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Edinburgh Research Explorer Edinburgh Research Explorer Anticipating The Tsunami Citation for published version: Fontein, J 2009, 'Anticipating The Tsunami: Rumours, Planning and The Arbitrary State in Zimbabwe', Africa, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 369-398. https://doi.org/10.3366/E0001972009000862 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3366/E0001972009000862 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Africa Publisher Rights Statement: Copyright © International African Institute 2009. Joost Fontein (2009). Anticipating The Tsunami: Rumours, Planning and The Arbitrary State in Zimbabwe. Africa , 79, pp 369•398 doi:10.3366/E0001972009000862. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 Africa http://journals.cambridge.org/AFR Additional services for Africa: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Anticipating The Tsunami: Rumours, Planning and The Arbitrary State in Zimbabwe Joost Fontein Africa / Volume 79 / Issue 03 / August 2009, pp 369 ­ 398 DOI: 10.3366/E0001972009000862, Published online: 03 March 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0001972000088185 How to cite this article: Joost Fontein (2009). Anticipating The Tsunami: Rumours, Planning and The Arbitrary State in Zimbabwe. Africa, 79, pp 369­398 doi:10.3366/E0001972009000862 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/AFR, IP address: 129.215.19.188 on 30 May 2013 Africa 79 (3), 2009 DOI: 10.3366/E0001972009000862 ANTICIPATING THE TSUNAMI: RUMOURS, PLANNING AND THE ARBITRARY STATE IN ZIMBABWE Joost Fontein BREAKING HOUSES, ANTICIPATING THE TSUNAMI One morning in July 2005, Tanaka phoned to say he was dismantling the ‘cottages’ (one-roomed houses) behind his house in Harare’s southern, and relatively poor, low-density suburb of Hatfield. Arriving at the scene I found him breaking the walls of one ‘cottage’ with a small hammer. With two tenants, we spent most of the day dismantling walls, removing windows and doors, stacking reusable bricks, and debating what to do with the remaining rubble. Covered in dust, we kept a watchful eye on the front gate, waiting for the police and council officials to turn up to destroy any ‘illegal structures’. As long as we were dismantling the houses ourselves, we felt confident they would not do it for us; in this way we would be able to save some of the materials. It was a slow business and by mid-afternoon we had only dismantled two out of five cottages. As we worked Tanaka explained how, as a boy, he had helped his late father form the concrete blocks we were now trying to save. ‘Zvinorwadza!’ (‘It hurts!’) he exclaimed, and we all understood that this referred not only to the destruction of inherited property, but also to the loss of rent from these cottages that supplemented his low income, which is under much pressure from family responsibilities also inherited upon his parents’ death. ‘Zvinorwadza!’ could also have referred to the situation of the families – tenants but also friends – that Tanaka had been forced to evict earlier that morning. For the two tenants helping us it undoubtedly resounded uneasily with the knowledge that their homes were next in line for our hammers. But not that day; by late afternoon the tsunami, as Operation Murambatsvina/Restore Order was popularly known as, had not arrived. Three days later the government announced a reprieve for low-density suburbs:1 ten days to regularize plans for ‘illegal structures’, JOOST FONTEIN lectures in social anthropology at the University of Edinburgh. His PhD won the ASAUK Audrey Richards Prize in 2004, and was published as a monograph entitled The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage by UCL Press in 2006. He is an editor of the Journal of Southern African Studies and is currently writing a book entitled Water and Graves: belonging, sovereignty and the political materiality of landscape around Lake Mutirikwi in southern Zimbabwe. He is also a founding member of the ‘Bones Collective’, an interdisciplinary research group exploring the emotive materiality and affective presence of human bones. 