A-1 (during injection of uranine) ................................................... 35 Figure 20: Injection site 2, Test 1A-2 (before preparation of site)..................................................... 36 Figure 21: Injection site 2, Test 1A-2 (during injection of amidorhodamine G) ................................. 37 Figure 22: Daraya tunnel leading to siphon terminal, the endpoint of the explored part of Jeita Grotto .......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 23: Albillia GGUN FL30 fluorometer used for detection of tracers ........................................ 40 Figure 24: Monitoring of tracers at monitoring site 1 (siphon terminal / Daraya tunnel) with mobile Albillia fluorometer GGUN FL30 ....................................................................................................... 41 Figure 25: Monitoring of tracers at monitoring site 2 (Jeita Grotto) with mobile Albillia fluorometer GGUN FL30 .....................................................................................................................................
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