May 26, 1986 153 pf sporuQm Beiiing's Vegetable Hydroponics Plant

Checking ventilating ducts along the plant shelves.

^ ^ " jf^' S Technicians planting • » ^ V ^ f vegetable seedlings.

More than 20 kinds of vegetables are planted in the multi-tiered planting structures in the greehhouse.

"1* HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK VOL. 29. NO. 21 MAY 26. m(y

The Return of Macao CONTENTS • The Chinese and Portuguese governments will soon begin NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 lo negotiate the return of Macao to the mainland — a Academic Debate Urges Progress settlement that will be conducive to the stability and development in the region, (p. 21). EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 Scic?itists: Sail of The Harth Power Industry I-orccasts Boom 'Hundred Schools' Policy Promotes Science Canadian Leader Visits China Seeks Scat on AOB Board • The conclusions of Qingdao Symposium on Genetics, held Labour. Wage Reform lo Develop in 1956 following the publication of the "hundred schools" In IX'pth policy formulated by the late Chairman Mao for developing science, indicates science can develop only when there is free INTERNATIONAL 10-14 and open discussion in academic circles (p. 15). In Notes From US-Pacific: While House Courts the Editors, Review cites examples to illustrate how Asia. Pacific important uninhibited discussion is to China's current reform r.thiopia-Sonialia: Confrontation and its science development (p. 4). 'I'urns to Consuittition Soviet L^nion: Nuclear Disaster Casts World Shadows Poet Recovers From Torment of the Past Angola: US Steps Up Military Aid To Rebels • An intriguing story about Chen Mingyuan, who was Lebanon: War-Torn Nation in branded a "counter-revolutionary" and was plunged into a Banking Crisis political hell during the "" after being charged by the gang of four with falsifying the late Chairman 'Hundred Schools^ Policy An Im• Mao's poems. His unjust case was redressed two years after the petus to Science Development 15 gang's downfall. Now he is much respected as a computer scientist as well as a poet (p. 18). Poet Recovers From Past Torment 18 Macao Faces Historical Cliange 21 Caring for Handicapped Ctilldren 24 jscientists and Technicians in Spotlight

FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26-27 • The recent national meeting to award outstanding BUSINESSARADE 28-29 scientific achievements gives credit to Chinese scientists for their great contributions to the nation's economic and social CULTURE/SCIENCE 30-31 development (p. 5). SPORTS 32-33 BOOKS 34 COVER: Scences From Shakespeare's Much Ado About William Shakespeare Dramas Staged in Beijing. • China's inaugural Shakespeare Festival held in l>iioto by Li Chungeng and Beijing last month saw performances in the original-or adapted versions of 16 of the playwright's tragedies and comedies. Some adapted renditions were done in Beijing opera and other local operas by professional, as well as amateur troupes, both in Chinese and English, for adults and children (p. 30).

^MUM avwy Monday by DbUibuted by CNM I BBJING itEVIBV Trading CB I (GUOJI SHUOiAN), USA USSZUN 24 Boiwanzhuans Road, Btripng P.O. aox 399, Boeing, CWna ... KLSHm The PeopW's Republic of C3iina Con. $»jn NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Academic Debate Urges Progress by Dai Yannian

ith Marxism-Leninism and "hundred schools" policy tapered Past experiences, both positive WMao Zedong Thought as its into a nominal existence. and negative, are good teachers. guideline, socialist China advo• Fortunately, all this has become Today more and more people in cates academic freedom under the history since 1978, when the Party China have come to understand guidance of the policy of "letting a set about correcting "Leftist" the value of the "hundred hundred schools of thought mistakes at the Third Plenary schools" policy. contend." Session of its llth Central To carry out the policy calls for This policy was inaugurated by Committee. a relaxed social environment, in the Party Central Committee and which people are allowed to Chairman Mao in 1956, when express different opinions and China, having just accomplished constantly break new ground. The socialist transformation of owner• right to disagree over academic ship of the means of production, issues should be guaranteed to was confronted with the formid• every academician whether he or able task of construction in ^^hina's sciences she is a state or Party leader or a various fields of endeavour, develop smoothly when the common reasearch worker, a science and culture included. In veteran expert or an inexperienced the academic world, it is only "hundred schools" policy green-horn. Both criticism and natural to see different schools of is in force, and suffers counter-criticism should be al• thought contend on a wide range when it is not. lowed, and while making criticic- of topics, and it simply won't work isms, one should reason things if one resorts to administrative out. All theories should be tested measures to advocate one school through practice and nobody of thought al the expense of the should resort to smothering ideas others. Such disputes can be that conflict with his or her own or settled only through free airing of Facts show that China's science to attaching political epithets to viewpoints. The "hundred develops smoothly when the those people who hold different schools" policy, designed to policy is in force and regresses opinions. promote the prosperity of science, when it is not. The well-known is in itself an embodiment of geologist , for example, Today, as the economic reforms socialist democracy in the confirmed that eastern China was are in full swing in China, a lot Of academic world. rich in oil reserves. His conclusion, research topics have been brought however, contradicted those of the before Chinas academicians, The Chinese government en• majority of Chinese and foreign topics that have an important courages academic freedom for geologists, who insisted China was bearing on the effort to build the great numbers of China's oil poor. Li's theory, however, was socialism with distinctive Chinese Marxist and non-Marxist protected; it was finally justified characteristics. Today, the fields scholars, believing that they can when China became an oil of philosophy, economics, culture make beneficial contributions to exporter. Economist Ma Yinchu and history are characterized by the nation. proposed in the early 1950s that spirited debates on a wide range of But over a long period, when the growth rate of China's issues. Some suggestions put "Leftism" held sway, things were population be controlled. His' forward by scholars, including the not what they should be. In those suggestions were unduly criticized practice of a planned commodity days, academic debates were often as "reactionary viewpoints of economy with market regulation mistaken for political issues or, Neo-Malthusianism." Later, playing a significant role, have worse still, manifestations of class however, when China instituted its already been adopted by the state struggle, and large numbers of family planning programme in the as basic policies. well-accomplished intellectuals 1970s as a result of its pressing There are no set patterns were branded "reactionary pun• population problem, Ma was around for China's reforms. To dits." The result was that different vindicated and his advice remem• pioneer new ground will mean opinions were muffled, and the bered as sound. breaking with traditional practices

