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Impacto Económico, Social Y Ambiental Del Transporte De Carga Internacional Terrestre De Colombia

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Impacto Económico, Social Y Ambiental Del Transporte De Carga Internacional Terrestre De Colombia IMPACTO ECONÓMICO, SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL TRANSPORTE DE CARGA INTERNACIONAL TERRESTRE DE COLOMBIA Andrea Estefanía Barón Gallego Leydi Yasmín Guerrero Roldán Institución Universitaria Esumer Facultad de Estudios Internacionales Medellín, Colombia 2015 IMPACTO ECONÓMICO, SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL TRANSPORTE DE CARGA INTERNACIONAL TERRESTRE DE COLOMBIA Andrea Estefanía Barón Gallego Leydi Yasmín Guerrero Roldán Trabajo de investigación presentado para optar al título de: Ciclo Profesional en Negociador Internacional Director: Federico Alonso Atehortúa Hurtado, Magíster en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Línea de Investigación: Negocios Internacionales Institución Universitaria Esumer Facultad de Estudios Internacionales Medellín, Colombia 2015 Agradecimientos Agradecemos a nuestro creador, por permitirnos vivir días tan maravillosos y gracias a él hemos podido llegar a donde hemos querido, con nuestras oportunidades y dificultades, siempre sobresaliendo, luchando por ser mejores personas y profesionales para la vida. Infinitas gracias Dios por este nuevo logro. A nuestros padres, por el apoyo incondicional durante nuestro proceso formativo, siempre han estado presentes deseándonos lo mejor, motivándonos para cada día crecer en todos los ámbitos de nuestras vidas. Es una gran bendición y orgullo poder contar con seres tan especiales. A nuestros compañeros de clases que siempre estuvieron dispuestos a ayudarnos en aquellos momentos de dificultad, con los que compartimos durante todo este viaje maravilloso, lleno de experiencias. A nuestros docentes, por ser ese aliciente a luchar por nuestros sueños y sobre todo por compartir sus conocimientos, tiempo, dedicación y experiencias con nosotras, nos han preparado para ser mejores personas y profesionales. El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó bajo acompañamiento del Docente Federico Alonso Atehortúa Hurtado, Magíster en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, agradecemos por la enorme contribución y apoyo durante todo el proceso. Aprendimos mucho de él. Resumen y Abstract Resumen Esta investigación está enfocada al análisis de los impactos económicos, ambientales y sociales del transporte de carga internacional en Colombia en la modalidad terrestre y ferroviario con el fin de proveer información que permita identificar las oportunidades que ofrece el transporte ferroviario de carga internacional al transporte ferroviario de carga al comercio internacional. Palabras clave: Transporte, férreo, carga, impactos e infraestructura. Abstract This research focused on the analysis of economic, environmental and social impacts of international freight in Colombia in the road and rail mode in order to provide information to identify the opportunities offered by the international freight rail to rail freight international trade. Keywords: Transport, ferreous, load, impacts, Facilities Contenido Contenido Contenido Lista de figuras ............................................................................................................. VII Lista de tablas ............................................................................................................. VIII Lista de gráficos ............................................................................................................. X Lista de Símbolos y abreviaturas ................................................................................. XI Introducción .................................................................................................................... 1 1. Formulación del Proyecto ....................................................................................... 3 1.1 Antecedentes .................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Estado del Arte ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Trabajos institucionales ................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Comportamiento reciente del transporte de carga ........................................... 5 1.2.3 Reactivación del transporte ferroviario en Colombia ........................................ 6 1.2.4 Inversión extranjera en el transporte ferroviario en Colombia .......................... 8 1.2.5 Transporte de carga ¿por carretera o por tren? ............................................... 9 1.3 Planteamiento del problema ......................................................................... 11 1.4 Justificación .................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1 Justificación Teórica ...................................................................................... 12 1.4.2 Justificación Social ........................................................................................ 12 1.4.3 Justificación Personal .................................................................................... 12 1.5 Objetivos....................................................................................................... 13 1.5.1 Objetivo general ............................................................................................ 13 1.5.2 Objetivos específicos ..................................................................................... 13 1.6 Marco metodológico ..................................................................................... 14 1.6.1 Método .......................................................................................................... 14 1.6.2 Metodología................................................................................................... 14 1.7 Alcances ....................................................................................................... 14 2. Ejecución del Proyecto .......................................................................................... 15 Contenido 2.1 CAPÍTULO 1 ................................................................................................. 15 2.1.1 Transporte de Carga por Carretera en Colombia ........................................... 15 2.1.2 Volumen de Carga Transportada ................................................................... 17 2.1.3 Descripción del sector ................................................................................... 24 2.1.4 Normatividad Del Transporte Terrestre De Carga En Colombia .................... 26 2.1.5 Impactos del Transporte de carga por Carretera ........................................... 32 2.1.6 Impactos Económicos ................................................................................... 34 2.1.7 Impacto Social ............................................................................................... 39 2.1.8 Conflictos en el Transporte de Carga ............................................................ 46 2.1.9 Impacto Ambiental ......................................................................................... 47 2.2 CAPITULO 2 ................................................................................................. 52 2.2.1 Transporte de Carga Férreo en Colombia ..................................................... 52 2.2.2 Transporte de Carga Ferroviario de México................................................... 63 2.2.3 Volumen de Carga Ferroviaria en México ...................................................... 65 2.2.4 Descripción del Sector Ferroviario de México ................................................ 68 2.2.5 Normatividad del Transporte Ferroviario en México ....................................... 70 2.2.6 Impactos del Transporte de Carga Ferroviario de México.............................. 72 2.2.7 Impacto Económico ....................................................................................... 73 2.2.8 Impacto Social ............................................................................................... 75 2.2.9 Impactos al Medio Ambiente ......................................................................... 76 2.3 CAPITULO 3 ................................................................................................. 80 2.3.1 Análisis comparativo Colombia-México ......................................................... 80 2.3.2 Matriz DOFA (Debilidades, Oportunidades, Fortalezas y Amenazas) del Transporte de Carga Terrestre y Ferroviario. ......................................................... 82 2.4 CAPITULO 4 ................................................................................................. 94 2.4.1 Armonización de los Sistemas ....................................................................... 94 3. Hallazgos ................................................................................................................ 99 4. Conclusiones y recomendaciones ...................................................................... 102 4.1 Conclusiones ...............................................................................................102 4.2 Recomendaciones .......................................................................................104 Referencias bibliográficas .......................................................................................... 106 Contenido Lista de figuras Figura 1: Organigrama del sector transporte en Colombia……………………….….. 25 Figura 2: Entidades Relacionadas con el Sector Transporte en Colombia………….25 Figura 3: Inversión en infraestructura ferroviaria en México…………………………..73 Contenido Lista de tablas Tabla 1: Índice
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