DOCSLIB.ORG

Survey on Agricultural and Rural Development Based on Population

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Survey on Agricultural and Rural Development Based on Population Assigned by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Survey on Agricultural and Rural Development based on Population Issues The Republic of Kazakhstan Focus on Almaty and Astana Oblast MARCH 2002 The Asian Population and Development Association Geographical position of Kazakhstan E"tva Ministry of Education and Science From Right Mr. Wada Takuya Dr. Nagizadeh Mohammad Mr. Kusumoto Osamu Dr. Ishida Norio Dr. Edil E. Ergozhin, Vice-minister, Ministry of Education and Science Kazkh State University of Agriculture Center Dr. Ispolov, Rector At Krasnoyarskoye LTD Center Mr. Alnabaev Abilkakim, president, conduct hearing survey Bakbakthi Private farm conduct hearing survey Wheat production field at Shortangi Private Farm at Karasai conduct hearing survey Foreword This report presents the results of the "Survey on Agricultural and Rural Development based on Population Issues", a project implemented in Republic of Kazakhstan by the Asian Population and Development Association (APDA) under the consignment from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery in 2001. The survey and compilation of the results were mainly carried out by the members of the APDA Survey Committee (Chairperson: Dr. Shigeto Kawano, Professor Emeritus, the University of Tokyo). This survey was conducted under the concept that "Japan's cooperation in the field of agriculture, forestry and fisheries positions contribution to stability of global food supply and demand as its important measure whose further promotion is expected. Meanwhile, in implementing international cooperation, strong demand for efficient and effective implementation and transparency exists for ODA in view of the country's difficult economic and financial condition in the recent years. For this purpose, a study of subjects such as problems related to assistance in the major target countries of this survey, grasping of assistance needs, agricultural and rural development and the relationship between assistance and agricultural produce trade is indispensable. The study therefore must be performed from the viewpoint of changes in agricultural/rural population and employment structure in the developing countries." The field survey in Kazakhstan was conducted with the guidance and cooperation of Dr. Edil Ergozhin, Vice Minister of Education and Science, Dr. Ispolov, Rector, Kazakh State University of Agriculture, Dr. Iskakov Ayup, Vice Rector for International Relations, Kazakh State University of Agriculture, Mr. Akira Tateyama, Charge'd Affairs The Embassy of Japan, Mr. Masyuki Hosaka, First Secretary, Mr. Fuminari Hashimoto, JICA Expert, and other cooperators. In Japan, guidance regarding the content of the survey and assistance for the arrangement of field survey were offered by the International Cooperation Division, General Food Policy Bureau, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and Division of Newly independent States, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In addition, Dr. Serik Alybayev, Counsellor and Mr. Anurbek Akhmetov, Third Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Japan had made all the arrangements for the field survey in Kazakhstan. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my deepest gratitude for their support. I sincerely hope that this report will contribute to the advancement of the rural community and agricultural development programme in the Republic of Kazakhstan and support effective assistance by the Japanese Government in this country. Lastly, I would like to note that this report has been complied under the sole responsibility of APDA and dose not necessary reflect the view or policies of the Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry and Fishery, or the Japanese Government. March 2002 Dr. Taro Nakayama, Chairman, The Asian Population and Development Association Contents Foreword 7 Chapter 1 Population and Agriculture in Kazakhstan 11 1. Agriculture 11 2. Population of Kazakhstan 19 3. Social Development Index in Kazakhstan 25 4. Ethnicity 26 Chapter 2 Economy and Agriculture of Kazakhstan 29 1. Historical Remarks 29 2. Straggling Agricultural Sector of Kazakhstan 36 3. Institutional and Policy Reforms in a Struggling Agricultural Sector 49 4. Evaluation of the Farm Reforms Policy 57 5. A brief Introduction to the Recent Agricultural Policies in Kazakhstan 59 Chapter 3 Outline of Animal Husbandry in Kazakhstan 61 1. Animal husbandry 61 2. Present Situation of Agriculture 64 3. Agricultural Policy of Kazakhstan 68 