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Fire Safety of Passenger Trains

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Fire Safety of Passenger Trains FIRE SAFETY OF PASSENGER TRAINS U.S. Department of Transportation Phase I: Material Evaluation Federal Railroad (Cone Calorimeter) Administration Office of Research and Development Washington, DC 20590 Cone Calorimeter DOT/ FRA/ORD-99/01 Interim Report This document is available to the January 1999 public through the National Technical DOT-VNTSC-FRA-98-26 Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE & DATES COVERED January 1999 Interim Report REPRINT June 2004 March 1994-June 1998 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Fire Safety of Passenger Trains Phase I: Material Evaluation (Cone Calorimeter) 6. AUTHOR(S) R8022/RR893 Richard D. Peacock and Emil Braun* 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION *Building and Fire Research Laboratory REPORT NUMBER National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) U.S. Department of Commerce DOT-VNTSC-FRA-98-26 Gaithersburg, MD 20899 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING U.S. Department of Transportation AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Federal Railroad Administration Office of Research and Development DOT/FRA/ORD-99/01 Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES U.S. Department of Transportation *Under contract to: Research and Special Program Administration John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is also available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161 This document is also available on the FRA web site at www.fra.dot.gov. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) As part of the passenger equipment rulemaking required by Congress, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has proposed that its existing fire safety guidelines be made mandatory. A major conclusion of a FRA-funded 1993 study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was that the use of fire hazard assessment techniques, based on modeling and supported by measurement methods based on heat release rate (HRR), could provide a more credible and cost-effective means to predict real-world fire behavior of passenger train materials than the current approach. A comprehensive three-phase fire safety research program is being conducted by NIST under the sponsorship of the FRA Office of Research and Development to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of HRR-based test methods and hazard analysis techniques when applied to passenger train fire safety. The results of the research program will assist the FRA in determining appropriate fire safety requirements for the final passenger equipment rule. This document presents the Phase I results of the program which focused on the evaluation of passenger rail car interior materials using Cone Calorimeter test data. A summary of U.S. transportation agency requirements for various types of vehicles is also provided. An update of U.S. and European passenger train fire performance requirements and related research is included. In Phase II, the Cone Calorimeter quantitative test data will be used as an input to a computer fire model as part of a fire hazard analysis. Phase III will involve real-scale testing of a full-scale rail car in order to verify the fire hazard analysis based on the computer model. This report is also published by NIST as report number NISTIR-6132. (Reprint: includes corrected tables on pages 2-18, 5-8 and 5-9, A-1, and D-3 and D-4 ) 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Fire safety, passenger trains, passenger rail, railroads, Federal Railroad Administration, passenger train safety, 196 transportation fire safety, high-speed ground transportation, system safety, heat release rate, large-scale fire tests, small-scale fire tests, fire test methods, NIST, Cone Calorimeter, fire safety guidelines, fire modeling, fire hazard 16. PRICE CODE assessment. 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 20. LIMITATION OF OF REPORT THIS PAGE ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified None NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 PREFACE In 1984, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) issued fire safety guidelines that recommended the use of certain flammability and smoke emission test methods and performance criteria for intercity and commuter rail cars. Those guidelines were identical to Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA), now Federal Transit Administration (FTA), recommended practices for rail transit vehicles, also issued in 1984. The FRA issued revised guidelines in 1989 that used terms and categories to more closely reflect passenger train design and furnishings; smoke emission performance criteria for floor coverings and elastomers were also included. As part of the passenger equipment rulemaking process required by Congress, the FRA has proposed that the guideline requirements be made mandatory for existing, rebuilt, and new rail cars. In 1993, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) completed a comprehensive evaluation of the U.S. and European approaches to passenger train fire safety, sponsored by the FRA. The evaluation was directed by the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), Research and Special Programs Administration, USDOT. A major conclusion of the NIST study was that the use of fire hazard and fire assessment techniques, based on mathematical modeling and supported by measurement methods using heat release rate (HRR), could provide a more credible and cost-effective means to predict actual passenger train material fire behavior. The Volpe Center then developed a comprehensive three-phase passenger train fire safety research program to be conducted by NIST under the sponsorship of the FRA Office of Research and Development (R&D). This research program is directed at providing the scientific basis for using a systems approach to maintain and improve the level of passenger train fire safety. The focus is to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of HRR-based test methods and hazard analysis techniques when applied to passenger trains. The Cone Calorimeter test method (ASTM 1354) provides small-scale data measurement of heat release rate, smoke emission, specimen mass loss, and combustion gases. This quantitative data can be used to evaluate the performance of individual component materials and assemblies and as inputs for fire modeling. Such modeling allows consideration of other factors in addition to material flammability, as well as fire-safety tradeoffs in design and performance for the entire system. This approach is consistent with ongoing efforts to develop performance-based fire codes in the United States and Europe. This document presents the results of the first phase of the program focused on the evaluation of passenger train interior materials using the Cone Calorimeter test method. The Cone Calorimeter test data were compared with data from FRA-cited small-scale test methods to determine relative material fire performance. In Phase II, the Cone Calorimeter quantitative test data will be used as an input to a computer model as part of a fire hazard analysis. Phase III will involve real-scale testing of a full-size rail car to verify the use of the fire hazard analysis based on the computer model. The results of this research program will assist the FRA in developing appropriate fire safety performance requirements for inclusion in the passenger equipment final rule. iii/iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Direction and technical review of the Phase I interim report were provided by Steven R. Ditmeyer, Director; Claire L. Orth, Chief, Equipment and Operating Practices Division; and Thomas N. Tsai, Senior Project Engineer; all of the Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research & Development; and Robert M. Dorer, Chief, High-Speed Ground Transportation Division and Alfred E. Barrington, Chief, Safety and Environmental Technology Division, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center). Stephanie H. Markos, Volpe Center, provided overall project technical direction, specific oversight of Phase I task progress, and technical review of all Phase I work products. She also provided major assistance in preparing Chapters 2 and 3 of this interim report. Douglas Karan, Senior Interior Designer, Office of Engineering - Equipment Design, Amtrak and James P. Gourley, former Amtrak Senior Fire Protection Engineer, provided invaluable engineering assistance by furnishing copies of flammability and smoke emission test data, samples of typical Amtrak passenger rail car interior materials, and review and comments on the draft Phase
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