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 EVENTSARENDS

Scientists: Salt of tlie Earth

cientists were in the spotlight inventions as the Changzheng S as the convocation of the first (Long March) No. 3 carrier rocket national meeting to award out• and the dynamic optical satellite standing scientists and technolog• and missile abservation and ical advances was held in Beijing measuring devices. There were on May 16. also 135 first-class awards, 535 "The Chinese people are second-class ones and 1,068 ones and theories. Today, though capable and ambitious and we in the third class. All these projects China advocates creative research, should be proud of our scientists." were deemed capable of producing this is not an easy job. No one can said Premier at the substantial economic benefits for guarantee that he is free from meeting. the country. While many projects errors when putting forward a new The meeting, attended by some have generated more than 1 theory. Mistakes, which somet• 1,400 scientists and technicians million yuan in profits a year, imes are inevitable, should be from around the country, presen• quite a few have produced more surmounted through academic ted awards to 1,761 major research than 10 million yuan or even 100 discussions. Of course, the projects and 185 inventions of million to 1 billion yuan annually. question of whether something 1985 and 115 key research "These projects have helped actually is wrong should first be achievements accomplished dur• save tremendous amount of the determined through discussion ing the Sixth Five-Ycar Plan nation's wealth," Zhao said. "But and the test of practice. We should (1981-85). unite people with erroneous points the Chinese people face a series of of view. These award-winning projects, more arduous and challenging selected from more than 20,000 tasks in the next five years and the There is no "forbidden zone" in applications, covered all areas Seventh Five-Year Plan has set academic research. Anything of the economy, from national de• still higher den[iands on our beneficial to the development of fence, electronics and communi• scientific and technological society, science and practical cations to environmental protec• work." Therefore, Zhao said, the needs is open for study. tion and agriculture. They includ• scientists should not content In opening to the outside world, ed 23 special awards for such themselves with making replicas China's academic research has attracted the attention of foreign Premier Zliao Ziyang and other state leaders presenting awards to prize-winning scientists and scholars. Their scientists and technicians. participation in China's academic Ql TIEYAN debates is conducive to the prosperity of culture and science, and all their valuable opinions should be absorbed. Needless to say, foreigners are equal with their Chinese counterparts; it is only normal that foreigners' academic views can be accepted or criticized. Academic issues from abroad are sure to be introduced to China, and they should be given much serious consideration by Chinese academics. It is natural that Chinese scholars learn from some of these foreign ideas while disagreeing with others. The discussions between Chinese and foreign academics should also be based on scholarship and reason.

MAY 26, 1986 5 EVENTS/TRENDS of "antiques." They should strive During the Seventh Five-Year middle reaches of the Changjiang to bring most of the key Plan period (1986-90), major (Yangtze) River, as well as the construction projects in the attention will be devoted to Hongshui River and building a Seventh Five-Year Plan up to the constructing a number of large number of large hydroelectric advanced world levels of the late thermal power stations in major power stations along their banks. 1970s and early 1980s. coal producing areas and around At the same time, efforts will be Premier Zhao said scientists the coastal ports. made to put up some medium- should exert themselves to provide With regard to hydroelectric sized hydroelectric power stations quality service for the develop• power, priority will be given to in northeast and east China, where ment of new industries and to the tapping water power resources on there are fairly abundant water technological transformation of the upper reaches of the Huanghe power resources. traditional ones, especially those (Yellow) River, the upper and In the next five years, en- producing processing machinery, precision instruments, consumer goods as well as commodities for export, so as to upgrade the quality of all products. At the same time, they should continue to devise methods to conserve energy, water resources, land and raw materials. Premier Zhao added that efforts must also be made to spread advanced and practical techno• logy among the country's mush• rooming rural enterprises. •

Power Industry Forecasts Boom

n unprecedented number of A power projects are now under construction in China, forming a promising picture for the country's power industry in the next five years. China has set for itself the grand goal of quadrupling its annual gross industrial and agricultural output value by the year 2000, taking the 1980 figures as the base. For the present, however, a power shortage poses a major obstacle to attaining this goal. To alleviate the power shortage and ensure the smooth development of the national economy in the years to come, the state has planned to build many power stations with a total generating capacity of 60 to 65 million kw in the next five years, 30 to 35 million kw of which will be commissioned during this period. This means 7 million kw will be added to the country's total electricity generating capacity each year.

