Studio/News Room Automation-An update

Mr Arnaud Elnecave Managing Director, Dalet

VII-1 Studio/News Room Automation-An update

Journalists in the drivers seat bandwidths have reached performance levels A second generation of newsroom computer and cost points that make it economic for systems appeared in the mid-1990s to address broadcast quality media to go tapeless. Last year, that goal. With the introduction of its Electronic it became cheaper to store 25Mb/s video News Production System (ENPS), the material on computer hard drives than on video Associated Press achieved a tour de force by tapes. The advent of tapeless electronic news successfully defining and imposing a new gathering (ENG) based on Grass Valley Infinity, protocol — Media Object Server (MOS) — as a Panasonic P2 and Sony XDCAM is further standard communication mechanism. Systems accelerating this move to filebased such as Avid iNews and Dalet OpenMedia environments. Gigabit Ethernet networks now followed suit. The industry took advantage of offer the bandwidth required to migrate digital MOS to achieve dynamic communications video from SDI streams to TCP/IP packets. between newsroom computer systems and news production systems. Although each system remained a proprietary island, both could The Workflow Engine of exchange basic data through MOS messaging. Tapeless Facilities Improved communications resulted in a As tapes disappear and files become the rule, breakthrough, which in turn allowed for the broadcasters have the unique opportunity to partial reengineering of news production. redefine their production workflows. The legacy In addition to user rights management, divide of news production — with scripts and newsroom computer systems became more rundowns on one side and tapes on the other — sophisticated. They permitted system has been broken. The thirdgeneration administrators to define sophisticated workflows newsroom enables the whole workflow, involving item status management, instant providing a platform to share scripts and notification and versioning. rundowns at various levels of completion, as well as of media clips and their associated metadata In the gallery, journalists and producers were (the electronic tape labels). allowed to drive things themselves. From the newsroom computer system, they could control Spain’s RTPA runs a trimedia TV/radio/Web and trigger third-party devices or equipment; operation, with TV scripts also used for the radio news. automation was partially commoditized. In addition to providing user management and Multichannel broadcasters started dreaming of workflow functionalities, these thirdgeneration “bi-media” operations in which a single newsroom computer systems (3G|NCS) allow newsroom platform could feed and control for more sophisticated metadata and media output to both radio and television transmitters. management. By doing so, these 3G|NCS make Then the Internet wave hit. Web sites became a it much easier to handle networked digital “must have” for all news organizations. For media; they automatically capture contextual technology vendors, open systems became the metadata collected during news gathering and rule and XML its lingua franca. Today, give system administrators the flexibility to tailor computing power, storage and network metadata schemas

VII-2 to fit the needs of their own organizations. In incoming feeds from any desktop, the ability to doing so, 3G|NCS make sure that editors can strip the audio of a radio story to produce a last- determine at any time who did what and why. minute piece for the TV newscast or to capture Finding relevant, accurate information has frames from a video package and convert these always been important to meeting editorial into still images for a Web site facilitate the standards. Properly labeled material and sources constant re-working of raw material and have become essential to maintain both speed constitute the basics of any tri-media, and accuracy in a very competitive multichannel newsroom. environment. In this multichannel, Shown here is the news gallery at Radiotelevisión del multiplatform world, separating the shelf life of Principado de Asturias (RTPA) in northern Spain. The content from its transmission date has become tapeless newsroom shoots with a Panasonic P2 and airs of strategic importance. It allows stations to with a DaletPlus News Suite. provide access to material that would otherwise be locked away in vaults. Each media channel — To do this, however, 3G newsrooms need to AM/FM, digital radio, SD and HD television, make media migration from one news Web sites and mobile services — has its own production system to another as seamless as constraints and formatting guidelines. But there possible. Such flawlessness requires integration is huge benefit in providing mutual access to raw that goes beyond the data exchange supported source material: the possibility to browse by the original MOS protocol. It implies that