Chapter 4 Field Study Report 77 1. Targal District Cooperative 77 2. Limited responsibility cooperative in Rojdestbenka (TOO) 78 3. Joint stock company Kurasnoyarskoe 79 4. National Academic Centre for Agrarian Research 80 5. Private farm in Kokshetau 80 6. Private farm in Telmanskoye 81 7. Bakbakty District Limited Responsibility Cooperative 82 8. Private farm near Bakbakty 82 9. Breed Factory Almaty Farm 83 10. Private farm in Karadai 84 Chapter 5 State of Agriculture in Kazakhstan and Its Problems 87 1. Tasks related to agricultural technology 88 2. Tasks and Measures of Agricultural Development 90 3. Tasks Related to Institution 91 4. Tasks related to fostering of farmers 94 Chapter 6 Survey Member, Cooperator, Itinerary and Collected Material 99 1. Survey Committee 99 2. Cooperators 100 Survey Schedule 103 Collected Materials 107 Chapter 1 Population and Agriculture in Kazakhstan 1. Agriculture (1) Importance of agriculture in Kazakhstan As widely known, Central Asia where Kazakhstan is located is a region where nomadic culture had been dominant. The region is believed to have been extremely suited for practicing nomadism from the viewpoint of ecosystem formed by relatively high latitudes and low precipitation. Large-scale agriculture was introduced to this region as a result of specialisation of production being implemented among the countries of the former Soviet Union, and Kazakhstan being positioned as the grain production base. Having been incorporated into the Soviet Union as a republic, "reclamation of virgin land" from the rim of the northern blackland to the Kazakh steppe where cultivation had not been performed was carried out as a policy from the 1950s to the 1960s by mobilizing a large number of Soviet nationals. Having initially attained a large production increase for grains including wheat, Kazakhstan held an important position as the breadbasket of the Soviet Union. A large number of Russians and other Slav people settled in Kazakhstan after the mobilisation and changed the ethnic makeup as non-Kazakh population started to outnumber the Kazakhs. However, many of the former are compelled to migrate again after the independence. The region where this "reclamation of virgin land" took place was not necessarily suited for cultivation but maintained its production through the input of large agricultural machinery and agricultural inputs based on policy. The Central Asian countries of the former Soviet Union including Kazakhstan are known for having extremely low population density per unit area. However, such sparse population does not signify existence of any leeway because population carrying capacity of arid and semi-arid regions in Central Asia are markedly lower compared to that in Southeast Asia. Agriculture in Kazakhstan may be standing on the verge of downfall at present. Planted acreage of grains in Kazakhstan, the former food supply base for the CIS countries, has — 11 — declined dramatically from 188.77 million hectares in 1995 to 111.39 million hectares in 1999. This means that production has dropped by nearly half in only 5 years (Table 1-1). Table 1-1 The main indices of Agriculture 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Gross agricultural output. at current prices (in farms of all types) bin. Tenge 191.6 270.6 297 246.6 329.6. growth. % 75.6 95 99.2 81.1 128.9 of which: plant-growing 107.3 169 168.1 105.2 181.3 animal husbandry 84.3 101.6 128.9 141.4 148.3 Total sown areas. thsd. Ha 28679 25644.1 21843.7 18610.4 15285.3 of which: Grains 18877.7 17187.6 15651.4 13526.7 11392.5 forage crops 8788.7 7526 5445.6 4294.1 3050.8 Vegetables 76.1 79.8 87.1 96.5 96.1 Production of main types of agricultural products: meat (slaughter weight). thsd. Tons 985 854.5 717.6 641.5 626.1 milk. thsd. Tons 4619.1 3627.1 3334.5 3394.3 3507.8 eggs. min. Pieces 1840.8 1262.4 1265.8 1388.4 1516.6 wool (physical weight. thsd. tons) 58.3 42.2 34.6 25.2 21.4 caracul. thsd. Pieces 1145.2 1033.4 361.2 214.3 192.9 grain. thsd. Tons 9505 11237.3 12378 6395.5 14264.3 raw cotton. thsd. Tons 223 182.8 197.8 161.6 249.4 sugar beet. thsd. Tons 371 340.7 127.9 224.9 293.9 sunflower. thsd. Tons 98.7 64.3 54.5 83.2 104.3 potatoes. thsd. Tons 1720 1656.5 1472.2 1262.8 1694.7 vegetables. thsd. Tons 780 778 880 1079 1287.1 Number of livestock and poultry: cattle. thsd. Tleads 6859.9 5424.6 4307.1 3957.9 3936.6 poultry (min. heads) 32.7 20.8 16 16.9 17.2 Source: Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan The very system that had supported the agriculture of Kazakhstan has been destroyed and left to crumble in the process of transition since the independence of Kazakhstan, from planned economy to market economy. In this country where cultivation has traditionally not been practiced, agriculture meant mechanised agriculture using large machinery and other options would not come to the minds of the farmers. Lack of historical tradition and a practical reason of using large machinery to perform farm work such as sowing and harvest all at once during the short frost-free period being the only way to harvest exist at the backdrop. In countries of the extreme opposite condition such as Malaysia where impact of climate is minimum, timing of planting and harvest can be changed at one's discretion and large farm machineries can be rented instead of having to own them.