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 couragement also will be given to thermal power plant in Beijing and various localities and departments the Shidongkou thermal power News in Brief to pool funds and undertake their plant in Shanghai, as well as the own medium-sized and small Pingyu and Luohe; thermal power hydroelectric power stations. It is plants in Huainan mining area in #1khina's first tandem reported that 25 provinces, Anhui Province are also going up. w electrostatic accelerator municipalities and autonomous The other major power projects physics laboratory, built by regions today have already raised now being undertaken include the Chinese Academy of 10.7 billion yuan (about US$3.4 Zouxian and Shiheng thermal Atomic Energy, will soon go billion) for energy development. power plants in Shandong Pro• into operation, an academy It is also reported that prepara• vince, the Tongjiezi and Baozhu official said recently. The tions are under way for the cons• hydroelectric power stations in 8,300-square-metre labora• truction of a massive hydroelectric Province, as well as the tory, whtch costs 50 million power station at the Three Gorges Shuangyashan and Harbin No. 3 yuan to construct, will be of the Changjiang River. At thermal power plants in Heilong- opened to organizations of present, experts are working hard jiang Province. In addition, the the same profession to ascertain the economic and Dongjiang Hydroelectric Power throughout China. "Compl• ecological repercussions of such a Station in Hunan .and the Ankang etion of such a modem, low- project. If built, it would be one of Hydroelectric Power Staton in energy nuclear physics labo• the largest hydroelectric power Shaanxi will begin to store water ratory indicates that China's plants in the world. this year. Moreover, the curtain study in nuclear physics has Major power stations under has been drawn up for full-scale entered a new stage," the construction today include the construction of the Qinshan ollicial said. . Lubuge, Tianshengqiao, Yantan Nuclear Power Plant in Zhejiang The tandem electrostatic and Dahua hydroelectric power Province and the Dayawan accelerator is one of the stations on the Hongshui River in Nuclear Power Plant in Guan• most powerful tools used in south China. The Shijingshan gdong Province. • the study of low energy nuclear physics.

Canadian Leader Visits China pilling the World with Lovt\ anadian Prime Minister Brian reallocating its resources in new • a four-part song dedi• C Mulroney left China on May and imaginative ways. cated to the International 13 after a five-day visit. He held Year of Peace, was perfor• talks with four top Chinese "We are focusing attention on med to a packed audience of leaders, including CPC Central the Asia and Pacific region," 8,000 at Beijing's Workers' Advisory Commission Chairman Mulroney said. "Within this Gymnasium recently About region, China is a special Deng Xiaoping, General Secre• 80 pop stars from all over priority." He disclosed that his tary , President Li China gathered to perform government had decided to Xiannian and Premier Zhao the song — an unpre• establish a concessional financing Ziyang. cedented event in China's Deng Xiaoping met Mulroney facility with China for 350 million musical history. Composed on May 10. During the meeting, Canadian dollars. by Guo Feng, the song calls Mulroney told Deng that his He said Canada supported for unity and peace among government would support Chinese economic development nations and urged people to China's economic development and is active in the fields of "fill the world with love and and import more products from agriculture, forestry, transports, create a brighter future for China to balance bilateral trade. energy, mining, manufacturing manking." He described China's Seventh and communications. The prime The song will be presented Five-Year Plan (1986-90) as "the minister said the Canadian to the United Nations to. second Long March." International Development Ag• compete with entries from Mulroney said that Canada was ency had launched programmes in other countries as the song ready as never before to expand its areas of priority to China. "Over of the Internaional Year of economic and trade relations with the next five years, we will double Peace. China. He said Canada was our development assistance to 200 redefining its priorities and million Canadian dollars," the