VII-3 By merging such media asset management features with the core workflow engine found inside newsroom computer systems, 3G newsrooms are capable of much more than the day's news bulletin. They are the key to massive productivity gains. By merging media production and metadata intake into a single workflow, broadcasters can deploy a more cost- efficient news production model. Such a re- engineering of work processes can occur only through incremental change management. It must leverage on an open, scalable newsroom solution that combines the benefits of central media warehousing, integrated workflow, easy- to-use production tools, and automated broadcast and distribution. In doing so, broadcast organizations can convert news stories and clips into corporate assets that can be redistributed over more and more delivery platforms. More importantly, journalists can be empowered with the tools they platforms be open enough to allow for media need to do what they do best: delivering the most essence and associated metadata to migrate accurate news, faster than the competition. across the network, from system to system. It also means that wrapper and format conversions are automated in order to ensure that once content is found, it can be easily repurposed.

ABOUT THE SPEAKER A graduate from the prestigious French engineering university École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers, he started his career in the oil industry, in Venezuela. He then spent five years at l'Oréal in Paris where he was in charge of IT projects dedicated to supply chain management, before moving to operational marketing and sales manager. Arnaud joined Dalet in 2006, as Managing director for Asia Pacific.

VII-4 Automation and Newsroom Software

Mr Mike Powell VP International, RCS Inc

VII-5 Automation and Newsroom Software [and tools to compete in the Digital Era]

RCS was founded in 1979 by Dr. Andrew France, Germany, Sweden, Poland, Italy, Economos for the purposes of developing Czech Republic, Canada, Dubai, USA programming software for the radio industry. and Latin America. The Selector® music scheduling system is the RCS has been in India right from the beginning industry standard, and is used by more than 85% of commercial radio; our clients include the of radio stations worldwide. Selector helps country's largest radio operators. broadcast music programmers make their song rotations consistent and balanced. Based on programming strategies created by each station, The Heart of the Studio Selector provides an on-air play list complete with reports and analysis capabilities for any While the scheduler is the most important tool format and any size music library, small to large. for the music programmer, the automation or playout system is the most important tool for the Selector was the first of its kind and presenter in the studio. “Playout System” is revolutionized song management at thousands probably a better term because “Automation” of stations, and remains today the industry infers that it always automates – which is not so. standard and most popular radio software in the The vast majority of radio stations have a high world. proportion of live programming and while this is Specializing in audio software products, RCS happening, the Playout system provides what we continues to expand and develop products for call “Live Assist”. In other words, it provides the radio broadcast and television applications, as maximum degree of help to allow the presenter well as audio products for the Internet. to do their job while pushing a minimum RCS remains the ONLY broadcast software number of buttons! If a sequence can be company that is able to provide a total suite of automated (for example, an advertising break, software that covers all of radio's needs: station promotion, station identification jingle or production bit and into the next song) … then · SCHEDULING the Playout system can be configured to do this · PLAYOUT (AUTOMATION) with one key press. · LOGGING · MONITORING · COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC Playout/Automation Systems · NEWSROOM • RCS has two current playout systems – · NEW-MEDIA TOOLS NexGen Digital and Master Control SQL. • NexGen works in conjunction with our RCS maintains offices all over the world revolutionary scheduler, GSelector. India, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, • Master Control SQL works either with Thailand, China, Taiwan, Korea, New GSelector or Selector SQL. Zealand, Australia, South Africa, UK, • Most Indian commercial radio uses

VII-6 Selector/Master Control XV and is about to Note the big green arrow on the top right of this be upgraded to the new SQL version. picture. Anyone can learn how to use this system in a basic mode within 10 seconds. Quite simply, when you press that single green button, Master Control SQL whatever is meant to happen next, will happen next. And when the audio stops, that's your cue Because of a unique feature called the Living to speak – until the next time you choose to press Log,™ Master Control is the only automation the green button! system that is Selector-smart and communicates constantly with the music scheduler – Selector SQL. This means when you make a change, it Master Control Highlights automatically appears on the log and in the studio. • Living Log® integration with Selector, Master Control is used in over 100 countries LINKER and your traffic database keeps worldwide. Fully integrated with Selector music every workstation in sync with log changes. scheduling and LINKER promo scheduling, • Voice Tracking™ and Internet Voice Master Control is user-friendly and easy-to- Tracking™ give your group the flexibility of learn. So, your on-air staff can focus on their using talent from anywhere around the creativity, not operations. world and make them sound local.

