Cornell International Law Journal Volume 50 Article 1 Issue 1 Winter 2017

Kazakhstan's National Identity - Building Policy: Soviet Legacy, State Efforts, and Societal Reactions Aziz Burkhanov

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Recommended Citation Burkhanov, Aziz (2017) "Kazakhstan's National Identity - Building Policy: Soviet Legacy, State Efforts, and Societal Reactions," Cornell International Law Journal: Vol. 50 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol50/iss1/1

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For more information, please contact [email protected]. 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 5 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34        e tional 7/5/2017 3:28 PM ...... 3 Kazakhstan presented presented Kazakhstan identity-building process is identity-building onsiderably with reactivation of of reactivation with onsiderably the legal framework regulating the legal framework Reactions: (Un)inten the newly independent countries, independent countries, the newly on of the officially stated policies and y issues and other post- y in Kazakhstan hnic population of hnic population of ...... 8 Aziz Burkhanov† ...... 7 along ethnic lines by assuring Kazakh hegemony hegemony assuring Kazakh by ethnic lines along (5-23-17) L.J. 1 (2017) ntity Policies L ...... 1 ' ...... 13 Identity PolicyIdentity ...... 3 Policy...... Language 5 Citizenship Policy ...... 6 NT I Efforts, and Societal Reactions and Societal Efforts,    Kazakhstan’s National Identity- azakh Revenge azakh Kazakhstan’s Official Identity and Language Policies and Language Official Identity Kazakhstan’s A. B. C. and Societal De Situation Facto K and Ide   The collapse of the Soviet Union led to profound changes in ethnicity in ethnicity changes profound Union led to of the Soviet The collapse Studies of the national identit † University Nazarbayev Policy, Public of School Graduate Professor, Assistant Building Policy: Soviet Legacy, State ORNELL ORNELL I. II. III. of Official Languag Implementation Inconsistent Practical URKHANOV FORMATTED M K Kazakhstan and offers an overview of overview an and offers Kazakhstan language use, education, media, citizenship, and official identity policy. This official identity and citizenship, media, use, education, language Article also focuses on the implementati the between discrepancies and inconsistencies behind explores reasons this Article Finally, situation on the ground. the de facto declared policies and and language official identity towards the societal reactions looks at the Article discourse. This public and media country’s policies expressed in the post-independence argues that Kazakhstan’s of Soviet the legacy ons, including implicati important several affected by policy, significant with late-Sovietnationality policies and continuity (Astana, Kazakhstan). an immense challenge for the new regime and its approaches challenge for the to the identity- new regime an immense identity-buildingof policies Articlethe focuses on This building policies. practices, the search for a new identity, and the regime’s aim to prevent and the regime’s aim new identity, practices, the search for a political confrontation representation. minority while allowing nominal and identity policies and practices in policies and practices and identity multiet The including Kazakhstan. the nation-building processes in these countries after the collapse of the processes in these countries after the collapse of the the nation-building Soviet Central Asian countries expanded c expanded countries Central Asian Soviet Conclusion Introduction 50 C Introduction B C Y 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 5 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 A 07/06/2017 5 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 5 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 M K . - 2 ? C Y & HE FF , 41 7, 7 7, 7 A ,T supra supra OVIET OVIET IDDLE THNIC USLIM L ATION ’ ULE TO -S as well as well ROMISE N R 3 NT P ATIONS &E UONG OST .I , 51 M , 51 L P ATIONALITIES 7/5/2017 3:28 PM EV In Search of a of Search In OVIET OVIET R ATIONHOOD AND ATIONHOOD RIBE TO TO RIBE ATIONALISM , 10 , 10 N S *1, *1 Pål (2002); T ONES . 319 (1999); 319, J ,N , 36 N , 36 .N The literature also The literature also In particular, the In NFULFILLED NFULFILLED silently supported. silently ATIONALISM URV 4 ERIES TUD S FROM :U 1 .S : note 109–12. 105, 1, at note AUCASIAN .S AULINE Diaspora Nationalism: The The Nationalism: Diaspora NTEGRATION IN 87, 87–88, 94 (2004); Sally Sally (2004); 94 87, 87–88, EFRAMED I , 12 N SIAN SIAN EV TUD note 1, at 58–61; Commercio, 58–61; 1, at note R R The “Imperial Minority”: An , 4 C supra .A Soviet Nationality, Identity, and and Identity, Nationality, Soviet E. S OCIETIES FROM FROM OCIETIES DENTITY I S THNIC THNIC APERS interpretations of historical interpretations of The Policy of Kazakhization in State State in Kazakhization of Policy The ENT AZAKHSTAN E supra supra P , Changing Urban Demography and the the and Demography Urban Changing ,K IDDLE ion census survey data in order to ion census survey 47 P (1996); an colonial administration, colonial an ANADIAN AZAKH AZAKH , 18 C ween Soviet policies and independent policies and independent Soviet ween ATIONALISM ly authorized but ly K ly concentrated on several important important several on concentrated ly LCOTT LCOTT tra-Kazakh cleavages, mostly between between cleavages, mostly tra-Kazakh , 51 M note 1, at 182–84; Karin & Chebotarev, Chebotarev, & Karin 182–84; 1, at note O ,N Entitlement Through Numbers: Nationality and and Nationality Numbers: Through Entitlement O TATES AND AND TATES , 27 C , 27 UROPE UROPE 111, 113, 116, 122–23 (2006); Natsuko Oka, Oka, Natsuko (2006); 122–23 116, 111, 113, E UILDING AND AND UILDING see see :S ATIONALITIES ATIONALITIES . 113, 120–21 (1994); Donnacha Ó Beacháin & Rob . & Beacháin Ó Donnacha (1994); 120–21 113, The “Pugachev Rebellion” the in Context of Post- RILL RILL -B supra supra . Svanberg, Ingvar (2002); 385 385, EW B SIA Cornell International Law Journal Law International Cornell 50 Vol. N tion realities would suggest. tion realities would A APERS TUD RUBAKER P URV S note 1, at 113; Peyrouse, Peyrouse, 113; at 1, note B , 32 N , 32 ORMATION OF ORMATION OF S ATION F “Assembling” in A Civic Nation The Kazakhstan: Nation N ARTHA REA REA HE in supra supra SIAN SIAN , ENTRAL OGERS OGERS note 1, at 80; 1, at note ,T C .A note 1, at 440–43. ,4J.A (5-23-17) *1, *2 (2002); Sébastien Peyrouse, Peyrouse, Sébastien (2002); *2 *1, ENT ATIONALITIES UESTION IN THE THE UESTION IN supra supra KINER Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet in Politics Identity Resistance: Nationalism, Modernity, , Q A 12 M (2003); 439, 439–40 (2004); Saulesh Esenova, Esenova, Saulesh (2004); 439–40 439, supra supra . Fierman, William 11, 14 (2002); . (2005). 51–57 45, FF Legitimation and Identification in Kazakhstan in Identification and Legitimation ERIES , 21 C , 21 State-building, Identity and Nationalism in Kazakhstan: Some Preliminary Some in Kazakhstan: and Nationalism Identity State-building, A KINER 3–7 (Ctr. for Int’l Studies, Dublin City Univ. Working Paper in Int’l Studies No. No. Studies in Int’l Paper Working Univ. Dublin City Studies, Int’l for 3–7 (Ctr. HIRIN 15, 30, 39 (Pål Kolstø ed., 1999); Chong Jin Oh, Oh, Jin Chong 1999); ed., Kolstø 39 (Pål 15, 30, 105, Kazak Communities: Imagined Sarsembayev, Azamat (2008); 109–10 .S DUC Bipolar Socities? Bipolar 80–81 R (1995); note 1, at 87–88; Cummings, Cummings, 87–88; 1, at note ATIONAL ATIONAL .A . to for Where Transit: in Education Kissane, Carolyn History Kazakhstan? . Dave, .S .E 2 3 4 1 TUD N . 