MAY 26, 1986 7 EVENTSARENDS

_—_ prime minister said. "We all know that healthy two-way trade China Seeks Seat China & the World provides stability to a commercial On ADB Board relationship. And stable commer• cial relations contribute to good • Chinese Premier IVIeets he issue of China's seat to the political relations." Libyan Special Envoy. Pre• Tboard of the Asian Develop• mier Zhao Ziyang met a At the May 10 meeting, Deng ment Bank (ADB) should be special envoy of Libyan told his Canadian guest that solved as early as possible, in view leader Muaminar Al- China's gross industrial and of the country's size and role in the Ciaddall in Beijing on May agricultural output value in 1988 Asia-Pacific region. Premier Zhao 16. During the meeting, could double that of 1980, laying a Ziyang told a visiting ADB delegation led by its president Zhao told the special envoy foundation for quadrupling it by Masao Fujioka on May 13. that China supported the the end of the century. Doubling Libyan people in (heir the gross industrial and agricul• Zhao said ADB could play a .struggle lor safeguarding tural output value by 1988 means strong role in promoting South- national sovereignly. The the country is running at least two South and South-North co• premier also said China was years ahead of schedule in operation because its members opposed to all forms of ter• attaining its goal. But Deng added included both developing and rorism, and that the country that the main objective of China's developed countries. "China is keen to contribute to the aim of was concerned about the Seventh Five-Year Plan was the the ADB and to the economic tension in the Mediter• realization of urban reforms, development and prosperity of the ranean. He urged all parties which also involved education and Asia-Pacific region," he added. concerned to exercise re- science, rather than an excessively straiml. high production growth rate. Premier Zhao told Mr. Fujioka, China needed to find further "China is boosting its economic a Cliina Refutes India's impetus for its development from development by introducing for• Protest. India's protest its economic restructuring, he eign funds and technology. Our against China on the said. participadon in the ADB has opening of the Khunjerab Deng said China had made opened a new channel for Pass to third-party countries some progress, but that it was only achieving our objectives." between China and Pakistan a beginning. Greater changes were Mr. Fujioka said he had agreed is utterly unjustifiable, a expected in another five years, he with Chen Muhua, state coun• Foreign Ministry spokes• said, stressing the importance of cillor and president of the People's man said recently. He noted adopting a down-to-earth attitude Bank of China, that a senior the opening of the pass wa.s and avoiding any tendency to delegation should be sent to China nothing out of the ordinary boast about or exaggerate this year to discuss concrete between China and achivements. matters concerning co-operation. Pakistan — two sovereign On China's position on foreign slates with common borders, investment, Deng told his Since its establishment in 1966, and no other country has the Canadian guest that China had the Asian Development Bank has right to interfere. The recently promulgated a law on provided loans in favourable Chinese side, he added, has enterprises operated exclusively terms to some countries in stated time and again that with foreign capital, aimed at financial difficulties to help them this has nothing to do with inviting foreign investment. "It is develop their economies. the ownership of the dis• our long-term policy to protect the Late last month, Chen Muhua puted Kashmir Region be• interests of foreign investors," led a Chinese delegation to attend tween India and Pakistan. Deng said, adding it would be "no for the first time the ADB annual risk" to invest in China. meeting in Manila. The issue of • International Container On May 13 Premier Zhao China's seat to the ADB board Routes. The China Ocean Ziyang and Prime Minister was not solved because there were Shipping Company has Mulroney signed an agreement to different views. But China and the opened 17 international avoid double taxation and prevent ADB reached an agreement that container shipping routes, income tax evasion on behalf of China could send representatives reaching 33 ports in 19 their respective governments. The to the ADB board meeUngs. countries and regions in two sides also signed a mem• In his meeting with the ADB Asia, Africa, Western Eu• orandum of understanding on delegation, Premier Zhao Ziyang rope and North America. plant quarantine and initialed a invited the ADB to hold its annual similar document on scientific and meeting in China in the near technological co-operation. future. •

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 The conference put forward some principles concerning the reforms. The first is to continue to revamp the wage system in enterprises, that is. to establish a basic model with regard to wage distribution between the state and the enterprises, distribution within the enterprises, relationships be• tween various trades, regions and enterprises, and among people engaged in different types of work, so as to enable the state to exercise macroeconomic control over the total expenditures on wages.

The second is to improve the labour system, by attempting to eliminate the "iron rice bowl"" svndrome —guarantee of job regardless of performance and the practice of imificd job assign• ments. The conference recommen• ded establishing a new labour /HANG SHENGGUt system that closely links job assignment, professonal training Giant Panda Gets Human Care and personnel hiring by enterpr• ises to ensure more rational use and flow of labour. The Baishuijiang Natural Preserve in southern Gansu is one The third is to reform the of China's five major giant panda habitats. Staff in the preserve personnel system, terminate have adopted measures to save this endangered species as the food lifetime tenures for cadres and shortage has grown due to the withering of local bamboo groves. introduce a fixed-term system Since the beginning of this year, they have saved three giant dependent upon competence and pandas from the brink of death. Here veterinatians are giving initiative. .Yiu-xiie. one of the three saved pandas a checkup. A new wage system linking pay to job responsibilities, rather than seniority, has already been established in the central govern• ment, a senior official from the Ministry of Labour and Personnel Labour, Wage Reform purpose is to establish labour, told the conference delegates. wage and personnel systems suited In addition, he said, 10 million To Develop in Depth to the needs of the development of workers in state enterprises, or 15 a planned socialist commodity percent of the total, are already economy. being paid according to a hina will continue to reform its The conference reviewed the responsibility system that ties C labour, wage and job assign• progress in the reform of China's income to output. "As a result, ment systems in the next five years, labour, wage and personnel revenues from state enterprises according to delegates to a systems in the Sixth Five-Year have gone way up,"" he said. ^ national labour and wage confer• Plan (1981-85), and came to the ence held early this month. conclusion that the changes already made slill fell short of the Top priority will be given to needs of the on-going reform of reforming the wage system in state the economic system. Conference and collective enterprises, the job participants called on depart• assignment and transfer system, ments in charge of labour and and the organizational restructur• personnel affairs at various levels ing of government institutions, to make the reforms a priority in conference participants said. The the next five years.