VII-7 • Selector Smart Ripper® rips CD audio, and • Audio support for Master Control: Windows then analyzes the file to deliver rich song data PCM (.wav), Broadcast Wave (.bwf) MPEG 1 like title/artist, run time, tempo, texture and Layer 2 128-384Kbps. (44.1K, 48K), MP3 more. All automatically and directly into and WMA (decoding). your Selector database. • Hardware: Master Control runs on standard • Au t o - S ch e d u l i n g k n ow s wh e n a rack or desktop PC computers. Networking, programming schedule is about to run out backup solutions and manufacturer's and automatically generates more schedule hardware maintenance agreements are using the station's Selector Rules and available. Policies, to keep you on the air. • Precision Segue Editor™ maintains tight transitions and great segues. After Master Control? • Auto-Traffic Integration "grabs" the next Following the merger of RCS and Prophet day's spot log and integrates it into LINKER Systems, we quickly retired Prophet's MusicGen and Selector automatically. system in favour of the more widely used Selector. • MC Monitor™ keeps a real-time watchful eye on all your Master Control computers. It But it wasn't such an easy decision with can also report (within seconds) any automation/playout systems. Prophet's NexGen problems to RCS support and to you via system was in many hundreds of radio stations email, mobile text message and display and this robust system had many attributes that screen. were widely appreciated – particularly in America. On the other hand, the RCS Master • Background Recording captures records Control system integrated tightly with Selector network or external programming feeds to provide the “Living Log” feature and was based on a trigger by Time, Contact Closure, even more widely used around the world. or start of audio. What we needed for the future was to combine • Audio Editor offers native MPEG2 or linear the best of both systems and then add 21st editing with built-in time stretch and Century features that would provide a new squeeze. Plus, drag & drop support to your benchmark for radio stations around the world. favorite multi-track editor. So on November 16-17, 2006, a two-day design • Script Display shows live copy on demand “think tank” (“brainstorming session”) was held for the ultimate paperless studio. at RCS HQ in White Plains, New to discuss • Automatic Time and Temperature the future of automation. We literally locked announcements. ourselves in our large conference rooms; did • Launcher: This Automated Task Scheduler team-building exercises (including building handles daily chores such as data backup, model cars!); stuck notes all over the windows; audio distribution and numerous other discussed feature requirements and ultimately assigned tasks. pulled everything together to write a detailed project brief. • AFS - Audio File System stores shared audio on central server or locally on playback We also came up with a project name – and for machine. the next couple of years, our top secret 21st VII-8 century playout system was known internally as editing to actual on-air broadcast and story Project Bengal. archiving. This comprehensive, standalone Recently Bengal got to the stage where we newsroom software enables reporters to write needed its long-term name, and for this we newscasts, receive and revise wire copy and searched for something that would work in as digitally record, edit and playback audio. many languages as possible around the world. The result is ZETTA and this brand new automation/playout system will be launched Virtual Newsrooms this year at Broadcast Asia in June … with the With RCSnews as the backbone of your news first version being destined for China, and department, you can create custom Virtual worldwide launch some time later. Newsrooms for each of your writers, reporters and editors. You can also arrange filing systems, archives and organizational structure for Newsroom Systems optimal control. This increases workstation India remains one of the very few radio markets speed and story-creation productivity, thus in the world where commercial radio is not improving workplace efficiency. permitted to broadcast news. Without wishing to get involved in Indian politics – it is a matter for India, not a matter for a software vendor – I Scaleable from giant to tiny think most people believe this will change in the newsrooms not-too-distant future. Because all radio news departments have As a former journalist myself, I would have to different needs, RCSnews is completely applaud this because I know it will provide scaleable from large network news operations to wonderful new career opportunities for existing single station news "closets". RCSnews can be print journalists and those who will enter configured to adapt perfectly for any of these journalism directly through radio. environments: Unlike my own baptism in radio news, where we · Network news: Server-based system creating still wrote scripts on typewriters and edited tape and serving all newscasts simultaneously to with razor blades and sticky tape, the 21st affiliates as a typical network "one to many" century radio newsroom is highly computerised. scenario. Everything including audio editing, copy- · Peer-to-peer newsroom: Enterprise-wide writing, archiving, research, wire-ingest and deployment for sharing stories, audio and even reading from a tele-prompter, can all be complete reports among multiple stations, done using one piece of software, which we call, cities, regions, or countries. RCSnews. · The Outpost: stand-alone, single-operator system for one newsroom, one station or one Write Better News™ journalist. RCSnews™is a state-of-the-art radio newsroom Whether you're writing your own newscast for system, providing solutions for your entire news the top of the next hour, or editing/stacking operation from newscast gathering, writing and stories and audio for an upcoming broadcast,