177, 177, 182 (2006); Bhavna Dave, INORITY INORITY ATIONALISM OMP RANSFORMATION OF APERS OL OCITIES TATE URKHANOV FORMATTED NDEPENDENCE scholarship covered progressively nationalist domestic policy discourse and policy domestic nationalist discourse and progressively covered scholarship never explicit were which statements, post-independence of and rapid urbanization massive emphasized of internal significant flows migration young caused which Kazakhstan Soviet Kazakh Nationalization Kazakh Soviet Kazakhstan’s approaches to its language situation. to its approaches Kazakhstan’s rural and urban areas; and continuity bet continuity and areas; urban rural and as manipulations of populat as manipulations Kazakhstan’s than the Kazakhstan of version Kazakh-populated more of a create an image composi linguistic and ethnic Ethnicity in Central Asia: Historic Narratives and Kazakh Narratives Historic Asia: in Central Ethnicity , 22 Identity J. Ethnic M Oh, *2–*3; *1, 1, at note Cummings, Cummings, (2000); Nathan Paul Jones, Jones, Paul Nathan (2000); supra 51 E. Commercio, Michele (2010); Prospects of Nationalism in Kazakhstan in of Nationalism Prospects THE THE and Government Institutions in Kazakhstan in Institutions Government and N M Chebotarev, Andrei & Karin Erlan (2010); 165 159, S the from Lessons Its and Kazakhstan in Tatars Minority Crimean Korean Ethnic of Case in Turkey, 34 N E. S P T I P Soviet Union. Union. Soviet main scholarship The uneasy processes; and nationalist Kazakhization as “revengeful” areas, such Russians especially groups, ethnic other and Kazakhs between relations role the of in Kazakhstan; living in S B 2 Cengiz Surucu, Kazakhstan Building Role of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan Peoples of Assembly of the Role Building Language Categories in the First Post-Soviet Census in Kazakhstan in Census Post-Soviet First the in Categories Language Elites Cultural and Political Interviewing in Kazakhstan: Policy Nationalities Identity Kazakhstani narratives about the Soviet past and Russi past and Soviet about the narratives This new public discourse included new public discourse This new Kolstø, C Interpretive Framework of the Russians in Kazakhstan in the 1990s the in Kazakhstan in Russians of the Framework Interpretive Nationalism and Kazakification in the 1990s the in Kazakification and Nationalism Kevlihan, Thoughts 1, 2011). 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 5 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 B 07/06/2017 5 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 6 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 , 6 3 11 ] 5 § 1 art. ]. . 171, 171 (1998). ONSTITUTION TUD Identity S .RK][C and legal status of the Russian Russian legal status of the and ONST OMMUNIST [K e discourse and policies and started started policies and and e discourse -C . (2002). 639–42 632, e country. e country. For instance, both of Kazakh identity instead of trying to to instead of trying identity Kazakh 10 rast, Kazakh nationalist groups have groups have nationalist rast, Kazakh ment to internationalistment rhetoric and In terms of timeline,In the scholarship ce work, in the educational sphere, and sphere, and in the educational ce work, OST CON 8 tural civic nationhood of Kazakhstanis. nationhood tural civic &P a gradual, although more sporadic than more a gradual, although &E note 1, at 332, 334–37. 334–37. 332, 1, at note AZAKHSTAN AZAKHSTAN K note 1, at 1, at 120. note note 1, at 14–17. at 1, note 13 supra National Territory and the Reconstruction of History in in of History Reconstruction and the Territory National OMMUNIST OMMUNIST 393, 395–98393, (2005). supra EOGRAPHY note 1, 21–24. at note Kazakh Language and Prospects for Its Role in Kazakh in Kazakh Role Its for Prospects and Language Kazakh supra Language and Identity in Kazakhstan: in Identity and Language Policy in Formulations G Identity, Symbolism and the Politics of Identity in Central Asia Central in of Identity Politics the and Symbolism Identity, ESPUBLIKI R , 31 C , 31 These were oftentimes based on Kazakh intra-ethnic intra-ethnic Kazakh based on oftentimes were These supra and the role of the Kazakh language in reestablishing the reestablishing the in language Kazakh of the the role and A ࢎ 7 MPERIO 1207, 1218 (2009) Fierman, [hereinafter I (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM note1, at *1, *7–*9. SII . ࢎ 12 B emphasized the of the state the commitment to develop art. 1. 1997 URASIAN URASIAN Similarly, scholars mentioned that Kazakhstan’s government government that scholars mentioned Similarly, Kazakhstan’s – , Sarsembayev, ,Fierman, ,Fierman, , Svanberg, TUD 14 id. 5 Others claim that, in cont claim Others S supra ,2A Esenova, , 43 , 43 E 9 SIA ONSTITUT See See, e.g. See, e.g. See, e.g. .-A . . .Oka, . Fierman, William . Fierman, William . Fierman, William .K . . . Alexander C. Diener, After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the government of UnionAfter in 1991, the government the collapse of the Soviet Language policy in post-Soviet Kazakhstan is another important important is another issue Kazakhstan policy in post-Soviet Language 8 9 5 6 7 UR 10 11 12 13 14 URKHANOV FORMATTED M K (1995) (Kaz.); 61 E “Groupness” Kazakhstan distinguishes stages of more explicit Kazakh nationalism in the early to mid- the early in nationalism explicit Kazakh of more distinguishes stages albeit limited, political mobilization, of the ethnic gradual 1990s, with a Russians. I.Policies and Language Official Identity Kazakhstan’s A. Policy Identity its commit demonstrated Kazakhstan in th friendship of the peoples living Kazakhstan’s post-independence constitutions, adopted in 1993 and 1995 1995 in 1993 and adopted constitutions, post-independence Kazakhstan’s respectively, B 2017 Policy Identity-Building National Kazakhstan’s ethnic Kazakhs from predominantly Kazakh rural areas into the more diverse diverse the more areas into rural predominantly Kazakh from Kazakhs ethnic radical Kazakh for expanding reason cities as a primary and wealthy nationalism. tribal affiliations and genealogies. illustrating the dynamics of the national identity situation in the country. situation in the country. of identity the national illustrating the dynamics Here, the usage upon the touches scholarship tool in Kazakhstan. communication important its role as an language and in everyday life, in everyday systematic, enforcement of stricter of Kazakh enforcement systematic, proficiency language in the government’s offi requirements Another important implication is Another important Furthermore, some studies specified that the intellectual and academic and academic intellectual that the studies specified some Furthermore, stat followed the in Kazakhstan polemics school approved through the officially nationalism supporting ethnic Kazakh narratives. history was inclined towards supporting ethnic supporting inclined towards was multicul inclusive a more develop Documents 1987 criticized policies the government’s enough. nationalist not and inconsistent in because they are view their sense of Kazakh groupness. sense of Kazakh C Y 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 6 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 A 07/06/2017 6 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 6 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 M K ], ], C Y 15 . 17, Exotic Exotic [ , http:// URV Ekzotika Ekzotika S ]art. 14§ ]art. ] 5 § 1 art. 5§1 ]art. After the After the 17 SIAN From a legal a legal From .A .] (July 17,.] (July 2009), 16 n, social, official, TR ENT ONSTITUTION Discrimination and Discrimination C ONSTITUTION ONSTITUTION DMINISTRATION A 21 , 31 C egislation also expressly .RK][C .RK][C .RK][C [UK RK] [Criminal Code] art. art. Code] [Criminal RK] [UK EGION R NALYTICAL NALYTICAL note 19. note which is usually granted some granted some is usually which that human rights are protected that human ly recognized ethnic minority ethnic minority recognized ly ONST ONST ONST national-cultural centers remain centers remain national-cultural , the lower house Parliament, of [K [K [K versions of Kazakhstan’s Criminal Criminal of Kazakhstan’s versions .&A supra . (2000); 77–78 71, Bytes, Renat NFO AZAKHSTAN AVLODAR respectively, and are punishable under and are punishablerespectively, under process of forming a civic Kazakhstani Kazakhstani a civic forming process of [I on the basis of “origi on the basis of K OL P 23 Mazhilis ,P AZAKHSTAN AZAKHSTAN AZAKHSTAN AZAKHSTAN AZAKHSTAN Critics however, say, that the political overall K ࢎSENTR K K T THNIC THNIC Cornell International Law Journal Law International Cornell 50 Vol. 18 ons of all ethnic groups living in the country. in the living groups all ethnic ons of Framing Strategies and Non-Conflict in Multi-Ethnic Multi-Ethnic in Non-Conflict and Strategies Framing ESPUBLIKI Cultural Mobilization in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan: Post-Soviet in Mobilization Cultural Views R &E and 2014 On the l the other hand, 22 ESPUBLIKI ESPUBLIKI ESPUBLIKI R R R About Assembly About ODEKS note 19, at 80, 81; Bytes, Bytes, 81; at 19, 80, note 24 A A A 20 ࢎ ࢎ ࢎ K (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM SII SII SII ࢎ ࢎ ࢎ $1$/,7,&+(6.,ư art. 1. - ATIONALISM ATIONALISM supra id. In most cases, these centers are just nominal cases, these to bodies created In centers are just nominal most ,6N art. 145§1. art. SIONNO ࢎ ONSTITUT GOLOVNYI ONSTITUT ONSTITUT 19 Id. Id. . Schatz, A.D. Edward . Schatz, .K .U . . .K . Yves-Marie Davenel, . Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ob Assamblee Naroda Kazakhstana of the [Law .K The Constitution of Kazakhstan declares Constitution of Kazakhstan The 19 20 21 22 23 24 15 16 17 18 URKHANOV FORMATTED NFORMAT (1995) (Kaz.). (1995) (Kaz.); 2 (1995) (Kaz.). Kazakhstan from the State and from Non-Titular Nationalities Compared Nationalities Non-Titular from and State the from Region, Pavlodar of Pipe” for “Peace Tobacco Delivers Officially Who Administration Public I other violations of human rights on the basis of ethnicity, race, language, and and language, race, of ethnicity, basis on the rights of human other violations religion are prohibited post-1991 both in 141 (Kaz.). (1997) national cultures and traditi cultures national B 4 identity . .people.” the Kazakh role of consolidating . under the point of view, the Assembly has the status of a consultative body in charge of of in charge body a consultative of has the status Assembly the point of view, “in the harmony interethnic ensuring the current Code by a fine of up to approximately $2,000 or a jail term up to up to $2,000 or a jail term a fine of up to approximately by the current Code groups possesses a “national-cultural center,” “national-cultural a groups possesses Within this framework, each of the official each of the framework, Within this gosudarstvennogo upravleniia ili Kto ofitsial’no postavliaet tabak dlia trubki mira trubki dlia tabak postavliaet ili Kto ofitsial’no upravleniia gosudarstvennogo http://ia-centr.ru/expert/5266/ [https://perma.cc/5NEJ-V7LP]. Republic Kazakhstanof on the the of Assembly People Kazakhstan] of 3 art. (Kaz.). 17, 19–21 (2012). On the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, see generally Akimat Akimat generally see Kazakhstan, of People the of Assembly the On (2012). 19–21 17, www.pavlodar.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=167&lang=3 [https://perma.cc/YWF9-2EK5] importance and powers of the Assembly and Assembly of the and powers importance limited. imitate a normal coexistence of diverse ethnic groups rather than actually than actually rather ethnic groups of diverse coexistence imitate a normal tensions. resolving and property status, as well as gender, race, nationality, language, religion, religion, nationality, language, race, status, as well as gender, and property forbidden. strictly is of residence” place creed, and by the state and any discrimination any the state and by Code, 1997 in adopted are elected by the Assembly. are elected by constitutional amendments of 2007, the political role of the Assembly has of the Assembly political role of 2007, the constitutional amendments of the increased as nine members seventy-five days. (last visited Feb. 5, 2017). 2017). 5, Feb. visited (last funding from the state and is overseen by an umbrella agency called the umbrella an the state and by agency is overseen funding from Assembly”). (“the of the PeopleKazakhstan of Assembly 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 6 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 B 07/06/2017 6 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 7 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 5 29 30 .J. L ’ hnost NT ] preamble OWARD THE , 11 I T Language Policies . 214 211, (2010). OLICY OLICY ONSTITUTION In terms of inclusive In terms P TUD .S 25 27 .RK][C NVTL [SK RK] Code] [Family 65 art. This institutionalized ethnic ONST . 98, 105 (2006) [hereinafter Fierman, .&E note 30, at 101. at 30, note 26 [K EV CON s, and universities and used Russian .R therefore, most urban Kazakhs were were urbantherefore, most Kazakhs aborate a clear and cohesive strategy, cohesive clear and aborate a ATIONALISM AND ATIONALISM AND supra students (both Russians and urban and urban students (both Russians 32 USS , 31 AZAKHSTAN ,10 E ,10 K ,N In contrast, during the later contrast, In of Soviet stages AZAKHSTAN , 65 R 81–82 (1991);81–82 Smagulova, Juldyz 440, 443 (2008) (“The major outcomes of this period this period of outcomes major (“The (2008) 443 440, K azakh could as be used actually an interethnic 28 IMON S The Language Issue in Kazakhstan—Institutionalizing in Kazakhstan—Institutionalizing Issue Language The note 13, at at 406 (2005). 13, note NION ethnic background is still recorded and written on on written recorded and is still ethnic background ESPUBLIKI U R Language and Education in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan: Kazakh- Kazakhstan: Post-Soviet in Education and Language supra , ESPUBLIKI ]. The constitutional treatment of Russian was a clear clear a was of Russian treatment The constitutional R OVIET OVIET ERHARD ILINGUALISM S A ࢎ ODEKS 33 (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM SII ࢎ K ,G Identity Education and Language .&B DUC E ONSTITUT EMEINYI See, e.g. .Fierman, .Fierman, . Fierman, William . Renata Matuszkiewicz, .Fierman, .K .Partiiakh Zakon KazakhstanPoliticheskikh o Respubliki theof of Republic [Law . Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan o Dokumentakh, Udostoveryayushchikh Lic .S . The language issue remains one of the most sensitive domestic policy policy domestic sensitive the most one of remains issue The language The first constitution of Kazakhstan, in 1993, adopted the confirmed 29 30 31 32 33 25 26 27 28 ATIONALITIES IN THE ILINGUAL URKHANOV FORMATTED M K nationalists who argued that K where few previously existed.where few previously communication.” New Ethnic Relations After Independence After Relations Ethnic New continuation Kazakh the by often challenged framework Soviet of the (2011) (Kaz.). state status of Kazakh and establishedstate status of Kazakh Russian as a language of “interethnic as their primary communication tool. communication as their primary of Kazakhization and Their Influence on Language Attitudes and Use and Attitudes Language on Influence Their and of Kazakhization B and it largely relies on Soviet approaches. approaches. relies on Soviet and it largely with accordance In Soviet an individual’s practices, identity policies, Kazakhstan did not el policies,identity Kazakhstan the domestically national used cards. ID 8 (1993) (Kaz.). N B. Policy Language administration. post-independence issues in Kazakhstan’s of the course Over era,the Soviet during especially stages the early regime the Soviet of the era, of Kazakh-medium number established a significant schools in locations B 2017 Policy Identity-Building National Kazakhstan’s prohibits creating political parties on an ethnic basis. on an ethnic parties political creating prohibits trained in Russian kindergartens, school were . . . political in used to be language national standard a as Kazakh of development Amount and quality of Kazakh language teaching in the Russian schools of Russian schools teaching in the language of and quality Kazakh Amount limited and most was Kazakhstan necessary the language became Russian time, the Soviet during Furthermore, career; to secure a future successful Kazakhs) usually graduated with no or very minimal knowledge of Kazakh. minimal graduated with no or very usually Kazakhs) [Law of the of Republic[Law Kazakhstanof Personal Documents] on 7 Identity art. § 4 (2014) (Kaz.). Schools Urban in Instruction Medium Kazakhstan on Political Parties] art. 5 art. Parties] Political on Kazakhstan § 8 (Kaz.). (2015) identity is usually based is usually identity on a or, in parents’ ethnicity child’s of mixed the case rule the number of schools teaching in of rule the number decreased dramatically. Kazakh Language and and Education Language and educational institutions. Mass education and the policy of nativization played a a played of nativization policy the and education Mass institutions. educational and role.”). fundamental marriages, chosenmarriages, the by child at the age of sixteen. C Y 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 7 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 A 07/06/2017 7 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 7 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 M K ], C Y 35 The The ]art. 7 ]art. 37 40 (Apr. 7, 2004), 7, 2004), (Apr. ONSTITUTION RTICLES A at stricter introduction of at stricter introduction of .RK][C ThereAre Intelligent People [ hnic situation in the country. country. in the hnic situation ONST ent efforts aimed at promoting ent efforts aimed at promoting 42 [K ess than half the total amount of amount ess than half the total ://perma.cc/2BTH-XN5E]. legal framework to silence the legal framework to silence the NALYTICAL into Kazakh was mandated several was mandated into Kazakh c communication but confirmed the the but confirmed c communication :A e Language Law adopted 1997, in July e Law Language self-government organizations. self-government AZAKHSTAN NALYST The Language Law also eliminated the status the status also eliminated Law The Language K note 1, at *16. *16. 