4. John Williams

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4. John Williams DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Hans Zimmer und John Williams - Zwei Filmkomponisten im Vergleich“ Verfasserin Cornelia Reutner angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 316 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Musikwissenschaft Betreuerin / Betreuer: ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Margareta Saary Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort..............................................................................................................................4 1. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Bild und Ton................................................................6 2. Unterschied zwischen konventionellen Musikern und Filmmusikern........................10 2.1. Ausbildungswege..................................................................................................10 2.1.1. Allgemeines........................................................................................................10 2.1.2. Die Ausbildungswege von Hans Zimmer und John Williams........................................11 2.2 Problematiken im Beruf des Filmmusikers...........................................................11 3. Zwei Filmkomponisten im biografischen Vergleich...................................................17 4. John Williams..............................................................................................................24 4.1. Orchestermusik im Film.......................................................................................24 4.2. Analyse der „klassischen” Kompositionsweise von John Williams....................26 4.2.1. Musikalische Symbole und Leitmotivik....................................................................26 4.2.2. Die Leitmotivtechnik bei John Williams anhand des Beispiels „Jaws“ (1975)..................27 4.2.3. Der Einfluss von John Williams' Leitmotiven auf andere Komponisten...........................41 4.3. „Off the beaten track” - John Williams' Klangvielfalt abseits des „klassischen“ Scores...........................................................................................................................43 4.3.1. „Catch me if you can“ (2002).................................................................................43 4.3.2. „The Terminal“ (2004) .........................................................................................44 4.3.3. „Home Alone“ (1990)...........................................................................................47 4.3.4. „Rosewood“ (1997)..............................................................................................49 4.4 Star Wars – ein besonderes Beispiel......................................................................51 4.4.1. A Musical Journey...............................................................................................52 5. Hans Zimmer...............................................................................................................64 5.1. Improvisation in der Filmmusik bezugnehmend auf Hans Zimmer.....................64 2 5.2. Analyse von Hans Zimmers Kompositionsweise anhand früher Werke des Komponisten................................................................................................................65 5.2.1 „Rain Man“ (1988)................................................................................................65 5.2.2. „Driving Miss Daisy“ (1989)..................................................................................68 5.2.3. „Green Card“ (1990).............................................................................................69 5.2.4. „Regarding Henry“ (1991).....................................................................................69 5.2.5. „Backdraft“ (1990)...............................................................................................75 5.3 Hans Zimmer auf Erfolgskurs: Analyse des bekannten Scores zu „The Lion King“ (1994)..............................................................................................77 5.4. Hans Zimmer und seine Mitarbeiter: Remote Control Productions.....................87 5.4.1. „Gladiator“ (2000)................................................................................................88 6. Zwei Komponisten – ein Thema: John Williams und Hans Zimmers Umgang mit Krieg und Tod..................................................................................................................94 6.1. „The Thin Red Line“ und „Saving Private Ryan“................................................94 6.2. Vertonung des Heldentods im Vergleich ...........................................................110 6.2.1. Maximus' Tod....................................................................................................111 6.2.2 Qui-Gons Tod....................................................................................................114 Ergebnis.........................................................................................................................121 Zusammenfassung.........................................................................................................123 Abstract..........................................................................................................................123 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................................................124 Lebenslauf.....................................................................................................................128 Eidesstattliche Erklärung...............................................................................................129 3 Vorwort Filmmusik ist eine der meist gehörten Musikrichtungen der heutigen Zeit. Dennoch ist sie in vielerlei Hinsicht eine Grauzone und wirft daher Fragen auf – zum Beispiel in Bezug auf ihre Gattungszugehörigkeit oder Form - ja manchmal sogar bis hin zu ihrer Existenzberechtigung. Filmmusik gehört im Grunde der Unterhaltungsmusik an. Man findet Soundtracks aufgrund ihrer Vielseitigkeit in Geschäften oftmals neben sinfonischen, „klassischen“ CDs, aber auch genauso bei den aktuellen Charts. Wo wird sie also eingeordnet? Wie wird sie komponiert? Welche Form von Filmmusik ist gut und richtig? Welche Ausbildung muss ein Filmkomponist durchlaufen, bevor er erfolgreich sein kann? In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit sollen anhand zweier sehr unterschiedlicher Filmkomponisten Antworten auf die oben gestellten Fragen gesucht und die jeweiligen Herangehensweisen und Techniken beim Komponieren ihrer Scores beschrieben werden. Dazu werden unterschiedlichste Filme in Bezug auf ihre Soundtracks analysiert, einerseits berühmte Werke beider Künstler, aber auch Ungewöhnliches oder Unbekanntes. Um bestimmte Techniken genau zu beschreiben, wurden von exemplarisch ausgewählten Filmen Detailanalysen gemacht, also Szene für Szene für die Analyse herangezogen, während andere Werke nur im Überblick bzw. mit Fokus auf einen speziellen Aspekt behandelt wurden. Die in der Arbeit vorhandenen Notenbeispiele wurden beinahe zur Gänze selbst transkribiert und mit Hilfe von Sibelius 4 erstellt. Als Vorlagen für die Transkriptionen dienten CDs, DVDs und Blu-Ray Discs, wodurch die transkribierten Beispiele aus technischen Gründen um einen Halbton abweichen können. Für mich ist der Bereich der Filmmusik besonders interessant, da er zwei meiner Berufswege vereint. Nach Abschluss meiner filmischen Ausbildung an der SAE Wien im Zweig „Digital Film and Animation“ im Jahr 2007 bin ich neben meinem jetzigen Studium der Musikwissenschaft und der musikalischen Weiterbildung an der Universität für Musik und darstellenden Kunst in Wien beruflich einerseits im musikalisch- pädagogischen Bereich als Lehrerin sowie als Chorleiterin tätig. Andererseits arbeite ich 4 aber auch an kleineren Film- und DVD-Produktionen vor allem im Bereich Schnitt und Filmmusik im In- und Ausland mit. Seit kurzem schreibe ich auch für eigene kleine Filmprojekte selbst Filmmusik und möchte diese Tätigkeit in Zukunft auch ausweiten. Weiters veranstalte ich immer wieder Seminare an den Volkshochschulen und im Verein „pro-vo“ in Wien, die sich mit Filmmusik auseinandersetzen. An dieser Stelle möchte ich meiner Familie und meinen Freunden danken, die mir immer mit Hilfe und Verständnis zur Seite standen und stehen. Ein großes Dankeschön möchte ich hier vor allem an meine gute Freundin Elisabeth, meine Mutter, meine Schwester Verena und meinen Freund Patrick richten. Besonderer Dank gilt auch Univ.- Prof. Dr. Margareta Saary für die wissenschaftliche Betreuung und das Ermöglichen der Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit neben meinem Beruf. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird aufgrund der besseren Lesbarkeit in erster Linie die männliche Form stellvertretend für beide Geschlechter verwendet. Die weibliche Form wurde selbstverständlich mitbedacht und ist so zu interpretieren. 5 1. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Bild und Ton Es ist eine Tatsache, dass die Idee Geschichten, Stimmungen oder Bilder mit Hilfe von Musik zu unterstützen oder zu erzählen nicht erst mit dem Medium „Film“ entstanden ist. Schon im antiken griechischen Theater verband man die Kunst des Schauspiels mit der der Musik. Mit der später aufkommenden Oper wurde diese Kombination zu einer der beliebtesten Kunstformen überhaupt. Doch während in der Oper die gesungenen Inhalte die Geschichte vorantreiben sollen, ist für den Film gerade jene Musik von Interesse, die auch instrumental eine Handlung unterstützen und sogar vorwärts treiben kann.
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