MAY 26. 19X6 INTERNATIONAL

US-PAC'IFIC inues to refuse to harbour US nuclear warships in its ports. Washington attempts to keep in White House Courts Asia, Pacific step with ASEAN countries, supporting them in pressuring In a move to curb Soviet expansion in the Asia-Pacific Viet Nam for the solution of the region, the United States recently conducted an Kampuchean issue. During his unprecedented diplomatic sweep of the region. tour to South Korea, Weinberger reiterated that the situafion in South Korea was not in the least n April and May, one senior US region, the United States has similar to that of the Philippines, I official after another made begun to consolidate the "security aiming to pacify the democratic appearances in various Asia- defence line" linking Japan movement in that country. While Pacific nations. Their sweep of the through the Philippines to Aus• in the Philippines, he expressed US region indicates how much tralia while stepping up its support of President Corazon importance the United States has economic and trade relations with Aquino's government and reas• attached to this part of the world. the Asia-Pacific nafions. sured her administration of From April 1 to 12, US Defence further US economic and military In 1985, the United States assistance. Secretary Caspar Weinberger provided South Korea with visited South Korea, Japan, the US$230 million worth of It was also reported that Mr. Philippines, Thailand, Australia military aid; the Philippines with Weinberger dicussed with Aus• and Indonesia. And on US US$275 million in military and tralian leaders Soviet intervention President Ronald Reagan's way to economic aid; and Thailand with in the South Pacific, as well as US- Japan for the twelfth annual US$132 million, US$110 million Australian co-operation in manu• economic summit with the leaders of which was designated for facturing low-altitude radars. of Japan, West Germany, France, military purposes. The Reagan administration is at Britain, Italy and Canada, he the same time trying to beef up wound his way to Indonesia for a The Asia-Pacific region has military forces in the region. Since meeting of the Association of been a major trade partner of the 1985, it has increased its troops Southeast Asian Nations United States since the turn of the there, placed additional nuclear (ASEAN). Reagan's tour of decade. One-third of US trade submarines and fighters in Japan, Indonesia between April 29 and every year is conducted within the and deployed more cruise missiles May 2 was the first visit by a US area. Meanwhile, US investment with the Seventh Fleet. Fur• president in a decade. After the in the region is growing more thermore, it has expanded its bases summit, US Secretary of State rapidly than in any other region — in Guam, consolidated military George Schultz paid a visit to more than 65 percent in the last facilities in the Philippines and has South Korea and the Philippines. five years. However, growing US beefed up its military bases on As the Asia-Pacific situation is trade protectionism has become a Saipan and Tinian islands. serious threat to its economic and going through intense change, the Military co-operation between trade relations with these coun• United States has become quite the United States and its Pacific tries. Well aware of this. President concerned about its own political, allies is advancing. In 1985, the Reagan focused his talks with the economic and strategic interests in United States provided South six foreign ministers of the the region. The Soviet Union is Korea with 133 "Sdnger" missiles ASEAN member states on consolidating its military strength and a batch of "Tow" missiles. In economic issues. In an attempt to in the Far East and has increased April of this year, the two lift uncertainty, the president its number of SS-20 medium countries signed further military reaffirmed that the United States nuclear missiles there. And by co-operative agreements. Further would stick to a free market and holding Viet Nam's Cam-Ranh southeast, Thailand has accepted trade policy. Bay, Soviet naval forces have been 40 M-48 tanks and 12 F-16 stretched to the South Pacific, The Reagan administration has fighters from the United States, thereby strengthening its military also given special attention to and the two countries have just power in Southeast Asia. To meet bilateral consultafions with its conducted the largest military the Soviets' challenge, the Reagan Asia-Pacific allies concerning manoeuvres since the end of Viet administration has readjusted its stability in the region. The United Nam War. And in August last policy towards the area by States has encountered a series of year, the United States decided to stressing political, economic and military difficulties as the Kampu- sell eight F-16 fighters to military co-operation with its chean issue is far from settled. Singapore. _ Asia-Pacific allies. In an effort to South Korea is in the throes of contain Soviet expansion in the unrest, and New Zealand cont• by Gui Tongchang