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Food and Identity in Central Asia Halle (Saale) 2017
    CASCACENTRE FOR ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CENTRAL ASIA II [Ed. Aida Aaly Alymbaeva] FOOD AND IDENTITY IN CENTRAL ASIA HALLE (SAALE) 2017 MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY DEPartment ‘IntegraTION AND CONFLICt’ FIELD NOTES AND RESEARCH PROJECTS XIX MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMent ‘IntegraTION AND CONFLICT’ FIELD NOTES AND RESEARCH PROJECTS XIX CASCA – Centre for Anthropological Studies on Central Asia II: Food and Identity in Central Asia http://www.eth.mpg.de/pubs/series_fieldnotes/vol0019.html Published by Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle (Saale) P. O. Box 11 03 51 D - 06017 Halle /Saale (Germany) Phone +49 (0) 345 2927 0 http://www.eth.mpg.de ISSN 2193-987X Editor: Aida Aaly Alymbaeva I Series Editor: Günther Schlee Assisted by: Viktoria Zeng and Robert Dobslaw Cover Photo: How to eat tandyr samsa (Osh City, Kyrgyzstan), 2015 © Baktygul Karimova (U. Abdrashitov) Printed 2017 by Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle (Saale) © 2017 Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology TaBLE OF CONTENTS Series Editor’s Preface (Günther Schlee) .................................................... iv Foreword (Bettina Mann) ............................................................................ v Introduction (Aida Aaly Alymbaeva) ......................................................... vii MINORITIES’ CUISINE AND DIFFERENTIATING PROCESSES IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS Internationalism on the Table: Dining Ethnicity in One’s Homeland Kazakhstan (Rita Sanders) ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rediscovering the Virgin Lands: Agricultural Investment and Rural Livelihoods in a Eurasian Frontier Area
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Petrick, Martin; Wandel, Jürgen; Karsten, Katharina Article — Accepted Manuscript (Postprint) Rediscovering the Virgin Lands: Agricultural investment and rural livelihoods in a Eurasian frontier area World Development Provided in Cooperation with: Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale) Suggested Citation: Petrick, Martin; Wandel, Jürgen; Karsten, Katharina (2013) : Rediscovering the Virgin Lands: Agricultural investment and rural livelihoods in a Eurasian frontier area, World Development, ISSN 0305-750X, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 43, pp. 164-179, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.09.015 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/150012 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontier Politics and Sino-Soviet Relations: a Study of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Sheng Mao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Mao, Sheng, "Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2459. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Abstract This is an ethnopolitical and diplomatic study of the Three Districts, or the former East Turkestan Republic, in China’s northwest frontier in the 1950s and 1960s. It describes how this Muslim borderland between Central Asia and China became today’s Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture under the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Three Districts had been in the Soviet sphere of influence since the 1930s and remained so even after the Chinese Communist takeover in October 1949. After the Sino- Soviet split in the late 1950s, Beijing transformed a fragile suzerainty into full sovereignty over this region: the transitional population in Xinjiang was demarcated, border defenses were established, and Soviet consulates were forced to withdraw. As a result, the Three Districts changed from a Soviet frontier to a Chinese one, and Xinjiang’s outward focus moved from Soviet Central Asia to China proper. The largely peaceful integration of Xinjiang into PRC China stands in stark contrast to what occurred in Outer Mongolia and Tibet.