VII-9 RCSnews is flexible enough to handle those · Time newscasts based on each reporters' extremes and everything in between reading speed

FEATURES Multiple Language Support News wires · Switch from English to any other language without re-starting · Keep updated with automatic news alerts on any subject as they happen · Run multiple languages from one newsroom simultaneously · Sort and customize wire stories dynamically for easy categorization · Enhanced Spell Check allows you to check just highlighted selections of copy and · Ingest RSS and FTP feeds choose from any loaded language dictionary · View newswires from all sources · Support for multiple-language data capture

News delivery methods Security · Deliver live news or insert recorded news · Restrict access with multiple security levels into any studio automation system for each user · Send completed newscasts to one or many Web Sites, all at once The Digital Future – Radio's Revolution Audio What about the future? In this difficult global · Record audio streams 24/7 economic climate, what tools can be integrated · Edit audio with the fully integrated single into your “traditional” software suite to take track audio editor, or use any third party advantage of new revenue streams? editor Right now, radio is changing all over the world and despite India's commercial radio industry Story management being young, it too will be swept up in the change. · Edit scripts or change story sequence during live broadcasts As the global economy falters, radio is being forced to look again at all the possible ways of · Playback directly from story screen decreasing cost and increasing efficiency – while · Change look and feel of the screens from understanding that programme quality is what reporter to reporter grows audience and advertising revenue. · Drag and drop columns into new positions. Radio the world over is looking again at what smart tools it can acquire to help it maximise traditional revenue and grow brand new Communication between systems revenue. · Send IMs (Instant Messages) to any user

VII-10 spreading radio out to multiple interactive digital platforms. • Radio should champion social networking because of its unique relationship with listeners. • Skyrock Radio in France is the third most visited website in the country and the 41st in the world (source: Alexa.com). It gets seven million unique users every day. • Advertising on mobile devices is one of the fastest growing new-media segments. Even based on existing technology, Ovum Research predicts text and ad spending on mobile phones will reach $1.3b by 2010 RCS has new technologies such as RadioShow which can provide synchronised graphics synchronised with the radio station's audio to virtually any digital platform that can be imagined, including mobile phones, digital billboards, music-only television channels, websites, DAB, DVB-H and any of the new digital radio standards. Using RadioShow, you can send content What's happening in radio at the moment is not (including artist pictures, CD cover art, an evolution, it is a revolution. advertisements, competitions) out from a single But is it a bloody revolution? In some places, it is. program to multiple digital platforms and the Traditional radio revenue is falling in many software will repurpose the content as the markets around the world and advertisers and platforms requires it. agencies are switching budget to online. Radio We also have a tool called iSelector – a tool that listening faces ever-growing competition from allows you to have many additional web-based multiple alternatives. radio streams where the user can teach the However, this revolution has a silver lining. system to play their own unique mix of music. Radio is the medium best-suited to spread its iSelector is already successfully used at Europe's brand to the internet and other digital platforms. largest radio group (Global Radio, formerly Radio is best-suited to turn radio listeners' ears GCap Media) for their London rock station, and eyes into revenue. XFM and their national classic music station, Classic FM. They are planning to roll this out to How do we do that? By utilising content-rich ALL their stations in the UK. interactive websites, social networking and