1, at note A Cornell International Law Journal Law International Cornell 50 Vol. aly Kauym Bar Eken Bar Kauym aly 36 L ִ wing it to be used on an equal basis with the state basis with equal on an it to be used wing Zi note 31, at 221. at 31, note supra Russian-language broadcasts on prime time time while prime broadcasts on Russian-language After independence, the government adopted several several adopted government the After independence, Language Debate in Kazakhstan Reflects Russian-Kazakh Russian-Kazakh Reflects Kazakhstan in Debate Language In practice, new system this resistance In however, met ESPUBLIKI AUCASUS 41 supra supra R 38 –C A ࢎ (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM -2004-4-7-art-8894.html [https -2004-4-7-art-8894.html SIA SII ࢎ (Dec. 22, 2009), http://www.zhasalash.kz/sayasat/652.html [https:// http://www.zhasalash.kz/sayasat/652.html 22, 2009), (Dec. .A In 1995, the newly adopted Constitution of Kazakhstan altered Kazakhstan of Constitution adopted newly the 1995, In The enforcement of this rule was also sporadic,The enforcement critics some and Janbolat Mamay, Mamay, Janbolat ENT art. 5. art. 18. 34 39 . *17. at ONSTITUT LASH ,C Id. Id. Id See A . Zakon Respubliki KazakhstanIazykaho v Respublike Kazakhstan [Law of the . . . Matuszkiewicz, . Bissenova, Alima . Karin & Chebotarev, . . .K The current Kazakhstan’sThe current of the demonstrates policy some identity Russian remains in use despiteRussian remains governm 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 34 35 HAS URKHANOV FORMATTED to master the state the state language.” to master the Kazakh language. the Kazakh (1995) (Kaz.). (1995) from private cable networks, which, while formally complying with these with complying formally while which, cable networks, private from put legal requirements, scheduledwere usually broadcasts Kazakh-language late in the night or early morning. broadcasted content. to as a “50:50” system, according to which Kazakh-language radio and and radio Kazakh-language according to which system, to as a “50:50” constitute no l should broadcasts television C. Citizenship Policy et the complex concerns about government’s tolerant in comparison ethnic issues appear rather related to The regulations of Russian as a language of interethni language as a of Russian allo Constitution’s provision language in state agencies and local and language in state agencies articles-caci-analyst Republicof Kazakhstan on Languages], 1997, 4 art. (Kaz.). Tensions Z this situation and allowed Russian to be used “[i]n state institutions and local used “[i]n state institutions and allowed Russianthis situation be to bodiesself-administrative . . with the Kazakh along .grounds on equal state language. only as the Kazakh to establish but continued language,” language. B 6 Suchclarified further was status in th declaring of Kazakhstan citizenRepublic of the of every “[i]t is the duty that Law established a quota for Kazakh-language broadcasts, commonly referred commonly broadcasts, Kazakh-language for established a quota Law https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/8894-analytical- concept papers, resolutions,concept papers, aimed and programs required. A widely more the use of Kazakh make These would Kazakh. of office switchover complete paperwork been postponed. consistently but it has times, perma.cc/CVL8-MH8R]. mentioned that the government used this that the government mentioned in the Russian language. mostly which operated opposition media, 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 7 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 B 07/06/2017 7 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 8 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 7 in In , OVIET AW TO 44 If they -S L ]art. 10§ ]art. 48 OST 46 P TATUS S 24, 25 (Mariya Y. Y. (Mariya 25 24, ONSTITUTION OLITICS IN FROM Russians living in Russians living P SIA : 47 those countries during A 87, 93–97 (1995). 87, 93–97 citizenship to many ethnic citizenship to many For instance,For Kazakhstani .RK][C ents published by Russian ents published by INORITY INORITY 43 M ENTRAL ONST in the republic at the moment of of at the moment in the republic e reinstitution of dual citizenship e reinstitution dual citizenship of the country lived they the country in which C OVEREIGNTY [K list rhetoric, some observers argue list rhetoric, some observers argue S EOGRAPHY , Feb. 25, 1995 (on file with author). with file (on 1995 25, , Feb. Kazakhstan’s Civic-National Identity Civic-National Kazakhstan’s G USSIAN city or language proficiency. or language city Reactions: (Un)intentional Kazakh Kazakh Reactions: (Un)intentional r “historic homeland,” and a certain r “historic and a certain homeland,” ia imposed restrictions ia imposed obtaining for ,R EYOND EYOND , they and proficiency required language OVIET B -S ban dual citizenship. ban AZAKHSTAN AZAKHSTAN The citizenship issue is tied to all the various various to all the is tied issue citizenship The in 51 ROADCASTS K OST 50 , B ONSTRUCTION IN Nationalizing the Work Force: Ethnic Restratification in in Restratification Ethnic Force: Work the Nationalizing OMMERCIO who arrived and settled in whoarrived C (unpublished manuscript) (on file with the Oxford Society Society Oxford the with file (on manuscript) (unpublished ,36 P ,36 ? (2006). 359, 365–66 ORLD E. C 56–57 (2010). W ESPUBLIKI R The “Triadic Nexus” “Triadic The Study Comparative A Kazakhstan: in of A ࢎ DENTITY DENTITY I ICHELE (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM SII ࢎ Consequently, almost all docum almost Consequently, ITIZENSHIP C As a result, those denied countries ,M , Robert Kaiser, 49 YRGYZSTAN UMMARY OF OF UMMARY 45 K ONSTITUT See Kazakh Russians Say “Discrimination”: Deal Citizenship Is 1: Former Part See, e.g. See. e.g. .K . . Natsuko Oka, . . Cengiz Surucu,EasternForm, Western in in Content: Negotiating and Time Space . . Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan o Grazdanstve Respublike Kazakhstan of [Law the . on Law (1995); 122 12, 1995, I 6, RT 3, 4, §§ 6 art. Estonia, of Act Citizenship . Aziz BurkhanovSharipova, & Dina , BBC S Kazakhstan did, however, did, however, Kazakhstan Despite the government’s internationaDespite the government’s 47 48 49 50 51 43 44 45 46 ATIONALISM AND ATIONALISM AND ATVIA AND AND ATVIA RANSNATIONAL URKHANOV FORMATTED M K N disappointment over Russia’s assist to actively unwillingness disappointment ethnic Russians states. living in the post-Soviet problems of ethnic Russians in Kazakhstan, such as fear for their future in the their future such as fear for in Kazakhstan, of ethnic Russians problems their own identity, associated with uncertainty the state, new non-Russian their desire to secure ties with thei its independence regardless of ethni regardless its independence citizenship was granted to anyone who lived lived who to anyone granted was citizenship 3 (1995) (Kaz.). that an unofficially sanctioned retaliatory nationalist Kazakhization campaign nationalist campaign sanctioned retaliatory Kazakhization that an unofficially USSR Uighurs,Russians, Koreans and in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan *4 Asia). Central and Caspian the for Republic Kazakhstanof on Citizenship]3 art. (1991) (Kaz.). (1994). 