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 ETHIOPIA-SOMALIA Summit Conference on drought and development in Djibouti, a Confrontation Turns to Consultation tiny nation sandwiched between Somalia and Ethiopia. Somali The border skirmishes between Ethiopia and Somalia, {'resident Mohamed Siad Barre and Ethiopian head of state which have been waged for more than two decades, may Mengistu Haile Mariam met for he put to rest as the leaders of both East African countries the first time since they severed call for peace. diplomatic relations in 1977. The two leaders had three closed-door sessions and agreed to Ethiopia and Somalia are finally villages bordering Ogaden in the set up a committee to continue the beginning to come to terms central part of Somalia. Since dialogue. The Djibouti meeting with their long-term differences then, border skirmishes have been between Siad Barre and Mengistu and settle their disputes. off and on. was considered a major event in On May 6. Somali Foreign In summing up this sad period, the history of relations between Minister Abdurahman Jama Wolde said, "One important the two neighbours. Barreanda 17-meniber delegation lesson we can learn from the past is The committee's first meeting went to Addis Abeba for the first that such counterproductive was held in accordance with the meeting of the Somali-Ethiopian policies have proven to be agreement reached by the two Joint Committee. On the follow• detrimental to the aspirations of countries' lop leaders. In a ing day, the two sides began talks the people and cannot form the statement by Somali Foreign on bilateral relations in "an basis of peace and co-operation in Minister Jama Barrc. he said, "the atmosphere of good will, frank• the region." people of the two nations can ness and sincerity," as the Somali For years, the Organization of demonstrate to the rest of the minister described it after the African Unity (OAU) and leaders worid that they can resolve their three-day session concluded on of other countries have mediated differences by themselves in a May 9. for a peaceful solution to the good neighbourly spirit." His Ethiopian Foreign Minister Ogaden dispute, but little progress remarks indicate the confidence of Goshu Wolde said the past decade has been made and confrontation the Somali government in han• of relations between the two has remained. dling the dispute and in represent• neighbours had been a "sad Another stab at breaking the ing the desire for peace among the period" marked by misunder• deadlock came on January 17 region's people. • standings, tension and open during the Eastern African by Cai Jingsheng conflict. As a legacy of colonial rule, both countries have a claim to Ogaden. the large piece of semi- desert land in Ethiopia which is SOVIET UNION populated mainly by ethnic Somalians. In 1964. four years Nuclear Disaster Casts World Shadows after Somalia gained its inde• Although the fires at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor have pendence, war broke out along the been put out, the disaster, which has taken 13 lives, will border between the two East African countries. put a severe crimp in the Soviet nuclear industry. Thirteen years later, more fighting erupted, and only after nine months of shooting and The accident at the Soviet development of its nuclear shelling did the 1977-78 Ogaden Union's Chernobyl nuclear mdustry. War die down. During that power station is the world's most Construction of the Chernobyl period, both sides lost equipment serious nuclear disaster ever. The station, 130 kilometres north of and material worth billions of Soviet Union did not announce the Ukrainian capital of Kiev, dollars and tens of thousands of the accident until two. days after, began in 1972. Its four graphite- people were killed, affecting both when European neighbours began moderated reactors were com• countries' economies and morale. to demand confirmation. The pleted in 1977. 1979, 1982 and In July 1982, Somalia and Chernobyl accident has seriously 1983, achieving a generating Ethiopia battled again in a minor cut Soviet energy production and capacity of 4,000 megawatts by armed conflict between two is also expected to slow down the the end of 1985. Since the accident.

MAY 26, 1986 11 INTERNATIONAL

84,000 . people have been This ambitious plan obviously reactor, and they will also have to evacuated from the area and as of has been set back by the improve the emergency core this writing 13 people were killed Chernobyl accident, which experts cooling systems at their nuclear and 299 hospitalized. say could slow down the progress power stations. While upgrading According to Soviet reports, the of the Soviet nuclear industry for its graphite-moderated reactors, Chernobyl accident began with a at least several years. the country will probably giye chemical explosion in the early greater attention to the more morning of April 26, which Two new graphite-moderated advanced light-water reactors. triggered a massive fire and reactors were under construction All this demands an increase qf damaged one of the four reactors at Chernobyl at the time of the investment in the nuclear industry at the station. The other three accident. The completion would and better nuclear technology, reactors were immediately shut have raised the station's generat• which means an additional burden down as a safety precaution. ing capacity to 6,000 megawatts, a on the country's sluggish The electricity generated by the one-third increase over its present economy, as well as changes in the Chernobyl station accounted for level. The Soviet government Kremlin's nuclear energy develop• about half of the power produced newspaper Izvestia reported that ment plan. in the Ukraine, which is now construction of the fifth reactor But one must not consider that relying on neighbouring republics has been halted "for under• the Chernobyl disaster will to cover its power shortage since standable reasons." prompt the Soviet leadership to the accident. Most of the existing graphite- abandon their nuclear power Foreign experts estimate that moderated reactors in the Soviet programme. The programme has the shutdown of the crippled Union, for financial reasons, have become a major part of Moscow's Chernobyl station is costing the no containment buildings that can long-term strategy to meet the Soviet Union about US$4. million prevent radioactive substances rising domestic demands for a day. from spreading in case of energy and match the West in Unconfirmed Western reports accidents. nuclear technology. say the Soviets have closed all the The Chernobyl disaster will no It is reported that 151 nuclear nation's 15 graphite-moderated doubt force the Soviets to accidents have occurred in 14 reactors in the wake of the reconsider the necessity of con• countries from 1971 to 1984. • Chernobyl mishap. If these tainment structures for each by Wang Xianju reports are true, losses to the country would amount to tens of ANGOLA millions of US dollars. The nuclear industry has grown US steps Up Military Aid to Rebels rapidly in the Soviet Union since it built the world's first experimental us military aid to the anti-government forces in Angola 5,000-kilowatt nuclear reactor in continues to aggravate domestic conflict in the south Obninsk, southwest of Moscow, African country, adding new twists in the already in June 1954. unstable region. The country had 40 nuclear power-generating units in oper• ation with a total capacity of he United States has resumed dent of UNITA, was received as a 28,000 megawatts by the end of Tits direct military aid to national leader when Reagan met 1985. They produced about 155 Angolan rebels this year after him personally. Furthermore, it billion kilowatt-hours last year, abolishing an amendment, passed has been disclosed that the United accounting for one-tenth of the during Jimmy Carter's presidency, States has secretly sent advanced country's total electricity output. that forbids the government from "Stinger" defence missiles and And the Soviet Union was the so doing. According to the Wall "Tow" anti-tank missiles to world's third largest atomic Street Journal, the administration Savimbi on top of the package of energy producer last year, after the of US President Ronald Reagan old-fashioned weapons. In the United States and France. has approved to offer US$15 words of George Shultz, US It had plans to double its million in the form of weapons to Secretary of State, the current US nuclear energy output by 1990 and the anfi-government Nafional assistance to Savimbi is meant to triple it by the year 2000, which Union for the Total Independence ensure his organization's existence would have meant that nuclear- of Angola (UNITA). in the face of powerful Soviet and generated electricity would have Cuban pressure, since there are made up 20 percent of the On his visit to Washington as a Soviet military advisors and country's total power output in guest of the White House this 30.000 Cuban soldiers stationed in 1990. January, Jonas Savimbi, presi- the southern African country.

