DOCSLIB.ORG

Proquest Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proquest Dissertations A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO THE SOCIO-POLITICAL AND SOCIO­ ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF THE INTENSIVE TERRACE FARMING AT THE ANCIENT MAYA CENTRE OF MINANHA, BELIZE. A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Scott Alistair Macrae 2010 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program May 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-57784-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-57784-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats.' The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la lot canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada ABSTRACT A Comparative Approach to the Socio-Political and Socio-Economic Organization of the Terrace Farming at the Ancient Maya Centre of Minanha, Belize. Scott Alistair Macrae This thesis investigates the socio-political and socio-economic organization behind the relic agricultural terrace systems that surround the ancient Maya center of Minanha, Belize. A comparative approach is employed, using case studies representative of three different forms of organization. The Inka represent centralized organization. Decentralized organization is demonstrated by the Nyanga complex of Eastern Zimbabwe. Heterarchical organization is exemplified by the Balinese example. Each case study involves intensive hillside terrace farming. Examining the physical characteristics of these systems has provided in-sight into their socio-political and socio-economic organization. These qualities are compared to the Minanha terrace systems for their similarities and differences to uncover which organization is most similar. In addition to the comparative assessment, the thesis also involves the use of fractal analysis to explore the spatial organization of both the terraces, and associated settlement distribution. Keywords: ancient Maya, socio-political and socio-economic organization of intensive agricultural production, terrace farming, settlement pattern, agricultural intensification, Inka, Nyanga, Balinese. n ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the years spent researching this thesis a large number of people have assisted me. First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Gyles Iannone for directing the Social Archaeological Research Program (SARP) at Minanha, which facilitated this study, as well as for his continued assistance and support, without which this thesis would never have been possible. Dr. James Conolly's assistance with the mapping and GIS construction made the data come to life. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Paul Healy who took the painstaking time to endow me with his extensive knowledge of both Mesoamerican archaeology and its history of research. My thanks are also extended to the Belize Institute of Archaeology, which permitted us to conduct archaeological research in the country. I would also like to thank Mike Stringer, Matthew Longstaffe, Eric Contreras, and Estuardo Cruz for helping make our survey team such a success. Adam Pollock has provided support continually by being an individual to bounce ideas off, and also for providing essential experience. We could not have succeeded without the rest of the Belize crew who performed exceptionally during our survey project. When looking back over the years of work, one individual above all others stands out: David "Ciego" Valencio. He provided those essential breaks from the monotony of daily work. The continual entertainment of our "jungle radio" will be forever missed. Special thanks are extended to all the field school students who spent days with the survey team, dealing with me while tramping through the jungle, or baking in the recently burnt milpa fields. Invaluable work was carried out by Carmen McCormick and Jesse Phillips, who completed the initial survey and excavations, which have proven to be invaluable. I would also like to thank my Mom, who has spent countless hours helping with my iii spelling and grammar, as well as my Dad, brother, and sister back home, all of whom have provided essential support. Over the years of work in Belize one cannot help but accumulate a long list of friends. Among these valuable friends are Jose and Miriam Martinez at Martz farm. They have let us "invade" their farm with an army of archaeologists every summer. Miss Erva and Landy Espat at Erva's Restaurant have become a second family to me. All my friends in Belize deserve special thanks for making us feel so at home and welcome in Belize. Finally, thanks to all my friends in Canada and around the world who have put up with my absences and constant references to Belize, and the unique individuals and friends I have met there. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Changing Perspectives on Ancient Maya Subsistence 2 Ancient Maya Socio-Political Organization and the Development of the Intensive Agricultural Situation 7 The Maya Subarea 7 Paleoindian 8 Archaic 8 Early Preclassic 9 Middle Preclassic 10 Late Preclassic 13 Early Classic 15 Middle Classic 18 Late Classic 19 Terminal Classic 22 Early Postclassic 25 Late Postclassic 27 Summary 28 v The Organization of Ancient Maya Intensive Agriculture 29 Centralized 30 Decentralized 30 Hierarchical 31 Summary 32 Thesis Outline 32 Conclusion 33 Chapter Two: Theory and Methods 35 Comparative Data 35 Case Studies 37 Centralized 37 Decentralized 49 Heterarchical 59 Summary 67 Spatial Analysis 70 Fractals 70 Conclusion 73 Chapter Three: Terraces at the Ancient Maya Centre of Minanha 75 TheMinanha Case Study 75 Environment 75 Minanha: History and Research 78 The Terraces of Minanha 90 Methods and Equipment 90 Raison D'etre 98 VI Maps 101 Conclusions 121 Chapter Four: Analysis 123 Comparative Analysis 123 Standardization 124 Labour Investment 126 Distribution 129 Interconnectivity 132 Water Management 134 Settlement Association 138 Summary 145 Spatial Analysis 147 Fractal Analysis 147 Conclusion 158 Chapter Five: Conclusions 161 Addressing the Thesis Questions 162 Future Work 169 Conclusions 171 Appendix A: Catalogue of Terrace Line Segments, Lengths, and Fractal Dimensions... 174 Appendix B: Catalogue of Fractal Dimensions, Line Segments, and Length of Each Terrace by Terrace Set 186 Appendix C: Mann Whitney Tests among Terrace Sets 200 vii Appendix D: Catalogue of the Fractal Dimension of both High and Low Density Terraces 206 Appendix E: Mann Whitney Test between High Density Terraces and Low Density Terraces 210 Appendix F: Catalogue of the Fractal Analysis of Settlement Distribution 212 References Cited: 223 VIII LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.0. Map of the Maya Southern Lowlands and Modern Political Boundaries 7 Figure 1.1. Landscape Characteristics of a Bajo with Associated Aguada and Settlement 11 Figure 1.2. Bajo Transformation Due to Deforestation and Erosion 15 Figure 1.3. Maya Polity Distribution during Late Classic 20 Figure 1.4. Distribution of Agricultural Terracing and Raised Fields as well as Zones of Potential Intensification within the Central Lowlands 22 Figure 2.0'. The Extent of the Inka Empire 38 Figure 2.1. The Moquegua Basin and Torata River, Peru 39 Figure 2.2. Wari Settlements and Associated Terrace Fields and Canal 43 Figure 2.3. Inka Irrigation System 44 Figure 2.4. Camata Terrace and Canal System, Torata Valley, Peru 46 Figure 2.5. Nyanga, Eastern Zimbabwe 50 Figure 2.6. The Extent of Terrace Systems within the Nyanga Complex 51 Figure 2.7. Association between Radial Terraces and Pit Enclosures 54 Figure 2.8. Ditching Found in Close Association with Structures 55 Figure 2.9. Drainage System Associated with Terrace System and Settlement 58 Figure 2.10. Elevation and Drainage, Bali, Southern Indonesia 60 Figure 2.11. Terrace Systems of Bali 61 Figure 2.12. Relationship between Temple and Subak 64 Figure 2.13. Hierarchical Relationship through the Control of Water 65 Figure 2.14. Self-similarity: Left, Whole Plant; Right, Part of Plant 71 ix Figure 3,0. Map of the Vaca Plateau Showing the Location of Minanha and Other Ancient Maya Communities in the Region 79 Figure 3.1. Map of SARP Permit Area Showing Survey Zones of the Phase 1, Site Core (Zone 1) and Phase 2 "Contreras" (Zone 2) Survey Zones, as well as the Aguada 82 Figure 3.2. Map of the Minanha Epicentre Court Complex, and Surrounding Site Core, Cayo District, Belize 83 Figure 3.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Dawn and the Dusk: Beginning and Ending a Long-Term Research Program at the Preclassic Maya Site of Cuello, Belize
    N. Hammond: The dawn and the dusk: beginning and ending a long-term research program at the Preclassic Maya site of Cuello, Belize THE DAWN AND THE DUSK: BEGINNING AND ENDING A LONG-TERM RESEARCH PROGRAM AT THE PRECLASSIC MAYA SITE OF CUELLO, BELIZE Norman Hammond Department of Archaeology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA ABSTRACT The early Maya village site of Cuello, Belize, was investigated between 1975 and 2002. When investigations began, the Maya Preclassic was not well known, was poorly documented by radiocarbon dates, and did not extend back beyond 900 B.C. Initial dates from Cuello suggested a very early occupation, subsequently disproved and revised to begin ca. 1200 B.C. The site remains the oldest known lowland Maya village site, how- ever, and also the most extensively-excavated early Middle Preclassic settlement. Build- ings, including numerous houses, emergent public architecture, the earliest known Mesoamerican sweatbath (Maya pib na); almost 200 burials, with evidence of social ranking and long-distance exchange; and evidence of diet and environmental exploitation all help to document the initial phases of a tropical forest farming culture which developed into one of the major Pre-Columbian civilizations. Key words: Maya archaeology, Preclassic chronology, diet, burial practices, sweatbath. In March 2002, the excavations at Cuello, an early Maya village site in northern Belize that had been investigated since 1975, came to an end. Over eleven field seasons, totalling more than 80 weeks, the complex and finely-layered stratigraphy of a low, grassy knoll had been dissected, documenting the evolution of ancient Maya society from 1200 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Excavation of Structure 45 at Lubaantun, Toledo District, Belize