4 2, §§ 12 art. Latvia, of Republic the of Citizenship ed.,Omelicheva 2014). contrast, laws in Estonia andlaws in Estonia contrast, Latv rights on those citizenship long time a For period. the Soviet receive in order to Latvians and Estonians tests for non-ethnic history citizenship. T L B 2017 Policy Identity-Building National Kazakhstan’s with those in some other post-Soviet states. post-Soviet other some those in with Russians living there and issued them “alien’s passports” instead. there and issued them Russians living Kazakhstan were forced to choose between Russia and Kazakhstan. were forced to choose between Kazakhstan II. De Facto Situation and Societal Revenge chose Kazakhstani citizenship, ethnic Russian–Kazakhstainis became became Russian–Kazakhstainis ethnic citizenship, chose Kazakhstani the Newly Independent States Independent Newly the status. This is often namedstatus. This is often dissatisfaction reason for as the among main ethnic Russian–Kazakhstanis. political groups and organizations demand th demand organizations political groups and foreigners in Russia—their “historical homeland”—but choosing homeland”—but “historical foreigners in Russia—their Russian aliens in them have made citizenship would and worked. C Y 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 8 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 A 07/06/2017 8 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 8 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 M K . C Y 58 EHAV .B USSIANS IN OC R S 57 (Nov. 28, 2015), 28, (Nov. note 51, at *2. Kazakh nationalist Kazakh ROCEDIA ROCEDIA ATIONHOOD AND ATIONHOOD AND THE The Language Policy of of Policy Language The Such an interpretation an interpretation Such ATRITCA Accordingly, there has there Accordingly, 56 ,N supra Absolute Kazakh Language [ , 93 P , 93 53 SSESSMENTFOR 59 ], M Under this framework, the framework, Under this ., A Absoliutnoe Vladenie Kazahskim Kazahskim Vladenie Absoliutnoe 54 Russian–Kazakhstainis from EFRAMED They emphasize a shift in the a shift emphasize They R GMT ent of Kazakhstan has approved has approved ent of Kazakhstan significant emigration of Russians of Russians emigration significant M 52 anguage requirements into public anguage requirements and argue that ethnic Kazakhs held that ethnic Kazakhs and argue Slav-dominated northern regionsSlav-dominated of enforcement of language policy and a and a policy language of enforcement government, regional administrations, regional administrations, government, migration of ethnic Kazakhs,migration of ethnic and the 4–5 Surucu, (1996); ed the demographic and power balance balance and power ed the demographic ONFLICT ion and forced Russification. ion and forced ATIONALISM azakhs’ interests, such as encouraging the the as encouraging such azakhs’ interests, This progress, however, is mainly caused by caused by is mainly however, This progress, note 1, at *1. 1, at note anguage to Kazakh, which has been scheduled has been scheduled which anguage to Kazakh, UROPE UROPE Cornell International Law Journal Law International Cornell 50 Vol. .&C ,N E 60 note 31, at 222. 220, at 31, note EV v-kazahskiy-mir.html [https://perma.cc/5PW4-YZBC]. v-kazahskiy-mir.html EW supra D N L ’ supra supra RUBAKER NT I B note 51, at *2. at 51, note (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM Emigration of Russians and Russians of Emigration FOR , Assem Aksholakova & Nurgul Ismailova, Ismailova, Nurgul & Aksholakova , Assem . supra supra 55 OGERS OGERS (2006), http://www.mar.umd.edu/assessment.asp?groupId=70501 [https:// http://www.mar.umd.edu/assessment.asp?groupId=70501 (2006), TR R Ainur Kulzhanova, Language Policy of Kazakhstan: An Analysis 19–20 Analysis An Kazakhstan: of Policy Language Kulzhanova, Ainur C UESTION THE IN at *13. at Q Id. See, e.g. See Id. See See . . . Matuszkiewicz, . . Karin & Chebotarev, . . . Surucu, . Since its independence, the governm the Since its independence, 57 58 59 60 52 53 54 55 56 . 1580, 1581 (2013). ATIONAL ATIONAL AZAKHSTAN CI URKHANOV FORMATTED several programs and initiatives aimed at expanding Kazakh language use. language Kazakh at expanding aimed initiatives and programs several law enforcement agencies,law enforcement sectors. public other and almost all key positions in the national positions all key almost ethnic composition of the bureaucracy bureaucracy of the ethnic composition III.and Language of Official Implementation Inconsistent Practical Identity Policies been a gradual progress towards wider usage of Kazakh towards wider usage progress gradual been a over in the country http://www.matritca.kz/news/27807-absolyutnoe-vladenie-kazahskim-yazykom-ne- yavlyaetsya-vhodnym-biletom- Iazykom neBiletom v “Kazahskij Iavliaetsja Mir” Vhodnym is Kazakh” of the “World to the Ticket Admission an not groups argue that such programs are necessary rectify to necessary are the damages such programs groups argue that sustained through past discriminat N K S has been under way sinceindependence. way under has been B 8 Kazakhstan combined with with internal combined Kazakhstan higher birth rate has shift Kazakhs in the north. and especially country throughout the perma.cc/QFK8-LNS4]. natural and migrational factors,natural and migrational such as the These measurements include a stricter include a stricter measurements These of its official switch complete l times, because of its failureseveral of enforcement. fits well with Brubaker’s “nationalizing nationalism” argument, according to to according fits well argument, nationalism” “nationalizing with Brubaker’s the legitimate of the “owners” themselves consider would Kazakhs which of language, terms position in of their weak because specifically new state period. Soviet during the culture, and economy new state uses the titular nation’s weak position to justify a new set of policies policies set of a new justify position to nation’s weak titular the new state uses K ethnic at promoting aimed migration of ethnic Kazakhs into the ethnic Kazakhs of migration Kazakhstan and the State Language in Government Service (2012) (unpublished M.A. thesis, Central European University), www.etd.ceu.hu/2012/ [https://perma.cc/AP2F-4Z24]; kulzhanova_ainur.pdf the last five to seven to the last five years. service jobs. service Kazakhstan and introducing Kazakh l Kazakh introducing and Kazakhstan 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 8 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 B 07/06/2017 8 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 9 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 9 ZATTYQ EPUBLIC OF OF EPUBLIC ], A ], R 2230285.html [https:// 2230285.html organizations, such as organizations, such as TATISTICS OF OF TATISTICS S Kazakh nationalists demand nationalists demand Kazakh Kazakhs, at 10.097 million, million, at 10.097 Kazakhs, y one of the most significant one of the most y 66 68 the total population. Russians, with Russians, with the total population. GENCY ON nguage of modern politics, science, of modern nguage as another manifestation of colonial of colonial manifestation another as persistent enough in making Kazakh Kazakh in making enough persistent It can be implied that for the ethnic thatcan be implied for the ethnic It ssian language and Russian-speakers. Russian-speakers. and ssian language on census of 2009, the total population on census of 2009, total the population Official thatcensus data demonstrates 62 see alsosee Dvizhenie: Slavjanskoe Kazahstanskoe (Oct. 31 2007), http://for.kg/news-49339-ru.html http://for.kg/news-49339-ru.html 31 2007), (Oct. 69 storically, never was the language of higher was the language of higher never storically, lt of the governmental policies. lt of the governmental KG Several Russian cultural Several . Kazahizaciia Kazahstana Prodvigaetsia Medlenno, No No Medlenno, Prodvigaetsia Kazahstana Kazahizaciia OR note 31,note 216–17. at note 31, at 221. 