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 pressure, since there are Soviet ration. They believe this would Reagan and Savimbi met in military advisors and 30,000 curb Soviet influence in the Washington, Soviet Foreign Mini• Cuban soldiers stationed in the country. ster Eduard Shevardnadze and south African country. These American moves in Defence Minister Marshal Sergei Moreover, the United States Angola obviously have provoked Sokolov received representatives has stepped up economic pressure intense opposition. Dos Santos from Angola and Cuba to assure on the Angolan government in an has accused the White House of them of Moscow's assistance. effort to secure a reconciliation interfering with his country's It is believed worldwide that the between UNITA and the People's domestic affairs, maintaining escalation of American aid will Liberation Movement of Angola Angola will not give way to lead to further conflict in Angola, (MPLA), which is under the Washington's blackmail and driving the MPLA to rely more government's control. It has also threats. Kenneth David Kaunda, heavily on the Soviet Union and threatened to withdraw US oil president of Zambia and posing a hinderance to Cuban companies in Angola if MPLA chairman of the African Frontline withdrawal from the country. continues to handle UNITA with States, has pointed out that if the Some analysts maintain this also military means. Such a withdrawal United States does not cease its would serve as an excuse by South would be more than Angola could support to Savimbi, Angola will, Africa to continue its interference stand since oil is at the base of its like Korea, become separated into with the independence of national economy. two parts, with the south in the hands of the United States and the Namibia. Apart froln insisting on the stiff • measures, the United States does north grasped by the Soviet Union. During the same day when maintain dialogue with Angola. by Yu Da The two countries, though having no diplomatic ties, have had contacts when it came to the issue LEBANON of the independence of Namibia. Negotiations between Washing• War-Torn Nation in Bantling Crisis ton and Luanda began last November and was encouraged at the beginning of this year when The once prosperous Lebanese banking sector is Chester A. Crocker, US Assistant undergoing the worst crisis in years due to the II-year Secretary of State for African civil war and recent monetary measures taken by the Affairs, expressed on his visit to Angola that the White House Lebanese Central Bank. would continue and push forward its influence on the diplomatic n early April, the Lebanese collapse of the "liberal economy," process of southern Africa, I Central Bank (CB), the only the cornerstone of prosperity in especially Namibia. Angolan government financial body still Lebanon. President Jose Eduardo dos functioning in the country today, Acting president of the Bankers' Santos responded by declaring his ordered Lebanon's commercial Association. Adnan Dassar, who government was ready to discuss banks to increase, by using accused the CB measures of the problems concerning southern customers' deposits, their hold• encroaching upon free monetary Africa with US officials. ings of treasury bonds by 70 liquidity, complained that the Angola, which has been closely percent by the end of September. measures would create hardship linked with the independence of The proportion of deposits that for banks, boost inflation and Namibia, has become an increas• must be invested in government contribute to an already high rate ingly hot spot where south African bonds ranges from 30 percent for of unemployment. conflict has concentrated and small banks with less than 1 billion Despite the 11-year-old civil where the United States and the Lebanese pounds (which is about war that has inflicted heavy Soviet Union have clashed. Since US$40 million) to 70 percent for damage on the country's business UNITA is regarded by the Reagan banks holding more than 3 billion transactions and industry, and administration as a force powerful pounds (about US$120 million). which has nearly demolished enough to fight against the Soviet- tourism, previously a pillar of the backed MPLA, it has been The CB's measures have national economy, the banking suggested by members of the US aroused negative reactions among sector not only remains alive but Congress that increasing aid political, economic and banking has been prospering due to free should be offered to it in place of circles in Beirut. President Amin trade, monetary fiow and gold the covert and limited assistance Gemayel and other leaders are remittances. Since taxes and duties given by the Carter administ• concerned about a possible in Lebanon today are not levied by