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Reconstructing Households: The Excavation of Structure 45 at Lubaantun, Toledo District, Belize A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology by Kiri Louise Hagerman Committee in charge: Professor Geoffrey Braswell, Chair Professor Guillermo Algaze Professor Paul Goldstein 2011 Copyright Kiri Louise Hagerman, 2011 All rights reserved The Thesis of Kiri Louise Hagerman is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. ________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii For my mother and father- Thank you for everything. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………. iii Dedication………………………………………………………………… iv Table of Contents…………………………………………………………. v List of Figures……………………………………………………………... vii List of Tables………………………………………………………………. ix Acknowledgements………………………………………………………… x Abstract of the Thesis……..……………………………………………….. xi Introduction………………………………………………………………… 1 Maya Household Archaeology: History and Theory…................................. 5 What is a Household?........................................................................ 6 Why Study Households?..................................................................... 8 How do we Investigate Households?................................................. 15 Case Studies from the Maya Area…………………………………………. 23 Lubaantun and the Excavation of Structure
    [Show full text]
  • Terminal Classic Chert Use at Nohmul, Belize
    6 LOCAL CHERT REDUCTION, MAINTENANCE, AND TOOLMAKING: TERMINAL CLASSIC CHERT USE AT NOHMUL, BELIZE Adrian S.Z. Chase and Jonathan Paige Stone tools and debitage recovered from Terminal Classic Period contexts at the site of Nohmul, Belize were collected in 1978 and 1979 as part of a dissertation project. Our analysis of this Nohmul chert assemblage has found evidence for local reduction of cobbles and core maintenance, as well as the production and maintenance of tools. Nohmul is situated roughly 30 kilometers from the Northern Belize Chert Bearing Zone, and the site of Colha, Belize – the argued center of lithic production in the region during the Terminal Classic. Consequently, these chert artifacts from Nohmul (1) broaden our understanding of chert consumption and production in the region and (2) provide researchers an additional dataset (via tDAR) for comparison to other Terminal Classic assemblages within and outside the Northern Belize Chert Bearing Zone. Introduction excavation at sites even more pertinent, because The traditional narrative of Classic Period additional excavation cannot be conducted on lithic technology in northern Belize is the destroyed mounds. The curation of characterized by a producer-consumer model, excavated material for future analysis has the wherein tool production is performed largely by potential to provide new results and add to prior a small number of specialists in specific sites, interpretations. and these tools are then exported, exchanged, and used by other sites in the region (Buttles The Producer Consumer Model 2004; Dockall and Shafer 1993; McAnany Chert has played an important role in 1989). However, this model has faced some archaeological interpretations of the economic challenges (see Moholy-Nagy 1990 but also relationships between settlements, particularly in Healen 1992; Hester and Shafer 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • ELIZABETH GRAHAM Curriculum Vitae, Page 1
    ELIZABETH GRAHAM Curriculum Vitae, Page 1 Elizabeth Graham Curriculum Vitae – Last update June 2020 Item Category 1 Personal details 2 Education/qualifications 3 Professional history 4 Appointments and Affiliations 5 Awards, honours 6 Professional bodies or learned societies 7 Consultancies or Advisory 8 Field Research Activity 9 Research Grants: 9a Research grants, development grants 9b Readerships, Fellowships, Studentships 10 Publications: In press; Single-authored books; Excavation reports; Book chapters; Articles in journals; General audience/educational; Review articles; Film reviews. 11 Papers presented at meetings (individual submissions to Program Committees) 12 Invited papers and talks: One-time/limited-period symposia or conferences Symposia at international annual meetings Discussant Special symposia, lectures with combined scholarly & public audiences University seminars 13 Conferences, symposia, workshops organised and/or chaired: 14 Academic supervision 15 Teaching activity 16 Enabling activity 17 Media & public engagement activity: Radio, Television Public lectures, courses, workshops School & community talks, interviews, videotaping Other public engagement activities ELIZABETH GRAHAM Curriculum Vitae, Page 2 ELIZABETH GRAHAM 1 Personal details: Work Address: Institute of Archaeology, UCL Phone: Within UK: 0207 679 7532 31-34 Gordon Square Outside UK: 44 207 679 7532 London WC1H 0PY Fax: Within UK: 0207 679 1043 [email protected] Outside UK: 44 207 679 1043 2 Education/qualifications: Details of Degrees: 1970 B.A. History, University of Rhode Island 1983 Ph.D.Archaeology, Cambridge University. Ph.D. thesis: The Highlands of the Lowlands: Environment and Archaeology in the Stann Creek District, Belize. Supervisor: Norman Hammond. Degree committee: Warwick Bray, Institute of Archaeology, University College London; Paul Mellars, Cambridge University.
