ENGLISH
for
WBCS PRELIMS 2020
JITIN YADAV, IAS
1 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
CONTENTS
S. No. TOPIC PAGE 1. Tenses 3 2. Word Meanings 5 3. Synonyms and Antonyms 14 4. Conjunctions 46 5. Idioms 50 6. One Word – Phobias, 62 Studies, Doctors etc 7. Prepositions 80 8. Prefix and Suffix 86 9. Types of Sentences 89 10. Active and Passive Voice 89 11. Direct and Indirect Speech 91
2 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
ENGLISH
TENSES
o Basic tenses in English language are : The past, The Present, The Future Past tense o Explains an event that has occurred in past. Types are-
PAST TENSE
1. Simple past tense –describe activity that started in past and ended in past a. Use 2nd form of verb
2. Past Perfect Tense – when the action was completed before another took place a. Use 3rd form of Verb
3. Past continuous Tense- describe ongoing activity in past
4. Past Perfect Continuous – used to show that an ongoing action in past has ended
Past Tense Example Simple Past Tense I did my work Regularly Past Perfect Tense I had done my work regularly Past continuous Tense I was doing my work regularly Past Perfect Continuous I had been doing my work since morning
Note – we use 1st verb with ‘did’
PRESENT TENSE -
Present Tense About Examples Simple Present Tense i)describe habits i)I/we/you/they like ii)describe scheduled chocolate (he/she/it events in future likes chocolate) ii)train gets in at 5 o’clock Present Continuous Describe ongoing action I am going to watch Tense in present movie 3 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Used for fixed arrangements Present Perfect Tense Describe actions that i)I ‘have’ gone to watch (v3) began in past and are movie still continuing into ii)she ‘has’ finished her present homework Present Perfect i)describe continuous I have been going to Continuous Tense activity that began in watch movies past and continues in present
FUTURE TENSE
Future tense About Examples Simple future tense 1)going to- Used for i)I am going to buy a car plans and intentions ii)I will help you 2)Will - used for instant decisions Future Continuous Used for an ongoing I ‘will be’going to Tense action that will occur in Portland future Future Perfect Used for action that will I ‘will have’ gone Tense(v3) be completed at some point in future Future Perfect Used for an ongoing I ‘will have been’ going Continuous action that will be completed at some point in future
4 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
WORD MEANINGS
WORD MEANING Adroit Clever or skillful Antagonize Provoke someone to react angrily, to make somebody angry Abduct Take away to undisclosed location Affluent Having a great deal of money, wealthy, opulent Ambiguous Having different meanings Ambivalent Having mixed feelings about someone or something Ally Combine or unite a resource or commodity for mutual benefit Adamant Stubborn, determined not to change his mind Allude Refer to, suggest, hint at, mention Acrimony Angry and bitter feelings Annulled Declare invalid, declare null and void, nullify, invalidate Acute To a severe or intense degree, critical, drastic, dire, dreadful Abridged Shorten (a book, film, speech, etc.) without losing the sense Annihilate Destroy utterly, extinguish Austerity Sternness or severity of manner or attitude Ailing In poor health Audacious Showing willingness to take bold risks Acrimonious Angry and bitter Amidst Easy to confuse, complicate, jumble Arrogate Seize and take control without authority, take as one's right Alienated Make (someone) feel isolated or estranged Bewilder Cause to become perplexed and confused Very strange or unusual, Odd, funny Bizarre
Bygone Belonging to an earlier time Babble Talk rapidly and continuously in a foolish, excited way Bugbears A cause of obsessive fear, anxiety or irritation Bickering Argue about petty and trivial matters, squabble Bolster Support or strengthen Bohemian Socially unconventional, experimental Brazen Bold, without shame, impudent, forward, unashamed Bleak Not encouraging or giving any reason to have hope, unfavorable 5 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
place, cold and miserable Besmirch Damage (one's reputation), spoil, ruin Blatant (badbehaviour) done openly and Unashamedly, undisguised Bonhomie Cheerful friendliness, geniality Blanche To become white, turn pale, Recoil Cardinal Of greatest importance Churn Move or cause to move about vigorously Congregated Gather into a crowd or mass Congenial Like-minded, compatible, pleasing or liked on account of having qualities or interests Chinks A narrow opening, typically one that admits light Clamour A loud and confused noise, especially that of people shouting Carnage The killing of a large number of people Cohort A group of people with a shared characteristic Callous Having an insensitive, unfeeling Chivalrous A man of manner, kind, polite and has honour for women A person or thing that is the center of attention, something that Cynosure attracts attention Condone To accept behaviour that is morally wrong, excuse Conjure To appear by means of a magic ritual, materialize Make or become sore by rubbing against something, graze, Chafing grate, scratch Cults Popular among a particular group, craze, fashion, fad, vogue Cajole To persuade by buttering up or making promises Croon Hum or sing in a soft, low voice Canon A general law/ rule/ principle by which something is judged. Capricious Unpredictable, changeable, showing sudden changes in attitude or behaviour Cooper A maker or repairer of casks and barrels. Cordial Pleasant and friendly Crony A close friend or companion Deferment Fact of putting something to later time Distraught Very worried and upset, shattered Drab Without interest, dull and boring, lack of charm Dote Be extremely fond of, Adore Dovish Supportive discussion or other peaceful solution 6 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Daunting Discouraging through fear Drubbing A resounding defeat in a match or contest Desist Stop doing something, cease or abstain Devour Read quickly and eagerly Dwindling Diminish gradually in size, amount, or strength Diabolical showing cunning or ingenuity Debacle a sudden and complete disaster Dodgy Dishonest or unreliable Demur Raise objections or show reluctance, protest Dawdle Waste time, be slow Disgruntled Angry or dissatisfied, fed up Debilitate Very weak and infirm, tiring, exhausting Dovish The tone of a language Disingenuous Not straightforward or candid Destitute Extremely poor and lacking the means to provide for oneself Embodiment Visible form of idea, quality, feeling Echelon A level or rank in an organization, a profession, or society Elusive Difficult to find, catch, or achieve Engender Cause, generate, incite, provoke Elicit Evoke or draw out, obtain, bring out, draw out, induce Eloquent Clearly expressing, expressive Erudite Having or showing great knowledge or learning Encumbered Restrict or impede, obstruct, limit Earmarked Designate for a particular purpose, set aside, set apart Elude Escape from or avoid (a danger, enemy), flee Eerie Strange and frightening, ghostly, strange Errant Straying from the accepted course or standards, guilty Ferocious Savagely fierce, cruel or violent Firmament The sky, heaven, the blue Furor An outbreak of public anger or excitement Changing frequently, especially as regards one's loyalties or Fickle affections Fend Look after and provide for oneself