VII-11 Media Monitoring Conclusion RCS also provides radio stations with The global economic conditions may be bad at contemporaneous monitoring of rival radio the moment, and global economic conditions stations through its AirCheck service. Songs and affect what is happening locally and regionally. commercial content for the most popular However, radio has weathered competition stations in many of India's larger radio markets before and radio has weathered recessions can be accessed by subscribers within 24 hours before. Radio's unique position as a beloved of transmission so you can see the strength or “secondary medium” (a medium you can weakness of your station and competitors; see consume while you are doing something else) effect of special programming; see audience coupled with smart 21st century technology, will reaction to presenters; see audience reaction to make it more and more relevant into the future. individual songs – instantly, and over time. Objective information from AirCheck can even be imported directly into our GSelector scheduler so that your programming can be adjusted automatically to match the needs of your target audience, if you wish.

VII-12 ABOUT THE SPEAKER Mike Powell is a former British newspaper and radio journalist who hosted top-rated morning shows on several UK music radio stations before transitioning to station management. He was Program Director of County Sound (, UK) from 1984 to 1986 and then CEO from 1986 to 1991 - growing the group to eight radio stations. His innovations at County Sound included being the first UK radio station to use RCS Selector 24 hours a day and introducing the UK's first gold format radio station. Powell designed the programming for award-winning station, Fox FM (Oxford) - a joint venture with Capital Radio (London). After taking County Sound to a full UK stock market listing, he departed to form radio investment, research and management company, Infinity Radio, which set up Pirate FM () with Powell as launch CEO. Infinity then merged with UKRD Group where Mike became CEO - eventually building the group to well over 20 radio stations and associated companies. While running UKRD, Powell played a key role in launching 's Kiss 102 and served as launch CEO of Berkshire's Star FM, which was joint launch customer in the UK for RCS Master Control. In 1995, he launched the new County Sound Radio Network consisting of County Sound Radio, 96.4 The Eagle and Delta Radio. In 2001 Powell became Chairman of Infinity Media which then separated from UKRD to concentrate on digital platform technologies. In October 2002, he joined RCS as Vice President of its International division.

VII-13

Implications of Increasing Man Made Noise Floor Levels on Radio Broadcasting

Mr Charles W. Kelly Director of Sales, Nautel

Abstract In the last decade, noise floor levels have risen due increased urbanization, more stations in the AM & FM bands, and an increased number of high frequency devices in the home, workplace and car. This paper will examine available data about current noise levels, both theoretical and anecdotal, and describe possible efforts that broadcasters can make to maintain their coverage area.