    [Show full text]
  • A Late Formative Period Stela in the Maya Lowlands
    396 AMERICANANTIQUITY [Vol.47, No. 2, 19821 A LATE FORMATIVE PERIOD STELA IN THE MAYA LOWLANDS Norman Hammond A plain stela has been identified at the site of Cuello, Belize. On the basis of stratigraphy and the accompany- ing cache vessels it has been dated to the latter part of the Late Formative, ca. A.D. 100. This date is approx- imately 200 years older than the earliest Initial Series dated stela so far known in the Maya lowlands, and com- parable with some early dated monuments in the Pacific piedmont zone. Stela erection in the lowlands may antedate the secondary use of such monuments as vehicles for dynastic propaganda. The tripartite division of Maya culture history into Preclassic (Formative), Classic, and Postclassic was predicated on the appearance at the beginning, and cessation at the end, of the Classic period of public monuments bearing dated hieroglyphic inscriptions. The Long Count in which these were expressed was precise to the day and has been correlated with the Christian calendar; the 11.16.0.0.0. or Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation, which is the most widely accepted, places the Classic period between approximately A.D. 250 and 900. The earliest dated monument currently known is Tikal Stela 29, with an Initial Series of 8.12.14.8.15, (A.D. 292), and the latest certain Initial Series is of 10.4.0.0.0. (A.D. 909), from Tonina. Apart from the introduction of dated monuments, the beginning of the Classic was also often held to be marked by the appearance of polychrome pottery and vaulted architecture, but recent research has demonstrated that both are found in contexts which, on other grounds, are formally Late Formative.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovering Maya Civilisation
    ALBERT RECKITT ARCHAEOLOGICAL LECTURE Recovering Maya Civilisation NORMAN HAMMOND Fellow of the Academy THE MAYA CREATED one of the most notable and surprising civilisations of the ancient world, in what are now the Yucatan Pensinsula of southern Mexico and the adjacent countries of Guatemala, Belize, and the western fringes of Honduras and El Salvador. Best known from great cities such as Tikal, Copan, Palenque and Chichén Itzá, which were first explored in the nineteenth century by scholars including John Lloyd Stephens, Alfred Maudslay and Teobert Maler, the Maya reached their apogee in the Classic Period of c. AD 250–900, when a multiplicity of small polities ruled by divine kings flourished and fought across this part of tropical Central America (Hammond 2000; Martin and Grube 2000; Sharer 2006; Fig. 1). This was followed by the Postclassic, ending with the Spanish conquest of the mid-sixteenth century, and preceded by a Preclassic (or Formative) period extending back to the beginnings of settled farming villages in the second millennium BC. In this lecture I discuss three succes- sive themes: the origins of a settled society; the emergence of a complex literate civilisation in the latter part of the first millennium BC in the Maya Lowlands; and the wider understanding of that culture’s apogee in the middle centuries of the following millennium, before its demise in the tenth century AD. The Maya area has three major regions: the volcanic and meta- morphic highlands of Chiapas and southern Guatemala, extending down to the narrow Pacific coastal plain and dominated by a chain of dormant and still-active volcanoes up to 4,265 m in elevation; the flat, arid lime- stone platform of the northern Yucatan Peninsula, where annual rainfall Read at the Academy 15 November 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prehistory of Belizelhammond Mon Down to the 10 M
    The Prehistoryof Belize NorrnanHammond Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey Belize, CentralAmerica, has been the location of manyinnovative research projects in Maya archaeology.Over the past generationseveral problem-ori- entedprojects have contributedsignificantly to a new understandingof an- cient Maya subsistenceand settlement,and increasedthe knowntime span of Maya culture.An historicalreview of researchin Belize is followed by a resumeof the currentstate of knowledgeand an indicationoffuture research potential. Introduction in which flow the major perennial rivers, the Hondo and Belize, a small nation on the Caribbeancoast of Central Nuevo, and the smaller Freshwater Creek. The Hondo America, occupies part of the territoryin which the Maya is one of the principal rivers of the Maya lowland zone civilization flourished during the 1st millennium A.C., and has a basin draining northernPeten and part of south- with an apogee in the Classic Period of 250-900 A.C. ern Campeche, an area often dubbed the "Maya Heart- The political history of Belize over the past 200 years land" and containing major sites such as Tikal; the river as a British colony (known until 1973 as British Hon- has throughoutMaya prehistory acted as a corridor to the duras), and now as an independent nation, has engen- Caribbean. Several large lagoons interrupt the courses dered a history of archaeological research distinct from of the Nuevo and Freshwater Creek, and were foci of that in the Spanish-speaking countries that comprise the ancient Maya settlement. The coast of northern Belize remainder of the Maya area (Mexico, Guatemala, Hon- is swampy, with mangrove stands building seawards, and duras, El Salvador).