1 ‘Zimbabwean high-income homeowners get temporary demolition reprieve’, Voice of America, 16 July 2005, www.zimbabwesituation.com/jul17_2005.html, accessed 15 December 2008. http://journals.cambridge.org Downloaded: 30 May 2013 IP address: 129.215.19.188 370 ANTICIPATING ZIMBABWE’S TSUNAMI at a price of Z$24 million.2 Two weeks later on 27 July 2005, a period punctuated by much media activity surrounding a visit by the UN special envoy, Mrs Tibaijuka, Vice-President Mujuru announced that Operation Murambatsvina was now over.3 A few days after destroying two of his ‘cottages’, at an impromptu barbecue at my home, Tanaka mused he had been lucky the tsunami officials had not arrived that day and that there had been no time to destroy the other cottages – ‘that is lucky for me and lucky for the people living in them’. He could have added he was lucky the actual roof over his head had not been threatened and, furthermore, that in low- density Hatfield the tsunami only amounted to small groups of officials wandering from house to house, inspecting planning documents and notifying people to dismantle ‘unplanned structures’ – rather than materializing as forced evictions from ‘illegally’ squatted areas, or as bulldozers flattening informal markets and homes, offering owners and inhabitants only minutes to remove property, as had happened in Chitungwiza, Mbare and elsewhere across Harare and the country.4 As some people made comparisons with past, Rhodesian-era ‘slum clearances’, another guest at the party commented that his home, a rented backyard cottage nearby, had been spared (‘it had a plan’, apparently) but his workplace was due for destruction. He and his colleagues had decided to risk the uncertainty, and ‘wait until the bulldozers arrived’. But the family of four from Chitungwiza, who now squashed in with the six of us already sharing a two-bedroom flat, had had hardly any opportunity to wait before their two-room cottage was destroyed by officials some weeks before. That day Tanaka said he was now concerned about the planning fees he might have to pay,5 but a few weeks later, after the end of the ‘operation’ was announced, he felt more confident that he could avoid paying for ‘formal planning’, as by then it seemed unlikely the tsunami would strike again.6 At the barbecue Tanaka asked me, off the cuff, what the ‘party’ was for. I said it was a spur of the moment thing; as it was Saturday, we decided to invite a few friends over. He replied, ‘That’s exactly like this tsunami. One day somebody just went to work and said, let’s do this, and that started all this off!’ (Notes, 18 July 2005). 2 About £1,400 at the official exchange rate of that moment, or £522 on the black market, then (27 July 2005) at Z$46,000/£. 3 ZHR NGO Forum (2005b: 1). Despite Mujuru’s announcement official activities against informal traders and illegal housing continued sporadically for several more months. 4 Potts (2006a) examines the different definitions of ‘squatters’, ‘illegal structures’ and ‘informal housing’ that have been employed in government statements, newspapers and NGO reports, presenting a nuanced view of the particular urban areas, populations and types of housing most severely affected by Murambatsvina. See also Bratton and Masunungure 2006; Mujere 2007; Vambe 2008a. 5 Adding that ‘those people [city council] will be making a lot of money’ (Notes, 18 July 2005). 6 Anyway, he added, ‘the council offices are so overrun with applications for planning registration, it seems unlikely they will be able to enforce it all’ (Notes, 18 July 2005). http://journals.cambridge.org Downloaded: 30 May 2013 IP address: 129.215.19.188 ANTICIPATING ZIMBABWE’S TSUNAMI 371 LUCK AND PLANNING7 Although the impact of Zimbabwe’s tsunami on Tanaka’s situation seems minor in comparison to the many, much less fortunate, people in high-density suburbs and peri-urban settlements, or working as informal traders, elsewhere across Zimbabwe,8 the events above do reveal a tension common to many experiences of Operation Murambatsvina. This tension relates to the disjuncture between official pronouncements about the need to ‘restore order’ – to reassert formal planning procedures, bye-laws and local state institutions – and the contradictory experience of the apparently arbitrary application and often extreme, sometimes violent, execution of the operation by council officials, police and the military, which for many seemed to operate outside of the legitimate, bureaucratic ‘state’. There were many ironic and graphic illustrations of this tension. If in Harare the aim was to restore the city’s ‘sunshine’ status, Murambatsvina often created more squalor than it removed. In many
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