7 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Foe An enemy or opponent Flouting Openly disregard, go against, rebel against, refuse to obey Fury Wild or violent anger, temper Frugal Economical, prudent, avoiding waste Fatuous Silly and pointless Famished Extremely hungry, Starved Flagrant Conspicuously or obviously offensive Feeble Lacking physical strength, powerless Frivolous Not having any serious purpose or value, joking Instigate or stir up (an undesirable or violent sentiment or Fomenting course of action) Farce An event or situation that is absurd or disorganized Grotesque Repulsively ugly Gregarious Sociable, like to be with other people Grit Courage and resolve, the strength of character Garrulous Excessively talkative, chatty, especially on trivial matters Gullible Easily persuaded to believe something, trustful Germ An initial stage from which something may develop, Evolution Grueling Extremely tiring and demanding, exhausting Ginormous Extremely large Glut An excessively abundant supply of something Gadfly An irritating person, a nuisance Grapple Close fight or struggle without weapons, wrestle Guile Sly or cunning intelligence Gallant Of brave nature, able to face and deal with danger Grandiose Extravagantly imposing in appearance or style, magnificent Harangued Lecture in aggressive & critical manner Heft The weight of someone or something Humdrum lacking excitement or variety, boring Halo The glory associated with an esteemed person, radiance A way of protecting oneself against financial loss or other Hedge adverse circumstances Looking exhausted and unwell, especially from fatigue, worry, Haggard or suffering 8 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Hunch A feeling or guess based on intuition rather than fact Herald To be a sign (of something), indicate Haggle Dispute or bargain persistently, negotiate, Haste Excessive speed or urgency of movement or action, hurry Hideous So extremely ugly as to be terrifying, Horrible Hallucination See or hear, which is not really there due to illness or drugs Hokum A message that seems to convey no meaning Hoodwink To trick or mislead Incandescent Brilliant, extraordinarily lucid Invective Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language Intricate Very complicated or detailed Irresolute Showing or feeling hesitancy, uncertain Insidious Causing harm in a way that is gradual or not easily noticed Impeccable Without fault or error, perfect in every way Imbecile Stupid, idiotic Imbibe Drink, consume, sip, swallow Incumbent Necessary for as a duty or responsibility Intrigue Arouse the curiosity or interest of, fascinate Imperative Of vital importance, crucial, necessary, indispensable Impunity Exemption from punishment, immunity Imminent About to happened, forthcoming Ignominy Public shame or disgrace Jurisprudence Theory of law Jaunty Having a lively, cheerful, and self-confident manner Jeopardized Put into a danger of loss, harm, or failure, put at risk, threaten Jaded Bored or lacking enthusiasm Juggernaut A huge, powerful, and overwhelming force Jocular Fond of or characterized by joking, humorous or playful Intrepid Brave, feeling or displaying no fear by temperament Kindle Set something on fire, arouse or inspire Knack Natural abilities or qualities of doing something, a special skill Logjam Irresolvable situation
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Lurking Be or remain hidden so as to wait in ambush, hide, skulk Laconic Using very few words, brief Ludicrous So foolish, unreasonable, absurd, ridiculous Lampoon Publicly criticize, irony, mock Lugubrious Extremely sad and depressed Lethal Deadly, fatal, causing or able to cause death Lunacy Behaviour that is stupid or crazy, madness A person who makes slow progress and falls behind others, Laggard straggler Lament A passionate expression of grief or sorrow Leapt Jump or spring a long way, to a great height, or with great force Motley Varied in appearance or character, diverse, varied Mooted Raise for discussion Mollify Pacify, appease, make calm or softer Malinger Pretend to be ill in order to escape duty or work Manifestation The action or fact of showing, display, demonstration, exhibition Feel or show sorrow for the death, feel regret or sadness about Mourn the loss Meteoric Very rapid, swift, fast, quick, speedy Menace A person/ thing that causes harm, a threat Mundane Lacking interest or excitement, dull Manifest Clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment Midget Very small, so small as to be insignificant Maverick Independent person, unorthodox person Malice The desire to harm someone, feeling a need to see others suffer Meagre Lacking in quantity or quality Manoeuvre A movement or series of moves requiring skill and care Mellifluous Pleasing to the ear, a smooth, flowing sound, Melodious The projecting part of the face, including the nose and mouth, of Muzzle an animal such as a dog or horse Nimble Quick in movement Neophyte A person who is new to a subject or activity, beginner Nostalgic Feeling, evoking, sentimental Nexus A series of connections, Connection 10 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Nudge To give someone a gentle reminder or encouragement Characterized by shade of meaning/ expression, distinction, Nuance gradation Nefarious Wicked or criminal, evil, corrupt Orchestrated Plan the elements to produce desired effect Obese Grossly fat or overweight Oust Drive out or expel someone from a position or place Ousted Drive out or expel (someone) from a position or place Omnipotent Having unlimited power, almighty, supreme Onus One's duty or responsibility, liability Obliterate Destroy utterly, wipe out. A person who gives financial or other support to a person, Patrons organization, or cause Plagued Pester or harass (someone) continually The presence of something in only small or insufficient Paucity quantities or amounts Pecuniary Relating to or consisting of money Palpably Noticeably or clearly Pragmatic Dealing with things sensibly and realistically Plethora A large or excessive amount of something Portends Be an early sign or warning, prophesy Plenitude The state of being full or complete, an abundance Protagonist An advocate or champion of a particular cause or idea Pantheon A group of famous or important people Ploy A cunning plan or action, strategy Plethora A large or excessive amount of something/an excess of Perceptions Awareness of something through the senses, realization Protracted Lasting for a long time or longer than expected or usual Prodigies A young person with exceptional qualities or abilities Perennial Lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time Prevail Prove more powerful or superior, triumph, be victorious Preempt Take action in order to prevent an anticipated event, forestall A natural inclination or tendency, a disposition to behave in a Propensity certain way. Pique A sudden outburst of anger Plucky Having or showing determined courage in the face of difficulties The quality of having strong moral principles, honesty and Probity decency Peevish Easily irritated, testy or annoyed Placid Not easily upset or excited Paragon A model of excellence, good example 11 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Propped Support or keep in position, hold up Quaint Attractively old-fashioned, oddly picturesque Quandary A state of not knowing what to decide, the dilemma Put an end to (a rebellion or other disorder), typically by the use Quell of force Queer Strange, odd, bizarre The action of repeating something, typically for emphasis or Reiteration clarity Retrench To spend less money, to reduce costs Restore to life or consciousness, bring back from the edge of Revive death Revel Enjoy oneself in a lively and noisy way Retaliate To take revenge, to do something harmful Roil Make (a liquid) turbid or muddy by disturbing the sediment Redundant Surplus, more than what is required Ruse An action intended to deceive someone, a trick, ploy, tactic Rhetoric The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing Ruminate To think deeply about something, Meditate Remiss Lacking care or attention to duty, negligent Resuscitate Revive (someone) from unconsciousness or apparent death Spook Afraid of, frighten, unnerve Sanguine Cheerfully positive and confident Searing Extremely hot or intense, severely critical Suave Charming, sophisticated, gentlemanly Move hurriedly or clumsily from or into a particular place or Scramble position Squandering Waste something in a foolish manner, dissipate Satire The use of humour, irony Succumb Fail to resist pressure or temptation, surrender Slothful Lazy, idle, inactive, dull Staunch Very loyal and committed in attitude Stern Serious, strict, severe, harsh Snares A trap for catching birds or mammals, net Steward A person responsible for supplies Very rude and insulting, and intended to damage somebody's Scurrilous reputation Skeptical Not easily convinced, having doubts Scuttle Run hurriedly or furtively with short quick steps Scrutinized Examine or inspect closely and thoroughly, survey, scan Succinct Briefly and clearly expressed Scrutiny Critical observation or examination, inspection Sluggish Slow-moving or inactive Scarcity In short supply, dearth, lack, want, undersupply, insufficiency Stratum People Having the Same Social, Economic, Or Educational Status 12 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Sanguineness Cheerfully confident