    [Show full text]
  • Feminist Critiques in Archaeology
    NOTE TO USERS The original manuscript received by UMI contains pages with indistinct andlor slanted print. Pages were microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available CLASSIC PERIOD ROYAL MAYA WOMEN: A FEMINIST ANALYSlS A Thesis Subrnitted to the Cornmittee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada c Copyright by Diane D. Maxwell 1998 Anthropology M.A. Program May 1998 National Library Bibliothèque nationale )+m of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K 1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your fib Vorre reférence Our file Notre reldrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/filrn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT CLASSIC PERIOD ROYAL MAYA WOMEN: A FEMINIST ANALYSIS Diane D.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did the Maya Collapse Come in the Midst of Prosperity?
    WHY DID THE MAYA COLLAPSE COME IN THE MIDST OF PROSPERITY? Norman Hammond McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge University Boston University Two important points were made early in the symposium: (1) Prudence Rice noted that there were several kinds of collapse at different times; and Arthur Demarest noted that “collapse” is a terminological problem — we each have our own conception, from rapid to gradual, from dramatic to almost imperceptible. Demarest’s “relatively rapid decline in political and economic complexity” is a good median definition, and for the Classic Maya this involved removal of the k’uhul ajaw, the divine king, no matter whether the cause was human — invasion, warfare, revolution — or natural — drought or overpopulation — that removed the social confidence which underwrote royal authority. (2) Takeshi Inomata made the point that we should be looking for detailed local sequences. The Boston politician Thomas P. “Tip” O’Neill once said that “all politics is local” — all crises are local and run on their own timetables. Sometimes they coincide across a region, giving the appearance of common causality, sometimes they are site-specific: so we see Ceibal vs. Aguateca, La Joyanca vs. La Corona, Preclassic El Mirador vs. Preclassic Uaxactún vs. Preclassic Cival. Keeping these ideas in mind, I would like to address four general points, each with local illustrations. Hammond, Norman 2013 Why Did the Maya Collapse Come in the Midst of Prosperity? In Millenary Maya Societies: Past Crises and Resilience, edited by M.-Charlotte Arnauld and Alain Breton, pp. 323-325. Electronic document, published online at Mesoweb: www.mesoweb.com/publications/MMS/21_Hammond.pdf.
    [Show full text]
  • Robertson1985.Pdf
    Bibliography ABASCAL, RAFAEL, PATRICIO DAVILA, PETER 1959 "More Discoveries at Caracol, British Honduras." In SCHMIDT, and DIANA Z. DE DAVILA Actas del XXXIIIOCongreso de Americanistas (1 958): 1976 La arqueologia del sur-oeste de Tlaxcala (primera 211-218. San Jose. parte). Comunicaciones: Proyecto Puebla-Tlaxcala, ANDERSON, A. HAMILTON, and HERBERT J. COOK supp. 2. Puebla: Fundacion Alemana para la Inves- 1944 Archaeological Finds near Douglas, British Hon- tigacion Cientifica. duras. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Notes on ABASCAL, RAFAEL, GARMAN HARBOTTLE, and Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology 2(40): EDWARD V. SAYRE 83-92. 1974 "Correlations between Terra Cotta Figurines from the ANDREWS, E. WYLLYS, IV Valley of Mexico and Source Clays by Activation 1965a "Archaeology and Prehistory in the Northern Maya Analysis." In Archaeological Chemistry: 8 1-99. Lowlands: An Introduction." In Handbook of Middle Edited by C. W. Beck. Washington: American Chem- American Indians 2(1):288-330. General editor, ical Society. Robert Wauchope. Austin: University of Texas Press. ACOSTA SAIGNES, MIGUEL 1965b "Exploration in the Gruta de Chac, Yucatan, 1945 Los Pochteca. Acta Athropol@ica l(1). Mexico. Mexico." Tulane University, Middle American Re- ADAMS, RICHARD E. W. search Institute Publication 3 1: 1-2 1. 1963 "A Polychrome Vessel from Altar de Sacrificios." 1970 Balankanche, Throne of the Tiger Priest. Tulane Uni- Archaeology 16(2):90-92. versity, Middle American Research Institute Publica- 1971 The Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios. Harvard Uni- tion 32. versity, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeol- ANTON, FERDINAND ogy and Ethnology 63( 1). 1970 Art of the Maya. New York. 1978 "Routes of Communication in Mesoamerica: The 1973 La mujer en la America antigua.