    [Show full text]
  • Monuments and Memory in the Landscapes of Kazakhstan
    MONUMENTS AND MEMORY IN THE LANDSCAPES OF KAZAKHSTAN By Robert Kopack A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Geography – Master of Science 2013 ABSTRACT MONUMENTS AND MEMORY IN THE LANDSCAPES OF KAZAKHSTAN By Robert Kopack In the context of totalitarian regimes and their aftermaths, memorial landscapes are highly contested spaces in which newly emerging governments are quite active in framing and reframing the past as well as mapping a course for the future. Unsurprisingly, statuary and other overtly ideological materials are immediate targets. An abundance of scholarly literature has investigated memory, memorialization, and commemoration as state processes inherently complicated and problematized by greater public involvement. Far less time has been given however, to investigating the contrasting ways a state condemns or esteems the previous regime and for what reasons. Expanding these themes, Kazakhstan presents an ideal case study. Through an examination of archival materials, sixteen months of fieldwork, structured and unstructured interviews, media analysis, and governmental publications—this thesis uses discourse analysis to show the multiple agendas, conflicts, and negotiations that characterize the process of remembering the past and refashioning national identity in Kazakhstan. In this I examine three cities and how the legacies of the Soviet Union are selectively employed by the state to meet specific aims. First, underscoring a lack of uniformity in how the Soviet period is managed at the state level, this thesis investigates more broadly the kinds of currency that the Soviet period affords to Kazakhstan in different contexts. The three cities highlighted in this thesis were chosen to demonstrate the distinct ways that the legacies of the Soviet Union are employed in Kazakhstan in order to advance social, political, and economic agendas.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia, August 2002
    Description of document: US Department of State Self Study Guide for Central Asia, August 2002 Requested date: 11-March-2007 Released date: 25-Mar-2010 Posted date: 19-April-2010 Source of document: Freedom of Information Act Office of Information Programs and Services A/GIS/IPS/RL U. S. Department of State Washington, D. C. 20522-8100 Fax: 202-261-8579 Note: This is one of a series of self-study guides for a country or area, prepared for the use of USAID staff assigned to temporary duty in those countries. The guides are designed to allow individuals to familiarize themselves with the country or area in which they will be posted. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question.
    [Show full text]
  • ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement No. 1/2021 561 HISTORY of POLE
    ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement no. 1/2021 HISTORY OF POLE DIASPORA (ХІХ-ХХІ) Kanat A. YENSENOV1, Zhamilya M.-A. ASSYLBEKOVA2, Saule Z. MALIKOVA3,4, Krykbai M. ALDABERGENOV5, Bekmurat R. NAIMANBAYEV6 1Department of Source Studies, Historiography and Kazakhstan History, Institute of State History, Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of International Business, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 3North Kazakhstan State Regional Archive, Petropavlovsk, Republic of Kazakhstan 4Department of Kazakhstan History and Political – Social Sciences, M. Kozibayev North Kazakhstan State University, Petropavlovsk, Republic of Kazakhstan 5Department of Printing and Publishing, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan 6Department of History of Kazakhstan and Geography, Silkway International University, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan Abstract: This scientific research reports about destiny and history of Polish Diaspora in Kazakhstan. For example, it considers the start of Polish locating during the Russian Empire in the XIX century in the territory of Kazakhstan, the participation of the Polish nationality in the life of Kazakh people, the deportation of the Poles to Kazakhstan in 1936 in the period of the Soviet Union in the XX century, their location in the regions, difficulties in the history of the homeland, and the involvement in the development of the Republic Industry and virgin lands campaign. Moreover, the data are provided on the restoration of the Poles' rights in 1956 and their migrations to Poland were provided. In addition, the paper informs about the life of Polish Diaspora in Kazakhstan in the XXI century, their contributions for the development of the republic and the foundation and functioning of the “Kazakhstan Poles Union”, created in 1992, their political stability and interethnic accord with the people of Kazakhstan, population, location and activities of Polish originated people.