VII-15 Implications of Increasing Man Made Noise Floor Levels on Radio Broadcasting

Introduction caused by thermal agitation of electrons, and is roughly linear with respect to frequency. Noise in the radio frequency bands has been Because atmospheric noise declines so with us since the beginning, as there are reports dramatically with frequency, thermal noise is the of Marconi complaining about ignition noise dominant natural noise source on the FM from early cars. While natural sources of noise, broadcast band. including atmospheric noise and cosmic noise, have remained relatively stable over the last century, man made noise has increased due to Man Made: Power Line Noise the proliferation of unintentional radiators such Power line noise often is caused by arcing across as microprocessor controlled devices, power line equipment. It declines in amplitude fluorescent lighting, RF lighting, dimmers, with frequency, and is typically more switch mode power supplies, remote control troublesome in rainy and windy conditions. It devices, and the like. affects AM and FM but is most often noticed on AM as the recognizable buzz is demodulated in an AM receiver more readily than on FM. Power

Noise Sources in the Radio line noise is carried and radiated by the high Environment tension lines compounding the problem. Radio noise comes from a variety of sources, both man made and natural, and the intensity Man Made: Light Dimmer Noise varies both on a time of day as well as a seasonal basis. Frequency distribution also depends on Light dimmers made for home use incorporate the noise type. thyristor devices which switch the AC line voltage with a very fast rise time. Unless effective Natural: Atmospheric Noise filtering is used, these fast rise times can cause Atmospheric noise is primarily caused by ringing which creates interference primarily in lightning, and as such, varies due to the the AM band. Again, the AC power distribution proximity to storms, and the time of the year. serves as the antenna for the noise. The noise amplitude caused declines roughly 50 Man Made: Microprocessor and High dB per frequency decade from 10 kHz to 10 Speed Digital Circuitry MHz. Atmospheric noise is the dominant natural noise source in the AM band. Huge advancements have been made in the Atmospheric noise is more problematic in the speeds of computers, while at the same time night time hours because distant lightning there has been significant growth in the number storms can propagate long distances via sky of microprocessors in so many other devices in wave. regular household use. Since these devices all include clocks ranging from a few kilohertz to Natural: Thermal Noise hundreds of megahertz, even when effective Thermal noise (aka Johnson–Nyquist noise) is a shielding and filtering are used, the cumulative

VII-16 effect of these devices raises the noise floor in the power companies have implemented technology home, office, and automotive environment. in which high frequency radio signals are carried The noise generated by high speed logic has on power lines. While US implementations of caused serious problems in AM and FM receiver this have been limited to roughly 1.7MHz to design as the controllers used for the display as 80MHz1 and would thus be limited to the well as decoding of digital radio modes create spectrum between the AM and FM bands, signals which are picked up by the adjacent internationally this is not always the case, and receiver front end circuitry, limiting the effective could be significant source of noise to radio sensitivity of the receiver. broadcasters.

Man Made: Touch Control Lamps Man Made: Co-channel or adjacent stations In the past few years, inexpensive lamps for the home which may be switched on an off, or The population of radio stations worldwide has through a range of brightness levels, by touching multiplied several times in the past 20 years on a capacitive plate have become available. These both AM & FM, as new services are authorized lamps generally contain a free-running oscillator by governing bodies. In the US, in just the last which changes frequency when the plate is decade, 2,000 more stations have gone on the air, touched. Unfortunately, these oscillators are also plus 831 LPFM's, plus 5,900 translators and rich in harmonics and can radiate a wide range boosters6. in frequency. Noise Distribution by Location Man Made: Broadband over Power Line Rural areas suffer the least with noise, and In an effort to bring high speed internet access increasing levels of development have a cost effectively to a wide geographic area, some correspondingly higher average noise level. For