optimistic Staunch Very loyal and committed in attitude Slovenly Untidy and dirty, scruffy, messy, unkempt, blowsy Sojourn A temporary stay Shambles A state of total disorder. chaos, mess, muddle, disorganization Sojourn A temporary stay, stopover, residence Scant Barely sufficient or adequate Strife Angry or bitter disagreement over fundamental issues, conflict Succor Assistance and support in times of hardship and distress A loud, confused noise, especially one caused by a large mass of Tumult people Throng Fill or be present in great numbers Trumped Surpass (something) by saying or doing something better Thrifty Careful about spending money and not wasting things Titter Give a short, half-suppressed laugh, giggle Tranquil Free from disturbance, calm Unbridled Uncontrolled, unconstrained Ubiquitous Present, appearing or being everywhere at once Existing beyond what is obvious or admitted, intentionally Ulterior hidden An imagined place or state of things in which everything is Utopia perfect Verbose Using or expressed in more words than are needed Vendetta A prolonged bitter quarrel or campaign, argument Valiant Possessing or showing courage or determination Vitiating Spoil, impair the quality or efficiency, Abolish Votary A devoted follower, adherent, or advocate of someone Vitiate Make imperfect, to spoil or reduce the effect of something Vanquish Defeat thoroughly, conquer, overcome Vex Cause Annoyance In, Disturb, Especially by Minor Irritations Veer Change direction suddenly, swing Veracity Conformity to facts, accuracy Volley Utter or discharge in quick succession, burst Compete eagerly with someone in order to do or achieve Vying something Vague Of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning Whammy An event with a powerful and unpleasant effect, a blow Woe Great sorrow or distress, misery, unhappiness Have an intense feeling of longing for something, that one has Yearn lost or been separated from Zenith The high point, Apex, Maximum, Pinnacle
13 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
S. No. WORD SYNONYM ANTONYM
1. Acumen Awareness, brilliance Stupidity, Ignorance
2. Adhere Comply, observe Condemn, disjoin
3. Abolish Abrogate, annual Set up, Establish
4. Abash Disconcert, rattle Uphold, Discompose
5. Abound Flourish, proliferate Deficient, Destitute
6. Abate Moderate, decrease Aggravate
Commendable, 7. Abject Despicable, servile Praiseworthy
8. Abjure Forsake, renounce Approve, Sanction
9. Abortive Vain, unproductive Productive
10. Absolve Pardon, forgive Compel, Accuse
11. Accord Agreement, harmony Discord
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12. Acrimony Harshness, bitterness Courtesy, Benevolence
13. Adamant Stubborn, inflexible Flexible, Soft
14. Adherent Follower, disciple Rival, Adversary
15. Adjunct Joined, Added Separated, Subtracted
16. Admonish Counsel, reprove Approve, Applaud
17. Adversity Misfortune, calamity Prosperity, Fortune
18. Alien Foreigner, outsider Native, Resident
19. Allay Pacify, soothe Aggravate, Excite
20. Alleviate Abate, relieve Aggravate, Enhance
21. Allure Entice, fascinate Repulse Repel
22. Ascend Climb Escalate Descend, Decline
23. Amplify Augment, deepen Lessen, Contract
24. Arraign Incriminate, indict Exculpate, Pardon
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25. Audacity Boldness, Courage Mildness, Cowardice
26. Authentic Accurate, credible Fictitious, unreal
27. Awkward Rude, blundering Adroit, clever
28. Axiom Adage, truism Absurdity, Blunder
29. Baffle Astound, Faze Facilitate, Clarify
30. Bewitching Alluring, charming Repulsive, Repugnant
31. Bleak Grim, Austere Bright, Pleasant
32. Brittle Breakable, crisp Tough, Enduring
33. Bustle Commotion, Tumult Slowness, Quiet
34. Barbarous Frustrate, perplex Civilized
35. Baroque Florid, gilt Plain, unadorned
36. Barren Desolate, Sterile Damp, Fertile
37. Barrier Barricade, Obstacle Link, Assistance
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38. Base Vulgar, Coarse Summit, Noble
39. Batty Insane, silly Sane
40. Bawdy Erotic, Coarse Decent, Moral
41. Befogged Becloud, Dim Clear headed, Uncloud
42. Benevolent Benign, Generous Malevolent, Miserly
43. Benign Favorable, friendly Malignant, Cruel
44. Bind Predicament Release
45. Bleak Austere, Blank Bright, Cheerful
46. Blunt Dull, Insensitive Keen, Sharp
47. Boisterous Clamorous, rowdy Placid, Calm
48. Bold Adventurous Timid
49. Busy Active, Engaged Idle, Lazy
50. Calculating Canny, Devious Artless, honest
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51. Calamity adversity, misfortune Fortune
52. Callous obdurate, unfeeling Compassionate, Tender
53. Calumny defamation, aspersion Commendation, Praise
54. Capable competent, able Incompetent, Inept
55. Captivate Charm, fascinate Disillusion offend
imprisonment, 56. Captivity Freedom, Liberty confinement
57. Cease terminate, desist Begin, Originate
58. Chaste virtuous, pure Sullied, Lustful
59. Chastise punish, admonish Cheer, encourage
60. Compassion kindness, sympathy Cruelty, Barbarity
61. Comprise include, contain Reject, lack
62. Concede yield, permit Deny, reject
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63. Concur approve, agree Differ, disagree
64. Consent agree, permit Object Disagree
65. Consequence effect, outcome Origin, Start
66. Consolidate solidify, strengthen Separate, Weaken
67. Conspicuous prominent, obvious Concealed, hidden
68. Contempt scorn, disregard Regard, Praise
69. Contradict deny, oppose Approve, Confirm
70. Contrary dissimilar, conflicting Similar, Alike
71. Calm Harmonious, unruffled Stormy, turbulent
72. Callous Insensitive, indurated Kind, merciful
73. Camouflage Cloak, disguise Reveal
74. Candid Blunt, bluff Evasive
75. Captivate Beguile, bewitch Repel
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76. Carnal Earthly, fleshly Spiritual
77. Catholic Generic, liberal Narrow- minded
78. Celebrated Acclaimed, lionized Unknown, Inglorious
79. Cement Plaster, mortar Disintegrate
80. Censure Rebuke, reprimand Praise, Acceptance
Competitive, 81. Cheap Dear, unreasonable Inexpensive
82. Clandestine Covert, fruitive Open, Legal
83. Classic Simple, Typical Romantic, Unusual
84. Coarse Bawdy, Boorish Fine, Chaste
85. Comic Clown, Jester Tragic, tragedian
86. Compact Bunched, thick Loose, Diffuse
87. Compress Abbreviate, Shrink Amplify, Expand
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88. Conceit Egotism, Immodesty Modesty
89. Concord Agreement, accord Discord
90. Condemn Castigate, Chide Approve, Praise
91. Confident Bold, Undaunted Diffident, cowardly
92. Consolidate Centralize, Fortify Weaken
93. Courtesy Generosity, Reverence Disdain, Rudeness
94. Creation Formation, foundation Destruction
95. Cunning Acute, Smart Nave, Coarse
96. Decay Collapse, decompose Flourish, Progress
97. Deceit deception, artifice Veracity, Sincerity
98. Decipher interpret, reveal Misinterpret, distort
99. Defile contaminate, pollute Purify, sanctity
100. Defray spend, pay Disclaim, Repudiate
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101. Deliberate cautious, intentional Rash, Sudden
102. Demolish Ruin, devastate Repair, construct
103. Deprive despoil, divest Restore, Renew
104. Deride mock, taunt Inspire, Encourage
105. Disdain detest, despise Approve, praise
106. Dissuade Remonstrate, Counsel Insite, Persuade
107. Denounce Blame, boycott Defend
108. Dense Opaque, piled Sparse, brainy
109. Derogatory Sarcastic, critical Laudatory, appreciative
110. Despair Depression, misery Contentment, Hope
111. Destructive Catastrophic, pernicious Creative, Constructive
112. Docile Pliable, pliant Headstrong, obstinate
113. Dwarf Diminutive, Petite Huge, Giant
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114. Eager Keen, acquisitive Indifferent, apathetic
115. Eclipse Diminution, Dimming Shine, eclipse
116. Eccentric strange, abnormal Natural, Conventional
117. Ecstasy delight, exultation Despair, Calamity
118. Efface destroy, obliterate Retain, Maintain
119. Eloquence expression, fluency Halting, Stammering
120. Encumbrance hindrance, obstacle Incentive, stimulant
121. Endeavour undertake, aspire Cease, quit
122. Enormous colossal, mammoth Diminutive, negligible
123. Epitome precise, example Increment, expansion
124. Equivocal uncertain, hazy Obvious, lucid
125. Eradicate destroy, exterminate Secure, plant
126. Fabricate construct, produce Destroy, Dismantle
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127. Fallacy delusion, mistake Veracity, Truth