221. at 31, note 63 ], F ], note 50, 97; 50, at note note 40. On the other hand, radical Kazakh nationalist groups groups nationalist radical Kazakh hand, the other On supra supra supra 65 supra (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM supra It can be inferred that although the usage of the Kazakh language language be inferred can the Kazakh the usage of that although It (2010). Kazakhization Kazakhstan Is Moving Slowly But Relentlessly But Slowly Moving Is Kazakhstan Kazakhization Kenzhaly Esbergen, Esbergen, Kenzhaly [ Kaiser, 61 claim that one does not need to learn Kazakh in order to live in to live order in learn Kazakh not need to that one does claim 67 Id. Id. See See 64 . Russian civil rights movement advocating state status for the Russian language . Matuszkiewicz, . Bissenova, . . Respublike v iazykami i vladenie veroispovedanie sostav, Natsionalnyi . . Matuszkiewicz, . . Fluency in the Kazakh language among ethnic Russians and other ethnic ethnic other and Russians ethnic among language Kazakh in the Fluency According to According the latest populati 64 65 66 67 68 69 61 62 63 AZAKHSTAN URKHANOV FORMATTED Kazakhstan Slavic Movement: If Introduced Dual Citizenship in Kazakhstan, It Would It Would Kazakhstan, in Citizenship Dual Introduced If Movement: Slavic Kazakhstan M K barriers to studying Kazakh. barriers to studying Kazakh. the state promotion Kazakh of the perceive They treatmentas unfair language to the Ru Russians, the psychological factor is probabl factor psychological the Russians, the wider use of the Kazakh the wider use of the languageKazakh and to the appeal European nationalist citizenship tradition, which requires one to a the language to become know citizen. 95.4% of Kazakhs “can read freely” in Kazakh, including 94.7% of urban including in 94.7% of urban Kazakh, freely” “can read 95.4% of Kazakhs Neotstupno in Kazakhstan. autonomy Russian a and Kazahstan: Itogi Natsionalnoiperepisi naseleniia 2009 goda [National Composition, of Results Kazakhstan: of Republic in the Proficiency Language and Affiliation Religious A 2009], of Census Population National the (Nov. 25, 2010),http://rus.azattyq.org/a/kazakh_language/ groups also remains rather limited. remains groups also is expanding, it is not the resu is expanding, LAD, K B 2017 Policy Identity-Building National Kazakhstan’s and other minorities and a massive influx of ethnic Kazakhs from rural areas rural from of ethnic influx and a massive Kazakhs minorities and other into cities. Some have even appealed even have Some status of the to grant Russian the government to the second state language. the de facto state language and see it and see facto state language the de culture. and disrespect for Kazakh mentality criticize the government for not being criticize the government of Kazakhstan was 16.0 million people. million 16.0 was of Kazakhstan [https://perma.cc/6BY3-CG57]. Kazakhstan because all the information and services are available in Russian in Russian available are and services information all the because Kazakhstan fluently. speak Russian and all Kazakhs furthermore, The leaders, LAD as a la serve cannot Kazakh argued that and education, since Kazakh, hi since Kazakh, and education, culture and civilization; rather, it was just the language of nomadic folklore rather, nomadic culture and civilization; just the language of it was and epics. poetry Esli by v Kazahstane Vveli Dvoinoe Grazhdanstvo, Eto by Pridalo Mnogim Uverennosti Mnogim Pridalo by Eto Grazhdanstvo, Dvoinoe Vveli Kazahstane v by Esli [ Givea Lotof Confidence perma.cc/7B3P-4TDK]. comprised a clear majority of with 63.1% a clear majority comprised represent 23.7%. 3.794 million, C Y 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 9 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 A 07/06/2017 9 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 9 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 M K C Y , 61 , 61 ] IDAR instead instead The Spiritual, Spiritual, The , Kazakh for for , Kazakh Borovoe Heart of a Dog of Heart [ Qyzyltu The fluency oflevel fluency The Among other ethnic other ethnic Among . (2014). 42, 44 etc.). Sometimes, the Sometimes, etc.). 14 (2012). 71 72 75 LAN P , Kazakh for “freedom,”, Kazakh or th an ideologically charged charged th an ideologically ent in diametrically opposite ent in diametrically etc.). such as Major objects, note 76. note modification of the previously of the previously modification Il’ich, 78 Sobach’e Serdtse Serdtse Sobach’e AZAKHSTAN 74 , Azattyq K ANGUAGE tion of a historical Kazakh names or names tion of a historical Kazakh supra supra Among Russians, only 8.8% claimed claimed 8.8% only Russians, Among , renamings. The changes followed the the The changes followed renamings. 70 .&L Kazakh figures of the past (for example, figures of the past (for example, Kazakh ROBS P Tselinograd ASSYMOVA ICTIONARY OF Cornell International Law Journal Law International Cornell 50 Vol. , D Rayimbek Batyr, Rayimbek centers, and mountains were usually renamed in renamed usually were mountains and centers, 77 ANGUAGE Leninsk ), or just naming objects wi ), or just naming ISTORICAL , 38 , 38 L 65, 70 (2012). 65, 70 note 76, at 221. 76, at note (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM Tole Bi, Tole ., H 76 supra supra Burabay , Kazakh for “independence”) or to the names of prominent of prominent names or to the “independence”) for , Kazakh , at 258. at 259. at RIENTALIS 73 Id. Id. Id. Id. O . Lenin’s patronymic. Ireneusz Szarycz & Kanada Waterloo, . considered was and Khanate Kazakh the of ruler a was (1711–1781) Khan Abylai . the of authors the of one considered legist, Kazakh a was (1663–1756) Bi Tole . who commander military and warrior Kazakh a was (1705–1785) Batyr Raiymbek . . . . . City,” Land “Virgin for Russian and 1961–1992 from referring Astana of Name Another visible and very sensitive area for revengeful policies sensitive area for revengeful and very was the Another visible 75 76 77 78 70 71 72 73 74 ASSYMOVA ET AL ET ASSYMOVA ASSYMOVA LAVIA LAVIA URKHANOV FORMATTED Täuelsizdik directions and resulted in numerous directions and resulted in numerous logic: the imposi although inverse, same, assigning places a new “ideologically”a new assigning places to the either referring charged name, they are able to read Kazakh. The ability to read in Kazakh fluctuated in to read The ability Kazakh able to read are they Kazakh. to downwards Uyghurs among 70.5% and Uzbeks among 74.2% between Ukrainians7.2% among Koreans. 10.5% among and historical and sometimes imaginary imaginary historical and sometimes Khan, Abylai new, post-1991 Kazakhstan (for example, (for example, Kazakhstan post-1991 new, ideologically (for example, was Kazakh charged name ‘red flag’). things w After the independence, a talentedorganizer prominent and commander military in modern Kazakhstan. D K system. legal traditional Kazakh played a major role inliberating the Kazakhs from the Dzhungar invasion of 18th century. K reading Russian was 83.5% among Kazakhs, including 89.7% of urban of urban 89.7% including Kazakhs, among 83.5% Russian was reading areas. in rural living Kazakhs and 77.4% Kazakhs Cultural and Political in Mikhail Bulgakov’s Tale Tale Bulgakov’s in Mikhail Political and Cultural K S Kazakhs and 96.2% of rural Kazakhs. of rural and 96.2% Kazakhs B 10 important cities, oblast important accordance with the decisions made at the highest level political of the the decisions with made accordance by (i.e. initiated or supported President Nazarbayev of hierarchy Kazakhstan toponymics of Kazakhstan. of Kazakhstan. toponymics in the Soviet Union, towns, Previously, in Russian named localities were usually geographical and other mountains, either Russianized included which manners, groups, excluding Kazakhs and Russians, the reading fluency in Russian in fluency the reading and Russians, Kazakhs groups, excluding and Germans, among 97.8% Ukrainians, among 98.0% numbers: scored high being 77.2% among recorded value the lowest with Koreans, 96.9% among Kyrgyz. to Khrushchev’s Virgin Lands campaign. Assel Akzhigitova & Sholpan Zharkynbekova, Zharkynbekova, Sholpan & Akzhigitova Assel campaign. Lands Virgin to Khrushchev’s Linguistic of Scene Another as Ergonyms of Case The Kazakhstan: in Planning Language of Astana Landscape name (for example, (for example, name of Kazakh of Kazakh existing Kazakh name of a place (for example, Russianized Russianized (for example, of a place name existing Kazakh 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 9 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 B 07/06/2017 9 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 10 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 . , 83 11 ENT Some Some [ , 2 C $=$Ԕ67$1 approved by approved Ԕ They consider They 85 GEMEN GEMEN ], E When Will Qyzylzhar Be Qyzylzhar Be Will When , Nov. 11, 2005 (Kaz.); 2005 11, , Nov. [ importance were usually were usually importance TAN Thus, the conflict gradually Thus, the conflict gradually in Kazakhstan in is that it Kazakhstan may Southern Onomastics: How Is the the Is How Onomastics: Southern licies reveals several different [ 84 $=$Ԕ6 ng to (and vice versa, the sense the sense versa, vice to (and ng Ԕ er, gradually coming on the heels heels on the coming er, gradually commissions,” usually existing at existing usually commissions,” two-generations of the Kazakhs two-generations of the Kazakhs uding the ruling group, is group, uding the ruling already note 74,53. at eshik? Whereas Kazakh-speaking Kazakhs Kazakhs Kazakh-speaking Whereas 2016-06-17/perestroika-nazarbayev-way- , June 17, 2016, at 39–40 n.17, https:// GEMEN GEMEN 81 Ontüstik onomastikasy: Qyzylorda, Ontüstik Ontüstik Qyzylorda, onomastikasy: Ontüstik . J.