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Kazakhstan Russia Relations in Modern Era

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Kazakhstan Russia Relations in Modern Era Kazakhstan Russia Relations in Modern Era Marat Shibutov, Yuri Solozobov, Natalya Malyarchuk International Institute for Global Analyses © 2019 Vision & Global Trends - International Institute for Global Analyses © 2019 Marat Shibutov, Yuri Solozobov, Natalya Malyarchuk First Edition: January 2019 Analytical Dossier – N. 3/2019 www.vision-gt.eu 1 ABSTRACT The report reviews the current state of cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan. Various aspects of cooperation are analyzed - political, economic, military, media, cultural and others. It also lists the main problems in the relations between the two countries and a list of the factors that improve these relations. The report is intended to be used by political scientists, geographers, economists, country scientists, international relations scholars. LIST OF AUTHORS 1. Marat Shibutov – member of Almaty Social council, chairman of Supervisory Board, “Transparency Kazakhstan” Social council, Director of Science, Institute for Security Studies in Central Asia 2. Yuri Solozobov – international projects director, National strategy Institute 3. Natalya Malyarchuk – Senior Consultant, “Kesarev Consulting” LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AD - Air Defense CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization EAEU - Eurasian Union CU - Customs Union CFMZ - Common Free Market Zone EurAsEC - Eurasian Economic Community WTO - World Trade Organization IMF - International Monetary Fund XUAR - Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Media – Mass Communication media NGO - non-governmental organization USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USA - United States of America EDB - Eurasian Development Bank RAF - Russian Aerospace Forces USDP - United Social Democratic Party CPPK - Communist People’s Party of Kazakhstan CPRF - Communist Party of the Russian Federation MFA - Ministry of Foreign Affairs OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe UN - United Nations CC LCYU - Central Committee of the Lenin Communist Youth Union 2 RoK – the Republic of Kazakhstan EES - Eurasian Economic Commission IAC - Information and Analytical Centre ISIS - Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (organization outlawed in Russia) NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization University – institution of higher education NSU - Novosibirsk State University KazNU - Kazakh National University JSC - joint stock company OJSC - open joint stock company MC - merged company 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Interrelation legal framework .................................................................................................. 6 2. How bilateral relations being deemed by each party? ........................................................... 7 2.1. Investigation method of thought of Turkestan as a region and Kazakhstan in particular .................................................................................................................................... 8 3. What does the sociology say? .................................................................................................. 15 3.1. Attitude of Kazakhstanis towards Russia ...................................................................... 15 3.2. Attitude of Russians towards Kazakhstan ..................................................................... 15 4. Political relations ..................................................................................................................... 17 4.1. Relations on bilateral basis .............................................................................................. 17 4.2. Relations within integration associations ....................................................................... 18 5. Diplomatic relations ................................................................................................................ 19 6. Economic relations .................................................................................................................. 23 6.1. Commercial business of legal bodies ............................................................................... 23 6.2. Investments ....................................................................................................................... 27 6.3. Joint venture companies .................................................................................................. 31 6.4. Private customers’ cross-boundary operations ............................................................. 32 6.5. Commercial business of private customers and selling rate ......................................... 36 6.6. Tourism ............................................................................................................................. 39 6.7. Joint infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 39 7. Military relations ..................................................................................................................... 40 7.1. Military cooperation ......................................................................................................... 40 7.2. Russian-owned military objectives in Kazakhstan ........................................................ 41 7.3. AD general system ............................................................................................................ 41 7.4. Ammunition purchase ...................................................................................................... 42 8. Media relations ........................................................................................................................ 47 9. Cultural and social mutual relations ..................................................................................... 50 9.1. Language and culture ....................................................................................................... 50 9.2. Education ........................................................................................................................... 51 9.3. Ethnic contacts .................................................................................................................. 55 9.4. Migration ........................................................................................................................... 56 10. Inter-elite relations ................................................................................................................ 60 11. What contributes to the Kazakhstan-Russia relations? ..................................................... 62 12. What bars the Kazakhstan-Russia relations? ..................................................................... 63 Abstracts ....................................................................................................................................... 64 4 Introduction Kazakhstan and Russia are the largest geographically and economically CIS countries. However, little attention has been paid to their bilateral cooperation over the past few years in the sciences society — either narrow questions are explored or everything is left to the media and politicians. As a result, in the description of Kazakh-Russian relations, uninformative official rhetoric prevails or emotional newspaper articles and television programs prevail. The analysis of mutual relations in the public field has not been performed on a practical level. Given report is an attempt to summarize the systematic studies conducted by a group of authors over the past few years, to present the public with a fundamentally new and as complete as possible picture of Kazakhstan-Russia relations. Therefore, this report provides statistical indicators that are usually not found in open publications. As part of preparation, we had to use various sources of statistics - Kazakhstan, Russia, and the Eurasian Economic Commission, which of course complicates the picture, but allows us to see the difference in methodology. The authors hope that this report will be in demand both for researchers in international relations and for decision makers. 5 1. Interrelation legal framework Currently, there is the following legal framework for the main cooperation treaties between Kazakhstan and Russia: 1. Treaty between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation on joint efforts to protect the external borders of 19931. 2. Treaty between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation on Kazakhstan-Russia state boundary of 20052. 3. Treaty between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation on Neighbourhood and Alliance in the XXI Century of 20133. 4. Treaty between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation on military-technical cooperation of 2015 4. 5. The program of long-term economic cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Russian Federation (until 2020) As can be seen, the scope of the legal framework covers all major areas of interaction and is at the highest level — treaties, rather than agreements and other formats, are used. The total legal base of Kazakhstan-Russian relations consist more than 240 documents5. But besides this, there are also agreements within the framework of the CIS, CSTO, EAEU, CU and CFMZ, which also affect Kazakhstan-Russian relations. 1 Treaty between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation
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