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VII-17 FM Band Noise

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M -5 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 103 105 107 109 a F -10 Frequency (MHz) example, from a NTIA2 study in 1974, areas decade or more ago as methodology and test set defined as “business” showed about 4dB greater ups are difficult to duplicate accurately. An average noise, regardless of frequency, than did NTIA study in 2001 indicated that VHF man “residential” areas. Similarly, “residential” noise made noise had remained constant relative to levels averaged 6dB noisier than “rural” levels, measurements in business areas were essentially which in turn were 16dB noisier than “quiet unchanged and the residential noise levels had rural” areas. Thus, if it can be assumed that actually declined5. On the other hand, “quiet rural” areas were limited primarily by anecdotal information from listeners and atmospheric noise, the noise levels at the broadcasters alike attest to station coverage “business” areas was 26dB higher, and a result of being limited by increases in man made noise man made noise sources. levels. AM stations that were once routinely From values reported in an ITU study4, graphs audible at great distances can no longer be heard can be derived which depict average noise levels beyond their local coverage areas. in the AM and FM broadcast bands. Note that the NTIA and ITU studies identify These estimates do not include intentional man primarily unintentional radiators, as a result, the made noise, such as new stations. In addition, effect of the growth of AM and FM radio where the population is moving from rural areas stations would not be reflected in these studies. to residential or business environments, the noise Nearly a decade ago, the privatization of Radio level will increase accordingly. had yet to occur in India, and the author had the opportunity to run some unscientific Changes in Noise Levels within measurements of the AM and FM spectrum in the AM & FM Bands Over Time some of the major cities. Listening to the AM Several studies have been done with disparate bands was much like the spectrum looks, silence results in ambient noise levels today. It's from end to end, with just a few stations audible. challenging to compare measurements made a On FM, there was noise on the top half of the band, and just one or two stations. VII-18 Chennai AM

Chennai FM

New Delhi AM

VII-19 New Delhi FM

Mumbai AM

Mumbai FM

VII-20 The Effect on Coverage of which have terrain shielding. Increased Noise Levels - Look into translators which can provide targeted coverage in key areas Increased levels of noise have a very predictable effect on coverage areas. In the example below, we see the effect of a 16dB increase in the noise Conclusions floor on an FM station. In this example, the coverage area is reduced by 71%. The increase in urbanization, the proliferation of unintentional radiators of man made noise, and the increase of the number of AM and FM Possible Solutions for stations world wide is having an effect on the Broadcasters coverage areas of radio stations. Those stations which went on the air 10 years ago or more may Noise level increases are often gradual, and may be experiencing a reduced coverage area. not be noticed day to day. Radio broadcasters who are affected have a number of choices in dealing with the reduction in coverage, References depending on local regulatory conditions: 1. NTIA Report 04-413 “Potential Interference - Consider changes to the transmitter location, From Broadband Over Power Line (BPL) power and antenna gain, height and S y s t e m s To Fe d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t directivity to provide higher signal strength Radiocommunications At 1.7 - 80 MHz” 2004 over the areas most affected by increased noise. 2. Spaulding, A.D., and Disney, R.T. 1974. “Man Made Radio Noise, Part 1”. NTIA OT - Investigate boosters on the same frequency Report 74-38 to reach areas geographically separated or

VII-21 3. International Telecommunications Union Acknowledgements Recommendation ITU-R P 372-8, “Radio Noise” 2003 The author would like to thank the following individuals for their kind assistance with this 4. International Telecommunications Union paper: Recommendation ITU-R P 372-9, “Radio Noise” 2007 Tim Hardy, Nautel Limited, Hacketts Cove, NS Canada 5. Achatz, R. J., Dalke, R. A., NTIA Report 02- 390, “Man-Made Noise Power Measurements Ed Hare, American Radio Relay League, at VHF and UHF Frequencies” 2001 Newington, CT USA 6. Radioworld “Number of Licensed Radio Stations Grows” March 21, 2008

ABOUT THE SPEAKER Charles W.Kelly,Jr.,director of sales for Nautel,is a 35 Year veteran of Radio,Starting as a DJ at his college station at the University of llinois. He has held positions as News Director, Program Director and Chief Engineer at stations in llinois and Colorado.He was educated at the University of llinois ,llinois State University,Parkland College.Prior to joining Nautel in 2006,Mr.kelly Served as director of international Sales For Broadcast Electronics for 18 Years and as Sales manager of ITC/3M for 7 years.Mr. Kelly is a two term past president of the society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE),a professional society with over 5000 members in over 30 Countries.He currently serves the on the SBE International Committee.

VII-22