(2014);21 16, State Ethnic Burkhanov, Aziz supra and acting on a more or less independent less independent or on a more and acting IEW Perestroika—The Nazarbayevand Crisis Way: ], E ], CI V .S These renamings demonstrate the compensatory compensatory the demonstrate renamings These OL .D]DTVWDQGD÷\.HLELU2QRPDVWLNDO\T0lVHOHOHU barrier between town and country. and town barrier between The Notion of “Kazakhness” Notion The Nation- Symbolic the Behind 82 OINT OF OF OINT Objects of somewhat lesser lesser of somewhat Objects , Sept. 26, 1998 26, , Sept. (Kaz.). Language Use and Language Policy in Central Asia in Central Policy Language and Use Language . 1, 3 (2010). ,P 79 Qyzylzhar Qashan Qazaqshalanady? Qashan Qyzylzhar EV , 9 CEU P LASH R from) a state. from) A (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM ATA ATA , Markhabat Baigut, Baigut, , Markhabat HAS D ], Z ], Aleksandra Jarosiewicz, Pravila po Vedeniju Porjadka Prisvoenija Naimenovanij i Pereimenovanija Pereimenovanija i Naimenovanij Prisvoenija Porjadka Vedeniju po Pravila Narek Mkrtchyan, Narek Nevertheless, it is safe to assume that in the political framework of framework political the in that to assume Nevertheless, it is safe Id. See See See, e.g. EGIONAL EGIONAL 80 . al., et Aminov K. . . . See . . Akzhigitova & Zharkynbekova, . The public discourse regarding identity po identity discourse regarding The public Another dimension of the Another language problem dimension R 83 84 85 79 80 81 82 SIA URKHANOV FORMATTED M K Situation in Qyzylorda, Southern Kazakhstan, Zhambyl Oblasts? Zhambyl Kazakhstan, Southern Qyzylorda, in Situation transforms into the conflict between two different generations of Kazakhs, as different generations into the conflict two transforms of Kazakhs, between of a as a manifestation well understandings and perceptions. and understandings newspapers general, Kazakh-language In Versus Kazakhstan: State in Discourse Civic-Nation National Identity Kazakh and in and “vengeful” process in of nation-building Kazakhstan. modern type These Problems of Kazakhstan Onomastics of Kazakhstan Problems Building of Kazakhstan of Building 4D]DTVWDQ=KDPE\O2EO\VWDU\QGD=KD÷GDL1 A tend to emphasize the exclusive “Kazakhness” of the state. “Kazakhness” the exclusive tend to emphasize Russian Media of Kazakhstan 160 Kazakhstan of Media Russian (2013)Ph.D. (unpublished Indiana dissertation, Gul’zat Nurmoldaqyzy, Nurmoldaqyzy, Gul’zat Kazakhified? crisis-and-reforms-kazakhstan [https://perma.cc/DF6W-FRBD]. B 2017 Policy Identity-Building National Kazakhstan’s or cabinet members). or cabinet approved these renamingsapproved of as a form and for imbalances the compensation times. Soviet abuses of the July 25, 2008 (Kaz.);2008 25, July Yergali, S. Kazakhstan, these commissions would honor any requests and wishes coming coming wishes requests and honor any would these commissions Kazakhstan, higher levels of hierarchy. the power from Russians and for Obviously, localities renaming of geographical the massive Kazakhs, Russian-speaking The younger generation of Kazakhs, howev of Kazakhs, generation The younger of their seniors, prefers their language. native renamed by “onomastic of local the efforts by renamed levels of government city oblast or basis. Sostavnyh Chastej Naselennogo Punkta, Trebovanija k Prisvoeniju Porjadkovyh Nomerov Nomerov Porjadkovyh Prisvoeniju k Trebovanija Punkta, Naselennogo Chastej Sostavnyh [Rules Sooruzhenijam i Zdanijam Order the of Uchastkam, Management Zemel’nym for of Renaming and the Naming for of Requirements the Settlement, the of Components the Reforms in Kazakhstan www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/point-view/ was a source of major discontent. of major was a source of being alienated cause further conflicts the between seemingly small matters—such as language use and toponyms—can and and toponyms—can and use language small matters—such as seemingly belongi of citizens’ sense impact do certainly Assignment of Assignment Facilities], and Buildings Land, of of Parcels Numbers Serial (Kaz.). 120-753 No. 15, 2013, May Astana, of Akimat the of Decree themselves. themselves. incl generation, older The but Kazakh, of the knowledge with acquainted Russian. to preference gives C Y 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 10 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 A 07/06/2017 10 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 10 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 M K C Y 92 86 ical, though ical, though though little has The Turkic and 89 87 . 52–54 31, (2011). 90 UR E political also discourse ure and history, and only and only history, ure and SSUES SSUES While the Kazakh-language While the Kazakh-language I certain stereotyp media in Kazakhstan operate operate Kazakhstan in media 93 gradually appeared in the official official in the appeared gradually bility means. means. bility other important Two INORITY INORITY diverse and polyethnic character. and polyethnic diverse government embarked upon at a certain a certain upon at embarked government &M (July 20, 2004), http://www.slate.com/articles/ 20, 2004), (July Russian question” and debates between debates between and Russian question” Dispatch from Dispatch Russian I? am Who Kazakhstan: us of the Russian language. language. us of the Russian Furthermore, LATE ,S Cornell International Law Journal Law International Cornell 50 Vol. edge about global cult global edge about nd for all other ethnic groups, nd for all other ethnic . 489, 495 (2000). , Russian-language newspapers tend to talk about about tend to talk newspapers , Russian-language In the same the it vein, In same is fair to that Russian- say THNOPOLITICS TUD S note 85,159. at note 85,74. at note 85,160. at 88 The Dilemma in the Nation-Building Process: TheThe Dilemma in the Nation-Building Kazakh or The Politics of Multiple Identities: Lineage and Ethnicity in in Ethnicity and Lineage Identities: Multiple of Politics The SIA Jessica Hayden, ,10J.E The third major attempt by Kazakhstan’s government to to government by Kazakhstan’s attempt third major The supra supra supra .-A (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM UR 91 The country’s Russian-speaking domestic Russian-speaking The country’s , 52 , 52 E at 158. at 162. at 94 Id. Id. Id. See generally . Burkhanov, . Schatz, Edward . Burkhanov, . . . . Özgecan Kesici, . Burkhanov, . The Kazakhstan government’s various efforts to promote a new sense of a new sense of efforts to promote various government’s The Kazakhstan 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 URKHANOV FORMATTED a “shared” notion of the state and its of the state notion a “shared” Eurasian identity concepts, which the Eurasian identity a the public, coldfairly point, met leading response from to its press emphasizes the “Kazakhness” of the state, the Russian-language press of the state, the Russian-language the “Kazakhness” press emphasizes in (kazakstandyktar “Kazakhstanis” term, inclusive tends to use a more ethnic in Russian),Kazakhstan’s to accommodate kazahstancy Kazakh; diversity. Kazakhstan Kazakhstani Nation? identity have met different reactions from the media. different reactions from have met identity Kazakh-speaking and Russian-speaking Kazakhs. Kazakhs. Russian-speaking and Kazakh-speaking Kazakh-language been done to elaborate what this responsi elaborate what to been done of are: “the the discourse elements University) (on file with author). with (on file University) Kazakhs as exclusive legitimate owners of the state since Kazakhstan is the the is Kazakhstan since of the state owners legitimate exclusive as Kazakhs groups other ethnic unlike and, a state; build can Kazakhs where place