    [Show full text]
  • The Exploration of the Maya World
    Norman Hammond The Exploration of theMaya World a After nearly century and a half of discovery,Maya archaeology continues toprovide ever earlier glimpses of an importantancient civilization The remains of ancient Maya civili that in spite of numerous incursions This and other, briefer but zation first attracted at widespread the Itz? around Lake Pet?n Itz? sub equally intelligent assessments in tention in the as a result of the mitted in 1840s, only 1697, and many of the dicate curiosity but not any system of in explorations John Lloyd Stephens Maya Quintana Roo and Belize atic pursuit of knowledge. The an and Frederick Catherwood in Hon either or nominally not at all. In Yu cestors of the contemporary Maya duras, Guatemala, and southeastern catan, however, Spanish settlement were implicitly accepted as the and two Mexico, their popular books proceeded rapidly, and some of the builders of the now-ruined sites, and of Incidents Travel who of (Stephens 1841, clerics arrived there took care to the high quality of the architecture Yet the ruined cities in the note the of a was 1843). vestiges bygone age. In and the sculpture frequently rain forest tropical which Stephens 1548, when Lorenzo de Bienvenida remarked upon. described so and Cath and other evocatively Franciscans settled at the In the succeeding period, from erwood illustrated with new of out equal felicity capital M?rida, born of 1759 on, Spain was ruled by the an had been known and wondered at the ruins of the Maya city of Tihoo, tiquarians Charles III and Charles IV, since the three he Spanish conquest observed that they found them and the deliberate exploration of a centuries and were attributed selves earlier, among buildings "which it few Maya ruins was undertaken.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth Graham Curriculum Vitae – Last Update January 2021
    ELIZABETH GRAHAM Curriculum Vitae, Page 1 Elizabeth Graham Curriculum Vitae – Last update January 2021 https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/people/elizabeth-graham-professor-mesoamerican-archaeology Item Category 1 Personal details 2 Education/qualifications 3 Professional history 4 Appointments and Affiliations 5 Awards, honours 6 Professional bodies or learned societies 7 Consultancies or Advisory 8 Field Research Activity 9 Research Grants: 9a Research grants, development grants 9b Readerships, Fellowships, Studentships 10 Publications: In press; Single-authored books; Excavation reports; Book chapters; Articles in journals; General audience/educational; Review articles; Film reviews. 11 Papers presented at meetings (individual submissions to Program Committees) 12 Invited papers and talks: One-time/limited-period symposia or conferences Symposia at international annual meetings Discussant Special symposia, lectures with combined scholarly & public audiences University seminars 13 Conferences, symposia, workshops organised and/or chaired: 14 Academic supervision 15 Teaching activity 16 Enabling activity 17 Media & public engagement activity: Radio, Television Public lectures, courses, workshops School & community talks, interviews, videotaping Other public engagement activities ELIZABETH GRAHAM Curriculum Vitae, Page 2 ELIZABETH GRAHAM 1 Personal details: Work Address: Institute of Archaeology, UCL Phone: Within UK: 0207 679 7532 31-34 Gordon Square Outside UK: 44 207 679 7532 London WC1H 0PY Fax: Within UK: 0207 679 1043 [email protected] Outside UK: 44 207 679 1043 Since March 2020, working at home: +44 0207 792 3108; mobile (cell): +44 07901 718 315 2 Education/qualifications: Details of Degrees: 1983 Ph.D.Archaeology, Cambridge University. Ph.D. thesis: The Highlands of the Lowlands: Environment and Archaeology in the Stann Creek District, Belize.
    [Show full text]