128. Falter stumble, demur Persist, Endure
129. Fanatical narrow-minded, biased Liberal, Tolerant
130. Feeble weak, frail Strong, Robust
131. Ferocious cruel, fierce Gentle, Sympathetic
132. Feud strife, quarrel Harmony, fraternity
133. Fluctuate deflect, vacillate Stabilize, resolve
134. Forsake desert, renounce Hold, maintain
135. Fragile weak, infirm Enduring, Tough
136. Frantic violent, agitated Subdued, gentle
137. Frivolous petty, worthless Solemn, significant
Lavishness, 138. Frugality economy, providence extravagance
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139. Gather Converge, huddle Disperse, Dissemble
140. Gloom obscurity, darkness Delight, mirth
141. Glut stuff, satiate Starve, abstain
142. Gorgeous magnificent, dazzling Dull, unpretentious
143. Gracious courteous, beneficent Rude, Unforgiving
144. Grisly disgusting, atrocious Pleasing, attractive
145. Grudge hatred, aversion Benevolence, Affection
146. Guile cunning, deceit Honesty, frankness
147. Generosity Altruism, bounty Stinginess, greed
148. Genuine Absolute, Factual Spurious
149. Gloomy Bleak, cloudy Gay, Bright
150. Glory Dignity, renown Shame, Disgrace
151. Hamper retard, prevent Promote, facilitate
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152. Hapless unfortunate, ill-fated Fortunate, Lucky
153. Harass irritate, molest Assist, comfort
154. Haughty arrogant, pompous Humble, Submissive
155. Hazard Peril, danger Conviction, security
non-conformist, 156. Heretic Conformable, religious secularist
157. Hideous frightful, shocking Attractive, alluring
158. Hamstrung Cripple Debilitate Strengthen, Encourage
159. Harmony Conformity, Amicability Discord, discord
160. Hasty Abrupt, Impetuous Leisurely, Cautious
161. Honor Adoration, Reverence Denunciation, Shame
162. Humble Meek, Timid Proud, Assertive
163. Humility Resignation, Fawning Boldness, Pride
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164. Hypocrisy Deception, Pharisaism Sincerity, frankness
165. Impenitent Uncontrite, Obdurate Repentant
166. Impulsive Flaky, Impetuous Cautious, Deliberate
167. Indifferent Equitable, Haughty Partial, Biased
168. Indigent Destitute, Impoverished Rich, Affluent
169. Infernal Damned, Accursed Heavenly,
170. Insipid Tedious, Prosaic Pleasing, appetizing
171. Interesting Enchanting, Riveting Dull, Uninteresting
172. Immaculate unsullied, spotless Defiled, Tarnished
173. Immense huge, enormous Puny, Insignificant
174. Immerse submerge, involve Emerge, uncover
175. Imminent impending, brewing Distant, Receding
176. Immunity prerogative, privilege Blame, Censure
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177. Impair diminish, deteriorate Restore, Revive
178. Impartial just, unbiased Prejudiced, Biased
179. Impediment hurdle, obstruction Assistant, Concurrence
180. Impious irreligious, unholy Pious, Devout
181. Impute attribute, ascribe Exculpate, support
Indifference, 182. Inclination disposition, affection Disinclination
183. Incompetent inefficient, unskilled Dexterous, Skilled
Compatible, 184. Incongruous inappropriate, absurd harmonious
unavoidable, 185. Inevitable Unlikely, Doubtful ascertained
186. Infringe violate, encroach Comply, Concur
187. Ingenuous undisguised, naive Wily, Craftly
188. Insinuate allude, hint Conceal, Camouflage
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189. Insipid tasteless, vapid Delicious, luscious
190. Insolvent indigent, destitute Wealthy, solvent
191. Instill inculcate, inject Eradicate, extract
192. Intricate tangled, complicated Regulated, Orderly
193. Intrigue scheme, conspiracy Candor, Sincerity
194. Intrinsic genuine, fundamental Extraneous, incidental
195. Invective accusation, censure Approval, acclamation
unconquerable, 196. Invincible Effeminate, languid impregnable
197. Irrepressible irresistible, unconfined Composed, hesitant
198. Immaculate Exquisite, Impeccable Defiled, Tarnished
199. Jaded tired, exhausted Renewed, recreated
200. Jejune dull, boring Interesting, exciting
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201. Jovial frolicsome, cheerful Solemn, morose
202. Jubilant rejoicing, triumphant Melancholy, depressing
203. Judicious thoughtful, prudent Irrational, foolish
204. Just honest, impartial Unequal, unfair
205. Justify defend, exculpate Impute, arraign
206. Juvenile young, tender Dotage, antiquated
207. Keen sharp, poignant Vapid, insipid
208. Kindred relation, species Unrelated, dissimilar
209. Knave dishonest, scoundrel Paragon, innocent
Reconstruction, 210. Knell death knell, last blow rediscovery
211. Knotty complicated difficult Simple, manageable
212. Lavish abundant, excessive Scarce, deficient
30 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
213. Lax slack, careless Firm, reliable
214. Lenient compassionate, merciful Cruel, severe
215. Liable accountable, bound Unaccountable, apt to
magnanimous, 216. Liberal Stingy, malicious generous
217. Linger loiter, prolong Hasten, quicken
218. Lucid sound, rational Obscure, hidden
219. Lunacy delusion, insanity Normalcy, sanity
220. Lure attract, entice Repel, dissuade
221. Luscious palatable, delicious Unsavory, tart
222. Luxuriant profuse, abundant Scanty, meagre
223. Languid Sluggish, apathetic Energetic, spirited
224. Malice Vengefulness, grudge Goodwill, Kindness
31 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
225. Mandatory Imperative, requisite Optional
226. Masculine Gallant, strapping Feminine, meek
227. Merit Stature, Asset Demerit, dishonor
marvelous, 228. Miraculous Ordinary, trivial extraordinary
229. Mitigate alleviate, relieve Augment enhance
230. Modest humble, courteous Arrogant, pompous
231. Molest harass, tease Console, soothe
232. Mollify appease, assuage Irritate, infuriate
233. Momentous notable, eventful Trivial, insignificant
234. Monotonous irksome, tedious Varied, pleasant
235. Morbid Nasty, Macabre Healthy, Cheerful
236. Munificent liberal, hospitable Frugal, penurious
32 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
237. Murky dusky, dreary Bright, shining
238. Mutinous recalcitrant, insurgent Submissive, faithful
239. Mutual joint, identical Separate, distinct
240. Niggardly miser, covetous Generous, profuse
241. Nimble prompt, brisk Sluggish, languid
242. Nonchalant indifferent, negligent Attentive, considerate
243. Novice tyro, beginner Veteran, ingenious
244. Noxious baneful, injurious Healing, profitable
245. Nullify cancel, annual Confirm, Uphold
246. Notion Conceit, Apprehension Reality, Concrete
247. Numerous profuse, various Scarce, deficient
248. Obstruct impede, prevent Hasten, encourage
249. Obliging Complaisant, Willing Mulish, Obstinate
33 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
250. Obscure Arcane, Vague Prominent
251. Obstinate Stubborn, Adamant Pliable, flexible
252. Obtain Access, Inherit Forfeit
253. Obvious Evident, apparent Obscure, ambiguous
254. Odious Malevolent, obnoxious Engaging, fascinating
255. Offensive Abhorrent, obnoxious Engaging, fascinating
256. Occult latent, ambiguous Intelligible, transparent
257. Offspring descendant, sibling Ancestor, forefather
258. Ominous Menacing, Foreboding Auspicious
259. Opaque obscure, shady Transparent, bright
260. Optimist Idealist Pessimist
261. Oracular cryptic, vague Lucid, distinct
262. Ordain Order, impose Revoke abolish
34 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
263. Ornamental decorative, adorned Unseemly, plain
264. Outbreak eruption, insurrection Compliance, subjection
265. Outrage offence, maltreatment Praise, favour
266. Pacify Appease, Chasten Irritate, worsen
267. Persuade Cajole, Impress Dissuade, halt
268. Perturbed Flustered, anxious Calm
269. Propagate Inseminate, fecundate Suppress, deplete
270. Progress Pace, Betterment Retrogress, worsening
271. Prompt Precise, Punctual Slow, Negligent
272. Prudence Vigilance, Discretion Indiscretion
273. Pamper Flatter, indulge Deny, disparage
274. Paramount foremost, eminent Trivial, inferior
275. Peerless matchless, unrivalled Mediocre,
35 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
commonplace
276. Peevish perverse, sullen Suave, amiable
277. Pertness flippancy, impudence Modesty, diffidence
278. Perverse petulant, obstinate Complacent, docile
279. Placid tranquil, calm Turbulent, hostile
280. Pompous haughty, arrogant Unpretentious, humble
281. Precarious doubtful, insecure Assured
282. Predicament plight, dilemma Resolution, confidence
283. Quack Impostor, deceiver Upright, unfeigned