    [Show full text]
  • Reasons Behind Kazakhization and the Interested Parties
    Reasons behind kazakhization and the interested parties The following factors facilitate the process of kazakhization of the country's institutions of power. First, of course, the large outflow of Russian-speaking citizens from the republic. This is connected with the worsening socio-economic situation in the country as a whole and with this part of the population in particular. The Russian-speaking population is loosing or has already practically lost those positions it occupied during the Soviet period. It is no secret that in those years it occupied a rather privileged position, even in comparison with the native ethnic group. After Kazakhstan achieved independence, the opposite process began. The nonnative population began to experience psychological discomfort, which was augmented by economic difficulties. Members of the Russian-speaking population see their main way out in returning to their historical homeland, primarily Russia. There have been practically no active efforts to change their situation. The level of resistance to the negative processes of kazakhization is gradually declining. Another factor has been the increasing number of the indigenous nationality among those arriving from other states and becoming permanent residents. This process, however, has not always proceeded successfully, and the number of oralmans has gradually declined. This state of affairs is connected, most basically, with the inability of local authorities to provide normal living and work conditions for those who have been newly repatriated. It should be noted, however, that Kazakhs who have arrived from other [non CIS] countries naturally do not speak Russian. Their primary language of communication, therefore, is Kazakh. This fact is reflected in the role they play in society.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction
    1. INTRODUCTION “Unity! Stability! Creativity!”. This is the slogan of Nur Otan, the political party of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Republic of Kazakhstan’s first and only Sincepresident. 1991, Nazarbayev has sought to promote a sense of national unity. Yet - this report, published shortly after the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s inde pendence, finds that this unity has not been built on the state’s multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual past. Instead, we find that the unity which the state pursues excludes many groups, in particular those whose religion, ethnicity or political opinion challenges the vision promoted by Nazarbayev. - The 2011 Law on Religious Activity and Religious Associations explicitly- emphasises the centrality of Hanafi Islam and Russian Orthodoxy to Ka zakhstani culture and imposes onerous registration requirements, indirect ly discriminating against minority religious groups. The unofficial policy of “Kazakhisation” – the promotion of the Kazakhstani national identity and- the history, language and culture of ethnic Kazakhs as one and the same – and its application to language policy in particular creates barriers for eth nic minorities in accessing public services, public employment and public education. Through both legal and extra-legal means, the state has denied basisor limited of political the rights opinion. to freedom from arbitrary detention and the freedoms of expression, assembly and association in ways which discriminate on the - The notion of national unity promoted by the state also leaves out women, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons (LGBT), persons with disa bilities and those living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Women experience discrimination in many areas of life: discriminatory labour and criminal laws remain in force, gender-based violence remains a significant problem and there is widespread gender inequality in then employment market.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic and Language Politics in the 1999 Kazakhstan Census
    DEMOGRAPHIC AND LANGUAGE POLITICS IN TH E 1999 KAZAKHSTAN CENSU S Bhavna Dave with Peter Sinnott Watson Institute, Brown University The National Council for Eurasian and East Europea n Research 910 17th Street, N .W . Suite 300 Washington, D .C. 20006 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Sponsoring Institution : Brown University Principal Investigator : Dominique Are l Council Contract Number : 815-01g Date : January 30, 200 2 Copyright Informatio n Scholars retain the copyright (in works they submit to NCEEER . However, NCEEER possesse s the right to duplicate and disseminate such products, in written and electronic form, as follows : (a) for its internal use; (b) to the U .S. Government for its internal use or for dissemination to officials o f foreign governments ; and (c) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Ac t or other law or policy of the U .S. government that grants the public access to documents held by th e U.S. government . Additionally, NCEEER has a royalty-free license to distribute and disseminate papers submitte d under the terms of its agreements to the general public, in furtherance of academic research , scholarship, and the advancement of general knowledge, on a non-profit basis . All paper s distributed or disseminated shall bear notice of copyright. Neither NCEEER, nor the U .S. Government, nor any recipient of a Contract product may use it for commercial sale . ' The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council fo r Eurasian and East European Research, Funds which were made available by the U .S .