only the country,living in they do as any could claim they other place not have their homeland. contrast In B 12 abandonment. develop a civic-based sense of identity, the “Kazakhstani Nation” idea, has has Nation” idea, the “Kazakhstani of identity, sense a civic-based develop to succeed in the future. hostile the reactionmost met and is unlikely Instead, both Kazakh-Instead, Russian-language and terms. identity with the recorded ethnic-based Russian language discourse: Kazakhs started to be seen as bearing as bearing started to be seen Kazakhs discourse: language Russian for the state a responsibility Later, however, another important nuance nuance important another however, Later, language newspapers have also developed a also developed have language newspapers Kazakhs. depiction less elaborate, of Kazakh-speaking much portray They as coming from remote ruralthem areas, unfamiliar with modern knowl technologies, lacking past. heroes of the praising glorious Kazakh with concerned Identity in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan Post-Soviet in Identity newspapers have graduallynewspapers have begun describing of their vision or “our,” “good,” in these are but do not live Kazakhstan Russians who Russians. Usually and political dominance, political ambitions,accept Kazakh any demonstrate stat the non-state do not question these Russians or study Kazakh language and know Kazakh speak the traditions and history. 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 10 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 B 07/06/2017 10 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 11 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 13 The The This This 97 96 This disparity remains This disparity 98 of other ethnicities. entity, which ethnic groups all rinated the public. public. rinated the to Attempts te different perceptions of several te different perceptions of several he role of the “older brother”—as he role of the “older brother”—as preferred not to radical implement on national identity issues in both in both issues national identity on a, Turkic brotherhood, and civic and civic brotherhood, Turkic a, tendency to pretend implementation to pretend implementation tendency tity have demonstrated an important an important demonstrated have tity nd friendship as its “safe choice” for for its “safe choice” as nd friendship The developments and debates around around and debates developments The disconnected from these debates and and these debates disconnected from hnic identification much resemble the resemble much identification hnic t era. of Kazakhstan The government 95 edia’s discussion of national identity edia’s discussion of nationalissues identity ong the ethnic lines that exist in modern eotypical portrayals eotypical perception of the country. perception of the note 85, at 164. supra (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM at 160. at at 159. at Id. Id. Id. . Burkhanov, . . . The government of Kazakhstan seems to have chosen the Soviet notion notion Soviet chosen the have to seems of Kazakhstan The government Despite the active debate over ethnic problems, the mass media of the mass media ethnic problems, debate over Despite the active The iterations and social pushback against the Kazakhstan government’s government’s the Kazakhstan against social pushback The iterations and Another issue is the (post-)Soviet’s is the (post-)Soviet’s Another issue 95 96 97 98 URKHANOV FORMATTED M K identity politics, take where the identity Kazakhs t Sovie the Russians did during the one of Kazakhstan’s key identity and policy debates. and policy identity key one of Kazakhstan’s Conclusion a living in peace family” big of “one existing to overcome and models different with approaches experimented and polarizations al cleavages including society, Eurasi Kazakhstan’s nation.Kazakhstani however, The regime, discussion. conflict-charged potentially the aggravate or to changes As this discourse public the demonstrates, study issues such as the “state ownership,” identity, of national key the role and and Kazakh and Russian newspapers demonstra newspapers and Russian Kazakh analysis of the public discourse of the public analysis clearly in Kazakhstan identity national the on as a “nationalizing of Kazakhstan between visions antagonism demonstrates state of and a “multiethnic state of Kazakhstan.” Kazakhs” Kazakh-language the “Kazakhstani Nation” idea demonstrate how deep the Soviet nation- the Soviet how deep Nation” demonstrate idea the “Kazakhstani indoct have policies and practices building et on top of identity build a civic people.” “the Soviet project of creating infamous and it often of interethnic relations coverage balanced lacks Kazakhstan biased and ster demonstrates is due to both lack of professionalism and deliberate nationalist views. and deliberate nationalist of professionalism lack both is due to news_and_politics/dispatches/2004/07/dispatchfrom_kazakhstan.html [https://perma.cc/ news_and_politics/dispatches/2004/07/dispatchfrom_kazakhstan.html R8YW-KJBJ]. B 2017 Policy Identity-Building National Kazakhstan’s uses id of civic marker a as approaches such seem to accept to a greater degree. greater accept to a to seem place of non-Kazakh ethnic groups in modern Kazakhstan. in modern groups ethnic place of non-Kazakh of iden efforts to create a new sense constructivistin national identity-building. movement government, The newspapers tend to separate society into Kazakhs and non-Kazakhs, while while the into and non-Kazakhs, to separate society tend newspapers Kazakhs remains audience Russian-language a multiethnic focuses on presumably the most powerful societal agent, may face constraints against its may powerful societal agent, the most presumably building policies. identity The m reaction, or positive society’s can express and channel in Kazakhstan sense of identity. a new efforts to promote to the government’s negative, C Y 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 11 Side A 07/06/2017 10:17:34 A 07/06/2017 11 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 11 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 M K C Y The Soviet Soviet The and developing developing and 99 ng rid of ethnicity records in ID in ID records ethnicity ng rid of t People” never came into being, and into being, t People” came never al one, focused on integrating a diverse a diverse on integrating al one, focused d supra-national group group d supra-national of identity-building, Kazakhstan has not has not of identity-building, Kazakhstan Cornell International Law Journal Law International Cornell 50 Vol. note 28, at 310. at 28, note (5-23-17) 7/5/2017 3:28 PM supra , IMON .S 99 URKHANOV FORMATTED states, “on the one hand, the concept of Soviet people obscures the contours people obscures the contours hand, the concept of Soviet states, “on the one people; hand, on the other which are part of the Soviet of socialist nations, without socialist nations.” exist cannot people the Soviet nationalities policy was a controversi was nationalities policy multi-ethnic population into one soli population into multi-ethnic of actual political and cultural policies in Kazakhstan. In terms of nationality nationality of terms In Kazakhstan. policies in and cultural political of actual the non-privileged fact that the up to cover attempted the Soviets policy, B 14 people.” Soviet “the of creating project the infamous resembles Simon As local nationalities. local nationalities. “Soviet up with the came Brezhnev and Khrushchev stopped developing never they although concept, People” local nationalities. the “Sovie quite negative: The result was of the development traumatized and prevented the concept significantly nationalities. in local culture and language nationalities, such as non-Russians in the USSR, did not have real equality by equality real have did not USSR, in the such as non-Russians nationalities, rhetoric.using inclusive terms In developed a new identity policy and still relies on the Soviet approach. on the Soviet and still relies policy identity a new developed None identity-building comprehensive a new suggest actually projects policy of the getti mention them of none process and documents. on top of ethnic identification identity to build a civic Attempts 39262-cin_50-1 Sheet No. 11 Side B 07/06/2017 10:17:34 B 07/06/2017 11 Side Sheet No. 39262-cin_50-1