284. Quaint Queer, strange Familiar, usual
285. Quarantine seclude, screen Befriend, socialize
286. Quell subdue, reduce Exacerbate, agitate
288. Quibble equivocate, prevaricate Unfeign, plain
36 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
289. Raid Incursion, Foray Retreat, release
290. Rapidity Quickness, Velocity Inertia, languidity
291. Reason Acumen, Bounds Folly, Speculation
292. Rebellious Restless, attacking Submissive, Compliant
293. Rectify Amend, Remedy Falsify, Worsen
294. Reluctant Cautious, Averse anxious, Eager
295. Restrain Detain, Confine Incite
296. Ratify consent, approve Deny, dissent
297. Ravage Destroy, ruin Reconstruct, renovate
298. Redeem Recover, liberate Conserve lose
299. Remnant Residue, piece Entire, whole
300. Remonstrate Censure, protest Agree, loud
301. Remorse Regret, penitence Ruthlessness, obduracy
37 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
302. Rescind Annul, abrogate Delegate, permit
303. Resentment Displeasure, wrath Content, Cheer
304. Retract Recant, withdraw Confirm, assert
305. Reverence Respect, esteem Disrespect, affront
306. Rout Vanquish, overthrow Succumb, withdraw
307. Rustic Rural, uncivilized Cultured, Refined
308. Ruthless Remorseless, inhumane Compassionate, lenient
309. Sacred Cherish, Divine Ungodly, Profane
310. Savage Wild, untamed Polished, Civilized
311. Startled Frightened, Shocked Waveringly
312. Steep Course, lofty Flat, gradual
313. Stranger Immigrant, guest Acquaintance, national
314. Sublime Magnificent, eminent Ridiculous
38 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
315. Succinct Concise, Terse Lengthy, polite
316. Sympathy Tenderness, harmony Antipathy, Discord
317. System Scheme, Entity Chaos, Disorder
318. Sarcastic Ironical, derisive Courteous, gracious
319. Saucy Impudent, insolent Modest, humble
320. Shrewd Cunning, craftly Simple, imbecile
321. Scanty scarce, insufficient Lavish, multitude
322. Servile Slavish, Docile Aggressive, Dominant
miserable, 323. Shabby Prosperous, thriving impoverished
324. Slander defame, malign Applaud, approve
325. Sneer mock, scorn Flatter, praise
326. Solicit entreat, implore Protest oppose
39 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
327. Subterfuge Deceit, Stratagem Frankness, Openness
328. Stain blemish, tarnish Honor, purify
329. Spurious Fake, Counterfeit Genuine, Authentic
330. Sporadic intermittent, scattered Incessant, frequent
331. Spry Nimble, Brisk Lethargic, Sluggish
332. Squalid dirty, filthy Tidy, Attractive
333. Successful Propitious, Felicitous Destitute, Untoward
334. Sterile Barren, Impotent Profitable, Potent
lethargy, Sensibility, 335. Stupor unconsciousness Consciousness
336. Subsequent consequent, following Preceding, previous
337. Substantial Considerable, solid Tenuous, fragile
338. Subvert Demolish, sabotage Generate, organize
40 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
339. Superficial Partial, shallow Profound, discerning
340. Sycophant Parasite, flatterer Devoted, loyal
341. Taboo Prohibit, ban Permit, consent
342. Taciturn Reserved, silent Talkative, extrovert
343. Tedious Wearisome. Irksome Exhilarating, lively
344. Temperate Cool, moderate Boisterous, violent
345. Tenement Apartment, Digs Breakeven, dislodge
346. Tenacious Stubborn, Dodge Docile, non- resinous
347. Throng Assembly, crowd Dispersion, sparsity
348. Timid Diffident, coward Bold, intrepid
349. Tranquil Peaceful, composed Violent, furious
350. Transient Temporal, transitory Lasting, enduring
351. Trenchant Assertive, forceful Feeble, ambiguous
41 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
352. Treacherous Dishonest, duplicitous Forthright, reliable
353. Trivial Trifling, insignificant Significant, veteran
354. Tumultuous Violent, riotous Peaceful, harmonious
355. Tyro Beginner, riotous Proficient, veteran
356. Tame Compliant, Subdued Wild, untamed
357. Terse Incisive, Compact Diffuse, Gentle
358. Thick Chunky, massive Thin, attenuated
359. Thrifty Frugal, prudent Extravagant
360. Tranquil Amicable, Calm Agitated, Fierce
361. Transparent Diaphanous Opaque
362. Tremble Vibrate Steady
363. Uncouth Awkward, ungraceful Elegant, Compensate
364. Utterly Completely, entirely Deficiently, incomplete
42 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
365. Umbrage Chagrin, offense Sympathy, goodwill
366. Uncouth Boorish, Clownish Elegant, Compensate
367. Urchin Foundling, Orphan Creep, Knave
Abhorrence, 368. Urge Incite, Implore Abomination
369. Vain Arrogant, egoistic Modest
370. Vagrant Wander, roaming Steady, settled
371. Valor Bravery, prowess Fear, cowardice
372. Vanity Conceit, pretension Modesty, Humility
373. Venerable Esteemed, honored Unworthy, immature
374. Venom Poison, malevolence Antidote, Benevolent
375. Veteran Ingenious, experienced Novice, tyro
376. Vicious Corrupt, obnoxious Noble, Virtuous
43 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
377. Vigilant Cautious, alert Careless, negligent
378. Vivacious Spirited, Energetic Dispirited, Unattractive
379 Vilify Malign, Slur, Defame Cherish, Commend
380. Vouch Confirm, consent Repudiate, prohibit
381. Virtue Ethic, morality Vice, dishonesty
382. Vivid Eloquent, lucid Dull, Dim
383. Waive Relinquish, remove Impose, Clamp
384. Wan Pale, faded Bright, healthy
385. Wane Decline, Dwindle Ameliorate, Rise
386. Wary cautious, circumspect Heedless, negligent
387. Wed marry, combine Divorce, Separate
388. Wicked vicious, immoral Virtuous, Noble
389. Wield Exert, employ Forgo, avoid
44 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
390. Wile Trickery, Artifice Naivety, honor
391. Winsome Beautiful, Comely Alluring, Rapturous
392. Wilt wither, perish Revive, bloom
393. Yell shout, shriek Whisper muted
394 Yield surrender abdicate Resist, protest
395. Yearn languish, crave Content, satisfy
396. Yoke connect, harness Liberate, Release
397. Zeal eagerness, fervor Apathy, lethargy
398. Zenith summit, apex Nadir, base
399. Zest delight, enthusiasm Disgust, passive
400. Zig -zag oblique, wayward Straight, unbent
45 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
CONJUNCTIONS
A Conjunction is a word which connects two words, phrases or sentences.
1. AS WELL AS : and in addition; and also
John abused me as well as threatened to kill me.
2. OR ELSE : otherwise; if not
Hurry up, or else you will miss the bus.
3. HENCE : for this reason
He was not invited hence he didn't come.
4. CONSEQUENTLY : as a result, therefore
They didn't work hard, consequently they have failed.
5. EITHER -OR : used when you are giving a choice
He is either a thief or a murderer.
6. NEITHER -NOR : not, and not
Neither I nor you shall go there.
7. BOTH – AND : something is true not just one but also for another
He is both intelligent and honest.
8. SO – THAT: to show an action producing an intended result 46 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
He is so weak that he can't walk.
9. TOO - TO : too – more than necessary, to – effect of ‘too’
He is too weak to walk.
Note - too is never followed by any negative word like not, no etc.
10. SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT -
We work hard so that we may succeed.
11. ALTHOUGH -YET -
Although he worked hard, yet he failed.
12. SO - AS -
He is not so foolish as he appears to be.
IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS 13. AS -AS
He is as clever as you.
Note - It is good to use so --- as in the negative constructions whereas as - in affirmative sentences.
14. WHETHER -OR
I will come whether you like or not.
47 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
15. AS - SO
As you sow so shall you reap.
16. NO SOONER -THAN
No sooner had I reached the station than the train moved.
Note - In this construction, we use inversion ( change of the natural order ).
17. HARDLY/ SCARCELY - WHEN
Hardly had he reached the school, the bell rang.
Note - In this construction, we also use inversion.
18. NOT ONLY - BUT ALSO
He is not only intelligent but honest also.
19. TILL OR UNTIL
Wait here till I come.
He didn't go until I told him to go.
20. PROVIDED
He will believe you provided you speak the truth.
21. AS IF
He behaves as if he were a king. 48 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
22. THOUGH
Though he is POOR, he is honest.
23. HOWEVER
He will not pass however hard work he may do.
24. NEVERTHELESS
He was not invited to the marriage, nevertheless he came.
25. AS FAR AS
As far as he is concerned, he will not go.