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakh Cultural Orientation
    1 Map of Kazakhstan 2 _Toc240267777Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 COUNTRY PROFILE 6 INTRODUCTION 6 AREA 6 GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS AND FEATURES 7 NORTHERN STEPPES 7 SEMI-DESERTS AND DESERTS 7 THE CASPIAN DEPRESSION 7 MOUNTAINS OF THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST 8 CLIMATE 8 BODIES OF WATER 9 RIVERS 9 CASPIAN SEA 10 ARAL SEA 10 LAKE BALKHASH 11 MAJOR CITIES 11 ALMATY (ALMA-ATA) 11 ASTANA 12 SHYMKENT (CHIMKENT) 12 ATYRAU 12 HISTORY 13 ANCIENT HISTORY 13 THE MONGOLS 14 THE KAZAKHS 14 RUSSIAN EXPANSION 15 RUSSIAN ANNEXATION AND SETTLEMENT 16 EARLY SOVIET POLICY IN THE STEPPE 17 THE SOVIET ERA: POST-WORLD WAR II 17 THE DECLINE OF THE SOVIET UNION 18 INDEPENDENT KAZAKHSTAN 18 ECONOMY 20 INDUSTRY 20 AGRICULTURE 21 TRADE AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT 22 GOVERNMENT 22 MEDIA 23 ETHNIC GROUPS 24 LANGUAGES 25 CHAPTER 2 RELIGION 26 INTRODUCTION 26 FOLK RELIGION AND ISLAM 27 RELIGION AND THE STATE 29 RELIGION AND DAILY LIFE 30 RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS 31 3 ORAZAI (RAMADAN) 31 URAZA BAIRAM (EID AL-FIDR) 31 QURBAN AIT (EID AL-ADHA) 31 MOSQUE ETIQUETTE 32 CHAPTER 3 TRADITIONS 33 INTRODUCTION 33 TRIBAL AND CLAN IDENTITY 33 GENDER ROLES AND RELATIONS 34 TRADITIONAL ECONOMY 35 GREETINGS AND COMMUNICATION 36 HOSPITALITY AND GIFT-GIVING 37 EATING AND DRINKING HABITS 38 TEA AND BREAD 38 MEALS 38 CUISINE 40 DRESS CODES 41 SOCIAL EVENTS 42 WEDDINGS 42 FUNERALS 44 NON-RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS 45 PUBLIC HOLIDAYS 45 NAURYZ 45 DO’S AND DON’TS 47 CHAPTER 4 URBAN LIFE 48 INTRODUCTION 48 URBAN HOUSING 49 HEALTH CARE 50 TRANSPORTATION 50 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 52 RESTAURANTS AND DINING 53 MARKETPLACE 54 BEGGARS
    [Show full text]
  • The Reconstruction of the Past in the Process of Nation Building in Kazakhstan a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of So
    THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PAST IN THE PROCESS OF NATION BUILDING IN KAZAKHSTAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ALİ DENİZ USTA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN EURASIAN STUDIES SEPTEMBER 2007 Approval of the Graduate of Social Sciences ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Art. ________________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Oktay F. Tanrısever Head of the Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur (METU, HIST.) ____________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün (METU, SOC.) ____________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC.) ____________________ I hereby declare that all information in this dissertation has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : Ali Deniz Usta Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PAST IN THE PROCESS OF NATION BUILDING IN KAZAKHSTAN Ali Deniz Usta M.A., Eurasian Studies Supervisor: Assis. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün September 2007, 155 pages In this thesis, the purpose is to analyze the path that the nation building process in Kazakhstan has been following in the post-Soviet period through examining the various policies implemented and the official rhetoric and discourses stated by the Kazakh policymakers.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakh National Identity (1917-2017)
    Department of Political Science Chair of History of International Relations KAZAKH NATIONAL IDENTITY (1917-2017) Supervisor: Professor Maria Elena Cavallaro Candidate: Antonio Schiavano Student Reg n. 628902 Co-Supervisor: Professor Gregory Alegi A.Y 2017/2018 1 No, non ora, non qui Questa pingue e immane frana (Depressione Caspica-CCCP) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 The “Kazakh” Society ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 The Stolypin Reform ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 The 1916 Uprising ............................................................................................................................. 15 1.4 Soviet Nationality Policy .................................................................................................................. 20 1.5 NEP and Korenizatsyia ..................................................................................................................... 22 1.5.1 Korenizatsyia in Kazakhstan ...................................................................................................... 25 1.6
    [Show full text]