Transportation on the Minneapolis Riverfront
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RAPIDS, REINS, RAILS: TRANSPORTATION ON THE MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT Mississippi River near Stone Arch Bridge, July 1, 1925 Minnesota Historical Society Collections Prepared by Prepared for The Saint Anthony Falls Marjorie Pearson, Ph.D. Heritage Board Principal Investigator Minnesota Historical Society Penny A. Petersen 704 South Second Street Researcher Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 Hess, Roise and Company 100 North First Street Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 May 2009 612-338-1987 Table of Contents PROJECT BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 1 RAPID, REINS, RAILS: A SUMMARY OF RIVERFRONT TRANSPORTATION ......................................... 3 THE RAPIDS: WATER TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS .............................................. 8 THE REINS: ANIMAL-POWERED TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ............................ 25 THE RAILS: RAILROADS BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ..................................................................... 42 The Early Period of Railroads—1850 to 1880 ......................................................................... 42 The First Railroad: the Saint Paul and Pacific ...................................................................... 44 Minnesota Central, later the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (CM and StP), also called The Milwaukee Road .......................................................................................... 55 Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway .................................................................................. 63 Minneapolis Eastern Railway ............................................................................................... 68 Northern Pacific Railway ...................................................................................................... 69 The Early Streetcar System ................................................................................................... 72 The Expansion of the Railroads—1880 to 1930 ....................................................................... 73 Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway—Manitoba Road—Great Northern .......... 85 Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (Milwaukee Road) ....................................... 95 Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railroad ................................................................................ 104 Minneapolis Eastern............................................................................................................ 107 Northern Pacific .................................................................................................................. 109 Minneapolis Western .......................................................................................................... 115 Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway Company—Soo Line ................... 116 Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway ..................................................... 119 Chicago Great Western ....................................................................................................... 123 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railway .......................................................................... 124 Minneapolis Street Railway—Twin City Rapid Transit ..................................................... 124 The Decline of the Railroads—1931 to present ...................................................................... 130 Great Northern Railroad ..................................................................................................... 133 Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul—Milwaukee Road .................................................... 136 Minneapolis and Saint Louis .............................................................................................. 139 Minneapolis Eastern............................................................................................................ 139 Northern Pacific .................................................................................................................. 139 Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha .................................................................... 139 Chicago Great Western ....................................................................................................... 139 Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Sault Ste. Marie—Soo Line .................................................. 139 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy–Burlington Northern...................................................... 141 Chicago and North Western ................................................................................................ 141 TIMELINE FOR RAILROADS CONNECTED TO THE MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT ................................ 143 MAIN RAILROAD LINES ON THE MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER .............. 145 TRANSPORTATION SITES ON THE RIVERFRONT ............................................................................ 148 SOURCES ...................................................................................................................................... 153 Table of Contents Hess, Roise and Company PROJECT BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY The Minneapolis Riverfront District/St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board chose ―Rail and Early Transportation on the Riverfront‖ as its riverfront focus theme for 2009. The Minnesota Historical Society, with funding from the St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board, hired Hess, Roise and Company to conduct research on the history and development of transportation systems on and along the riverfront. The study is divided into three chapters based on modes of transportation: The Rapids: Water Transportation by Saint Anthony Falls The Reins: Animal-Powered Transportation by Saint Anthony Falls The Rails: Railroads by Saint Anthony Falls The first two chapters discuss the variety of transportation types, ranging in time from pre- European American settlement to the mid-twentieth century. The chapter dealing with the railroads is divided into three time periods: the early period of railroads, 1850 to 1880; the expansion of the railroads, 1880 to 1930; the decline of the railroads, 1931 to present. The railroad chapter describes the businesses and industries of each time period, as well as the individual railroads, their growth, changes, and consolidations. The chapters are supplemented by several appendices: a timeline of the railroads; an alphabetical listing of the railroads; an inventory list of rail and other transportation resources, both extant and demolished. The study also includes a bibliography. Several earlier studies provided the primary documentation for this study, as well as a multitude of published works on Minnesota railroads. Additional information was gathered at the Minnesota Historical Society and State Historic Preservation Office in Saint Paul. Research was also conducted at the Hennepin History Museum; the Minneapolis Collection, Central Library, Hennepin County Library; Wilson Library at the University of Minnesota; and the Minneapolis Inspections Division. Penny Petersen, a researcher at Hess Roise, conducted the research and prepared this report. Marjorie Pearson, Ph. D., vice-president of Hess Roise, was the principal investigator. The four Minneapolis transportation site maps were drawn by Marlena Bromschwig, City of Minneapolis Communications/Graphics. Introduction and Summary Hess, Roise and Company—Page 1 For the purposes of this study, the Minneapolis riverfront is defined by the following geographic boundaries: Plymouth Avenue Bridge on the north; The river and University Avenue on the east; I-35W Bridge on the south; and Washington Avenue North and South on the west (The Heritage Zone Boundary is Second Street). Hennepin Avenue marks the division between Washington Avenue North and South. Most of the area within this boundary is encompassed by the Saint Anthony Falls Historic District, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and also designated by the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission and the Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office. Introduction and Summary Hess, Roise and Company—Page 2 RAPID, REINS, RAILS: A SUMMARY OF RIVERFRONT TRANSPORTATION For hundreds of years, the Mississippi River, above and below Saint Anthony Falls, has been both a barrier to and route of travel. Before the area was explored and settled by Europeans, the American Indians used canoes to travel on the river and its tributaries and reached the river and bypassed its rapids on foot. Father Louis Hennepin, who saw the falls that he named in honor of Saint Anthony in 1680, provided the earliest written account of Indian canoes, both the lightweight canoes made of cedar and birch bark, capable of carrying 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of cargo, and the heavier pirogues made of hollowed-out logs. Travel by boat on the river was still the primary mode of travel when Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike visited Saint Anthony Falls in 1805, while on an expedition to explore portions of the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase and obtain land from the Indians for a trading post and fort. It took three days for Pike and his party to portage a fully loaded keelboat around the falls. Pike created a map that showed a portage trail along the east bank of the river stretching from approximately the present-day Southeast Steam Plant to near the southern tip of Nicollet Island. Major Stephen Long, who was looking for a suitable site for a military installation