49 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
IDIOMS
IDIOM MEANING
A blessing in disguise a good thing that seemed bad at first
A dime a dozen Something common
Beat around the bush Avoid saying what you mean, usually because it is uncomfortable
Better late than never Better to arrive late than not to come at all
Bite the bullet To get something over with because it is inevitable
Break a leg Good luck
Call it a day Stop working on something
Cut somebody some Don't be so critical slack
Cutting corners Doing something poorly in order to save time or money
Easy does it Slow down
Get out of hand Get out of control
Get something out of Do the thing you've been wanting to do so you can your system move on
50 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Get your act together Work better or leave
Give someone the benefit Trust what someone says of the doubt
Go back to the drawing Start over board
Hang in there Don't give up
Hit the sack Go to sleep
It's not rocket science It's not complicated
Let someone off the hook To not hold someone responsible for something
Make a long story short Tell something briefly
Miss the boat It's too late
No pain, no gain You have to work for what you want
On the ball Doing a good job
Pull someone's leg To joke with someone
Pull yourself together Calm down
So far so good Things are going well so far
51 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Speak of the devil The person we were just talking about showed up!
That's the last straw My patience has run out
The best of both worlds An ideal situation
Time flies when you're You don't notice how long something lasts when it's having fun fun
To get bent out of shape To get upset
To make matters worse Make a problem worse
Under the weather Sick
We'll cross that bridge Let's not talk about that problem right now when we come to it
Wrap your head around Understand something complicated something
You can say that again That's true, I agree
Your guess is as good as I have no idea mine
A bird in the hand is worth What you have is worth more than what you might two in the bush have later
A penny for your thoughts Tell me what you're thinking
52 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
A penny saved is a penny Money you save today you can spend later earned
A perfect storm the worst possible situation
A picture is worth 1000 Better to show than tell words
Actions speak louder than Believe what people do and not what they say words
Add insult to injury To make a bad situation worse
Barking up the wrong tree To be mistaken, to be looking for solutions in the wrong place
Birds of a feather flock People who are alike are often friends (usually used together negatively)
Bite off more than you can Take on a project that you cannot finish chew
Break the ice Make people feel more comfortable
By the skin of your teeth Just barely
Comparing apples to Comparing two things that cannot be compared oranges
Costs an arm and a leg Very expensive
Do something at the drop Do something without having planned beforehand
53 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
of a hat
Do unto others as you Treat people fairly. Also known as "The Golden would have them do unto Rule" you
Don't count your chickens Don't count on something good happening until it's before they hatch happened.
Don't cry over spilt milk There's no reason to complain about something that can't be fixed
Don't give up your day job You're not very good at this
Don't put all your eggs in What you're doing is too risky one basket
Every cloud has a silver Good things come after bad things lining
Get a taste of your own Get treated the way you've been treating others medicine (negative)
Give someone the cold Ignore someone shoulder
Go on a wild goose chase To do something pointless
Good things come to those Be patient who wait
He has bigger fish to fry He has bigger things to take care of than what we are talking about now
54 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
He's a chip off the old block The son is like the father
Hit the nail on the head Get something exactly right
Ignorance is bliss You're better off not knowing
It ain't over till the fat lady This isn't over yet sings
It takes one to know one You're just as bad as I am
It's a piece of cake It's easy
It's raining cats and dogs It's raining hard
Kill two birds with one Get two things done with a single action stone
Let the cat out of the bag Give away a secret
Live and learn I made a mistake
Look before you leap Take only calculated risks
On thin ice On probation. If you make another mistake, there will be trouble.
Once in a blue moon Rarely
Play devil's advocate To argue the opposite, just for the sake of argument
55 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Put something on ice Put a projet on hold
Rain on someone's parade To spoil something
Saving for a rainy day Saving money for later
Slow and steady wins the Reliability is more important than speed race
Spill the beans Give away a secret
Take a rain check Postpone a plan
Take it with a grain of salt Don’t take it too seriously
The ball is in your court It's your decision
The best thing since sliced A really good invention bread
The devil is in the details It looks good from a distance, but when you look closer, there are problems
The early bird gets the The first people who arrive will get the best stuff worm
The elephant in the room The big issue, the problem people are avoiding
The whole nine yards Everything, all the way.
There are other fish in the It's ok to miss this opportunity. Others will arise.
56 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
sea
There's a method to his He seems crazy but actually he's clever madness
There's no such thing as a Nothing is entirely free free lunch
Throw caution to the wind Take a risk
You can't have your cake You can't have everything and eat it too
You can't judge a book by This person or thing may look bad, but it's good its cover inside
A little learning is a dangerous People who don't understand something fully thing are dangerous
A snowball effect Events have momentum and build upon each other
A snowball's chance in hell No chance at all
A stitch in time saves nine Fix the problem now because it will get worse later
A storm in a teacup A big fuss about a small problem
An apple a day keeps the Apples are good for you doctor away
57 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
An ounce of prevention is You can prevent a problem with little effort. worth a pound of cure Fixing it later is harder.
As right as rain Perfect
Bolt from the blue Something that happened without warning
Burn bridges Destroy relationships
Calm before the storm Something bad is coming, but right now it's calm
Come rain or shine No matter what
Curiosity killed the cat Stop asking questions
Cut the mustard Do a good job
Don't beat a dead horse Move on, this subject is over
Every dog has his day Everyone gets a chance at least once
Familiarity breeds contempt The better you know someone the less you like him
Fit as a fiddle In good health
Fortune favours the bold Take risks
Get a second wind Have more energy after having been tired
58 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Get wind of something Hear news of something secret
Go down in flames Fail spectacularly
Haste makes waste You'll make mistakes if you rush through something
Have your head in the clouds Not be concentrating
He who laughs last laughs I'll get you back for what you did loudest
Hear something straight from Hear something from the person involved the horse's mouth
He's not playing with a full He's dumb deck
He's off his rocker He's crazy
He's sitting on the fence He can't make up his mind
It is a poor workman who If you can't do the job, don't blame it on others blames his tools
It is always darkest before the Things are going to get better dawn
It takes two to tango One person alone isn't responsible. Both people are involved.
Jump on the bandwagon Follow a trend, do what everyone else is doing
59 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Know which way the wind is Understand the situation (usually negative) blowing
Leave no stone unturned Look everywhere
Let sleeping dogs lie Stop discussing an issue
Like riding a bicycle Something you never forget how to do
Like two peas in a pod They're always together
Make hay while the sun shines Take advantage of a good situation
On cloud nine Very happy
Once bitten, twice shy You're more cautious when you've been hurt before
Out of the frying pan and into Things are going from bad to worse the fire
Run like the wind Run fast
Shape up or ship out Work better or leave
Snowed under Busy
That ship has sailed It's too late
The pot calling the kettle black Someone criticizing someone else he is just as bad
60 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
There are clouds on the Trouble is coming horizon
Those who live in glass houses People who are morally questionable shouldn't shouldn't throw stones criticize others
Through thick and thin In good times and in bad times
Time is money Work quickly
Waste not, want not Don't waste things and you'll always have enough
We see eye to eye We agree
Weather the storm Go through something difficult
Well begun is half done Getting a good start is important
When it rains it pours Everything is going wrong at once
You can catch more flies with You'll get what you want by being nice honey than you can with vinegar
You can lead a horse to water, You can't force someone to make the right but you can't make him drink decision
You can't make an omelet There's always a cost to doing something without breaking some eggs
61 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
ONE WORD - PHOBIAS, STUDIES, DOCTORS, LOVE FOR etc
PHRASE ONE WORD
An extreme or irrational fear of heights Acrophobia
An irrational fear of fresh air or drafts of Aerophobia air
Fear of being egotistical, being alone or Autophobia isolated
A phobia of pain Algophobia
An abnormal fear of heights Altophobia
Love of cats ailurophilia ailurophilia
anglophilia love or fondness for England anglophilia or the English
person interested in astronomy astrophile astrophile
62 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Medieval forerunner of chemistry Alchemy
Anchor Person who present TV/radio programme
One who studies evolution of mankind Anthropologist
An emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by Anorexia refusing to eat
One who isn’t sure about God’s Agnostic existence
One who is trained to travel in Astronaut spacecraft
One who leads austere(strict) life Ascetic
One who doesn’t believe in existence of Atheist God
One who does thing for pleasure and not Amateur as profession
63 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Accounts handler Auditor
One who tries to bring lawlessness Anarchist
Person who has changed his faith Apostate
the study of plant nutrition and growth in relation to soil Agrobiology
the study of grasses Agrostology the study of origin of life Astrobiology
An extreme or irrational fear of open or Agoraphobia public places
Unconventional style of living Bohemian
An abnormal and persistent fear of Bathophobia depths
Bacteriology the study of bacteria the study of food Bromatology
64 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
love or fondness for books or bibliophily reading
Scientific study of plants Botany
Fear or hatred of books Bibliophobia
One sho is bad in spellings Cacographer
One who draws maps Cartographer
Who writes beautiful writing Calligrapher
Who composed dance movements Choreographer
One who feeds on human flesh Cannibal
One who is employed to drive private Chauffeur car
Who blindly believe in some idea Chauvinist
Person who introduce performers in Compere shows
65 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Custodian of museum collection Curator
Secret way of writing Cypher
Persons living at the same time Contemporaries
One who is centre of attraction Cynosure
One who sneers at beliefs of others Cynic
Person who regards whole world as his Cosmopolitan country
Girl who flirts with man Coquette
Fear of ugliness and things that are ugly Cacophobia
A dislike of being in the centre Centrophobia
An extreme fear about beauty Cellophobia
Love of dogs Canophilia/cynophilist
66 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Gold lover Crysophilist
Group of stars Constellation
Circle of people with common purpose Clique
Group of worshippers Congregation
Fear of time Chronophobia
Study of heart Cardiology
Study of cells Cytology/cariology
Study of age of trees Dendrochronology
A leader who support the cause of Demagogue common people
Study of statistics Demography
Use of hands to communicate ideas Dactylology
67 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Fond of trees Dendrophilous
Study of skin Dermatology
Fear of dogs Cynophobia
An extreme or irrational fear of confined Claustrophobia places
A delusion of being possessed by evil Demonomania spirits
An abnormal and persistent fear of Dipsophobia drinking alcohol
An abnormal and persistent fear of Ergophobia work or finding employment
Who often talks of his achievements Egotist
Who leaves one country to settle in Emigrant another
Substance having affinity for electrons Electrophile
68 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
One who loves to work Ergophile
Study of embryos Embryology
Study of insects Entomology
Study of enzymes Enzymology
Study of origin & spread of diseases Epidemiology
One who runs away from justice Fugitive
One who believes in fate Fatalist
One who is filled with excessive Fanatic enthusiasm in religious matters
Fear of getting married, being in a Gamophobia relationship, or commitment
Lover of good food Gourmand
Physical or psychological fear of sexual Genophobia relations or sexual intercourse
69 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Fear of old age Geraphobia
Women’s health doctor Gynecologist/obstetrician
Fear of knowledge Gnosiophobia
Fear of women Gynaephobia
Fear of writing or handwriting Graphophobia
An irrational and intense fear of travel Hodophobia
Hereditary disease causing excessive Haemophilia bleeding
Practice of garden cultivation Horticulture
Community of people smaller than a Hamlet village
Group of cattle or sheep Herd
Person who acts against religion Heretic
70 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Attracted to sunlight Heliophilous
Loving water Hydrophilus
Lover of horses Hippophile
Tolerant of salt Halophilous
Study of blood Hematology
An excessive fear or aversion to Hedonophobia obtaining pleasure
Fear of disease Haemetophobia
One who doesn’t express himself freely Introvert
One who is unable to pay his debts Insolvent
One who supervises in examination hall Invigilator
Philosophy/theory of law Jurisprudence
71 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
Study of waves Kymatology
Study of rocks Lithology
Person who compiles dictionary Lexicographer
One who is mentally ill Lunatic
An obsessive fear of words Logophobia
Living in pond or marshes Limnophilous
Love of darkness Logophilia
Lover of words Logophile
Living among stones Lithophilous
An extreme fear of wind or drafts Menemophobia
One who avaoids human society Misanthrope
Study of nerves Neurology
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Doctor of nerves amd nervous system Neurologist
Someone in love with himself Narcissist
One who collect coins as hobby Numismatist
Symphathetic towards black people Negrophile
Study of kidney Nephrology
Who loves woods Nemophilist
One who loves novelity Neophile
Collecting black money Notaphily
An extreme or irrational fear of the Nyctophobia night or of darkness
Study of teeth Odontology
ENT doctor Otalaryngologist
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Doctor of muscle problems Orthopedist
Study of cancer Oncology
One who loves wine Oenophile Oenophile
Snake lover Ophiophilist
Pollinated by birds Ornithophilous
Tolerant of large amount of rainfall Ombrophilous
Study of eggs Oology
Study of eyes Ophthalmology
Study of birds Ornithology
Fear of medication Pharamacophobia
Lover of mankind Philanthropist
Doctor for younger patients and infants Pediatrician
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Person who speaks more than one Polyglot language
Antiquarian Paleophile
Pigeon collecting Peristerophily
Love of animals Philotherianism
Doctor of respiratory organs(lungs) Pulmonologist
Hospitality Philoxenia
Devoted to arts Philotechnical
One who seek knowledge Philonoist
Love of learning Philomath
Love of women Philogyny
Fond of lower class Philodemic
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Fond of plants Phytophilous
Sand loving plant Psammophile
Thriving in cold temperature Psychrophilic
Love of beauty Philocaly
Lover of truth Philalethist
Branch of science concerned with origin Petrology of rocks
One who studies elections and trend of Psephologist voting
Study of postage stamps philately
Study of fossils Paleontology
Doctor of mental health Psychatrist
Study of mental illness Psychopathology
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Love of things of past Retrophilia
Doctor of joints, muscles & bones Rheumatologist
One who lives in Solitude Reculse
Living in running water Rheophile
One who presents radio programme Radio jockey
Art of effective or persuasive speaking Rhetoric or writing
Study of earthquakes Seismology
One who walks in sleep Somnambulist
One who is indifferent to pain and Stoic pleasure of life
Fond of flesh Sacrophilous
Obsession of tattooing Stigmatophilia
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Loving shady condition Sciophilous
Living together for mutual benefit Symphily
Fear of death Thanatophobia
Fond of technology Technophile
One who is loved by God Theophile
Thriving in high temperature Thermophilous
Love of archery Toxophily
Fast moving stream of water Torrent
Cheese lover Turophile
Flourishing in extreme season Tropophilous
Fond of sea Thalassophilous
Topology Mathematical study of closeness &
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connectedness
Study of poisons Toxicology
Extreme superstition regarding the Triskaidekaphobia number thirteen
One who shows excessive fondness for Uxorious one’s wife
Study of viruses virology
One who possesses outstanding Virtuoso technical ability in particular field
Love of foreigners Xenophilia
Fond of wood Xylophilous
Adaptation to very dry conditions Xerophily
Caring/loving animals Zoophilia
Study of fermentation Zymology
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Scientific study of animals Zoology
Preposition of Direction Prepositions Meaning
Higher relative to something Above else
Across On the other side of
Along Beside
Among Within a group
Around In a circular way
At Indicates a particular point
Behind At the back of
Below Lower relative to something
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else
Beside Next to
Close to Near
Over Above
Through From one point to the next
Toward In the direction of
Up From low to high
Down From high to low
In the space separating two Between things
By Near
Inside/In Within
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Near Close by
Next to Beside
On Touching something
Onto Moving on top of something
Off Away from
Past On the father side of
Under Below something
Preposition of Time Preposition Meaning
On Days (of the week) & dates
Months/seasons/year, part of In the day, after a period
A specific point of time, At exceptions
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From a specific point in time Since until now (past till now)
For Over a certain period of time
From now to a specific point in Ago the past (now till past)
During Throughout the course
Before Previous to in time, earlier than
Subsequent in time, at a later After time than
Until (Till) Up to a certain point in time
To/ past Telling the time
From/ To A starting point/ an end point
By Not later than
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Preposition of Place Prepositions Meaning
In Position or state inside
In the area of, specific At position, an event (or a place related to it)
Position above, in contact with, for a certain side, the On state or process of & means of conveyance
Off From a place or position
At the side of, close to & next By, Beside to
In a lower position, beneath Under the surface
In or at a position above, Over more than
In or to a lower place, Below beneath
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Above Overhead
From a lower towards a Up higher point
Down A descending direction
English Grammar Preposition Meaning Prepositions
Originating from, composed Or of,associated with, belonging to
In the name of; through the By agency oraction of
Estimation of quantity, on About the subject of
Indicates the object, aim or For purpose
With In the presence or use of
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PREFIX & SUFFIX
MOST COMMON PREFIXES
1. a = without : amoral, apolitical, atypical 2. ante = before : antecedent, antedate 3. anti = against, opposing : anti-war, anti-bacterial 4. arch = more extreme : arch-capitalist, arch-rebel 5. auto = self : auto-dial, auto-rotate 6. bi = two, twice : bilingual, bisect, bi-monthly 7. circum = round : circumnavigate, circumvent 8. co = with : co-author, co-edit 9. col, com, con = with : collaborate, combine, connect 10. contra, counter = against, opposing : contraception, counter-claim 11. de = opposite action : declassify, destroy 12. dia = across : diagonal, diameter 13. dis = not, opposite of : disagree, disprove, distrust, disbelief 14. dys = abnormal : dyslexia, dysfunctional 15. e = electronic : e-literate, e-book 16. eco = relating to the environment : eco-tourism, eco-disaster 17. en(m) = cause to : encode, embrace 18. equi = equal : equidistant, equilateral 19. ex = previously : ex-president, ex-student 20. extra = very : extra-bright, extra-strong 21. extra = outside : extra-curricular, extra-sensory 22. fore = before : forecast 23. hyper = having too much : hyperactive, hypersensitive 24. il, im, in, ir = not : illogical, impossible, indistinct, irrational 25. in(m) = in, movement to: input, inset, intake, implant, import 26. inter = between, connected : interrelated, interact 27. intra = within : intra-generational, intramuscular 28. kilo = thousand : kilogram, kilometer, kilowatt 29. macro = large in size or scope : macro-economics, macro-scale 30. mal = badly : malfunction, malpractice 31. micro = small in size or scope : micro-economics, micro-scale 32. mid = middle : midway 33. mis = wrongly : mistake, mistranslate, misunderstanding 34. mono = one : mono-centric, monoculture 35. multi = many : multicultural, multi-level 86 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
36. neo = based on something older but in new form : neo-classical 37. non = not : non-believer, non-competitive, nonsense 38. out = more, to a greater extent : outnumber, outlive 39. over = over/above/too much : overlook, overcook, overhead 40. post = after : post-examination, post-modern 41. pre = before : pre-industrial, preview, pre-war 42. pro = in favour of : pro-feminist, pro-liberal 43. pseudo = false : pseudo-intellectual, pseudo-science 44. quasi = almost, not quite : quasi-academic, quasi-legal 45. re = again : rediscover, redefine, rename, return 46. retro = backwards : retrogressive, retrospective 47. semi = half, partly : semicircle, semi-organic, semi-precious 48. sub = under, beneath, part of something: submarine, subsection 49. super = above, bigger : superpower, supersonic, superstar 50. trans = across : transcontinental, transcribe, transport 51. ultra = extreme : ultra-sensitive, ultrasound 52. un = not : uncertain, unusual, unscrew, unplug, unfriendly 53. under = insufficient, under, beneath : underemployed, undersea 54. well = useful, successful : well-designed, well-written
MOST COMMON SUFFIXES
1. -able, ible = can be done : identifiable, predictable 2. -al, ial = has property of : personal 3. -ant = having an effect : coolant, accelerant 4. –based = forming a major part of : computer-based, oil-based 5. –cy = state or quality : accuracy, literacy, urgency 6. -ed* = past verb : turned 7. –ee = person affected by something : interviewee, trainee, addressee 8. -en = made of : golden 9. -er = comparative : higher 10. -er = one who : doer, actor 11. -est = superlative : best, biggest 12. –free = without : debt-free, pain-free 13. –ful = full of : careful, joyful 14. –hood = state, condition, period : adulthood, motherhood 15. –ic = having property of, connected with : linguistic, photographic, electric 16. –ics = study of : genetics, electronics 17. –ify = give something a quality : clarify, purify, solidify 87 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
18. –ing* = present participle : running 19. –ism = belief, behaviour : modernism, heroism 20. – ist = person with specific beliefs or behaviour : anarchist, optimist 21. –(t)ion = act, process : action 22. –(i)ty = state of : infinity, sanity 23. –(t)ive = adjective : motive, votive 24. –ize, -ise = bring about a state or condition : modernize/modernize, colonize/colonise 25. –less = without : fearless, careless, childless, meaningless 26. –like = resembling : bird-like, child-like, hook-like 27. –ly* = having : quickly, quietly 28. –ment = action, process : enjoyment 29. –ness = quality or state of : kindness, effectiveness, openness 30. –ocracy = type of ruling body : meritocracy, bureaucracy 31. –ocrat = person ruling : technocrat, aristocrat 32. –ology, -ological = study of : archaeology, biology, biological, geology, physiological 33. –ous = having : joyous, religious 34. –proof = protected against, safe from : waterproof, dustproof 35. –s* = more than one : books 36. –ship = state or experience of having a specific position : professorship, leadership 20. –y = having : happy, windy
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TYPES OF SENTENSES
FORM FUNCTION EXAMPLE PUNTUATION
1 Declarative It tells us something John likes Mary .
2 Interrogative It asks us something Does Mary like ? John ? 3 Imperative It tells us to do something Stop! ! or . Close the door 4 Exclamative It expresses surprise What a funny ! story he told us!
VOICES
o Active voice o Verb is controlled by subject o Object in active voice become subject in passive voice o Subject in active voice becomes object of preposition ‘by’ in passive voice o Passive voice o Verb is controlled by object
o Tense Active Passive Active sentence Passive equivalent voice voice
Simple present keep is kept I keep the butter in the The butter is kept in the fridge. fridge.
Present continuous is is being John is keeping my My house is being kept keeping kept house tidy. tidy.
Simple past kept was Mary kept her schedule Mary's schedule was kept meticulously. kept meticulously.
Past continuous was was The theater was A seat was being kept keeping being keeping a seat for you. for you.
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o Tense Active Passive Active sentence Passive equivalent voice voice
kept
Present perfect have have I have kept all your old All your old letters have kept been letters. been kept. kept
Past perfect had had He had kept up his His training regimen kept been training regimen for a had been kept up for a kept month. month.
Simple Future will will be Mark will keep the The ficus will be kept. keep kept ficus.
Conditional would would If you told me, I would If you told me, your Present keep be kept keep your secret. secret would be kept.
Conditional Past would would I would have kept your Your bicycle would have have bicycle here if you had have been kept here if kept been left it with me. you had left it with me. kept
Present Infinitive to keep to be She wants to keep the The book wants to be kept book. kept.
Perfect Infinitive to have to have Judy was happy to The puppy was happy kept been have kept the puppy. to have been kept. kept
Present Participle keeping being I have a feeling that I have a feeling that a & Gerund kept you may be keeping a secret may be being secret. kept.
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o Tense Active Passive Active sentence Passive equivalent voice voice
Perfect Participle having having Having kept the bird in The bird, having been kept been a cage for so long, Jade kept in a cage for so kept wasn't sure it could long, might not survive survive in the wild. in the wild.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
o Direct speech/reporting speech – quote the exact words spoken. o Indirect/reported speech –it reports about what someone has said in past o Rules o No change is required in verb of reported speech if reporting speech is in present or future tense TENSE CHANGES DIRECT INDIRECT Present No change He says, “I am ill.” He says that he is ill. simple Future No change You say, “I shall visit You say that you will London.” visit London.
Present Past They said, They said that indefinite indefinite “They take exercise they took exercise every day.” every day.
Present continuous Past They said, They said that continuous “They are they were taking exercise taking exercise every day.” every day.
Present Past perfect They said, They said that perfect “They have they had taken exercise.” taken exercise.
Present Past perfect They said, They said that perfect continuous “They have been they had been continuous taking exercise since taking exercise since morning.” morning.
Past Past perfect They said, They said that continuous 91 ENGLISH NOTES FOR WBCS PRELIMS 2020 BY JITIN YADAV, IAS
“They were they had been taking exercise.” taking exercise.
past perfect Past perfect They said, “They had They said that taken exercise.” they had taken exercise.
Past perfect Past perfect continuous continuous
CHANGES This That These Those Here There Now Then Sir Respectfully Madam Respecfully Today That Day Yesterday The Previous Day Following Day or Tomorrow Next Day Tonight That Night Good Morning, Good Evening, Greeted Good Day
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
SENTENCES DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Imperative The teacher said to The teacher ordered/requested me me, “Shut the door to shut the door Interrogative said to her, “When do I asked her when she did her you do your homework homework?” exclamatory He said, “Hurray! I He exclaimed with great joy that he have won the match.” had won the match. Opative He said to me, “May He prayed that I might live long. you live long!”
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