MAY 26. 1986 13 INTERNATIONAL

the government but by militia banks that, in addition, trans• exchange rate is 26 Lebanese forces that have occupied a mitted 15 percent of their deposits pounds to the dollar. Inflation has majority of seaports and check• into the CB — the so-called also increased with the fall in gas points, traders are encouraged by "bankers' bank." prices. the low and flexible customs Nevertheless, the incessant war The government was forced to duties. As a result, they import has pushed the national economy raise the salaries of its employees about four times more goods than deeper into a quagmire, with the by 40 percent at the beginning of the market needs. This, in turn, government finding itself increas• this year and there will reportedly reactivated the banking sector. ingly unable to make ends meet. In be another increase in coming 1985, the Lebanese pound, among months. According to official statistics, the strongest currencies in the Against this background, the the number of banks in Beirut has Middle East in the early 1970s, CB remains determined to apply increased from 35 in 1974 to 85 in depreciated to a point where 18 austere measures in an attempt to 1982, and by the beginning of this Lebanese pounds were worth only prevent the Lebanese economy year, 103 banks had applied for US$1 in 1985 (In 1984. the ratio from total collapse. In the process, licenses. In 1983, Lebanon was 7:1.). Food prices skyrocketed the CB had hoped to rely on the replaced Bahrain as the "banking by an average of 106 percent understanding and acquiesence of centre of the Mideast." annually. Unemployment has the banking community. grown to 60 percent, and the The banks, however, have The Lebanese economy there• national debt catapulted to 40 reacted negatively, raising the fore has survived the civil war billion Lebanese pounds (about interest on loans for US dollars to because of the strength of the USS2.2 billion). 18 percent, and the devaluation of banking sector. Since 1982, when the Lebanese pound continues. foreign financial assistance was Worse still, the failure of the In Beirut it is believed that when suspended and government re• Syrian-sponsored tripartite peace the exchange value of the pound venue from taxes and duties could agreement has, since January 15, reaches the 30 mark, traders will no longer be guaranteed, the plunged Lebanon into the worst find it much more profitable to Lebanese government has had no political deadlock in three years. convert their money into foreign choice but to increase the The war-weary citizens rushed to currencies and keep it in banks distribution of treasury bonds buy US dollars, thus initiating the rather than run the risk involved in year by year to feed the growing sharp fluctuation of the Lebanese doing business, especially with the deficit. More than 80 percent of pound and giving the green light to dangerous market Huctuations. • by Zhu Jiefei the national bonds were bought by money speculators. Currently, the

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Address I I uI . 14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 "Hundred Schools" Policy

'Hundred Schools' Policy: An Impetus to Science Development

A Review of China's Performance in Implementing the policy since 1956

by Li Peishan and Huang Shun'e

irty years have elapsed since by the Lenin All-Union Academy ideological remoulding campaign rthe of Agricultural Sciences. They for intellectuals in 1952, scholars Central Committee instituted the called Morgan genetics "bour• of the Morgan school were policy of "letting a hundred geois," "reactionary," "ideal• criticized and berated- for their flowers blossom and a hundred istic," "metaphysical" and a beliefs, and lectures, experiments schools of thought contend" in the "pseudo-science." Morgan gene• and publications from the Morgan spring of 1956. The policy, which tics was banned from schools and school were suspended as a mass was devised to accelerate the criticism campaign was waged development of arts and sciences, against it across China as had been led to a symposium on genetics in the case in the Soviet Union a few the coastal city of Qingdao in years earlier. At the same time, August the same year. The proposed Michurin genetics as represented symposium has long been regar• readjusting policies on by the Lysenko school took hold ded as a model of carrying out the and became the major force in "double-hundred" policy. domestic affairs and at the genetics in China. In the early 1950s, Chinese same time introduced the geneticists firmly established the policy of "letting a hundred In 1956, however, a significant Michurin school of genetics change took place in the field of represented by T.D. Lysenko, flowers blossom and a genetics in the Soviet Union. In while refuting and totally negating hundred schools of thought February that year, Nikita the relevant theory of modern contend," a basic policy for Khrushchov gave his secret speech genetics conceived by G. J. against Stalin. As a result, Mendel and T.H. Morgan. Their the benefit of the nation's Lysenko was forced to resign from break with the half-a-century-old arts and sciences. his position as the director of the traditional genetics was a typical Lenin All-Union Academy of example of how, during its early Agricultural Sciences. His resign• years, the People's Republic of ation stirred up criticism of him China copied everything from the could not be published, and that had begun in 1952 and Soviet Union, even the latter's geneticists who adhered t'^ its revolved around his methodology mistakes. tenets were fired from their jobs. and attitudes towards scientific In the mid-1930s, Lysenko had By contrast, the Lysenko school research and his tyranical style of launched a debate on the merits of was acclaimed as "proletarian," dealing with academic matters. Morgan's theory in the Soviet "progressive," "dialectically After 1956, the atmosphere in Union that eventually resulted in materialistic" and "practical," Soviet biology science circles Lysenko's theories on genetics and was given every administra• became more lively and produc• dominating Soviet agricultural tive support. The Lysenko theory tive. That atmosphere, however, sciences. In August 1948, the therefore soon dominated genetics was short-lived. debate between Lysenko and in the Soviet Union after August In his report on the "Ten Major Morgan reached its climax when 1948. Relationships" made in the spring the Central Committee of the In the early 1950s, the theories of 1956, Mao Zedong proposed Communist Party of the USSR and practices of the Lysenko readjusting policies on domestic and Stalin criticized the Morgan school in the Soviet Union were affairs and at the same time school at a conference sponsored introduced into China. During the introduced the pohcy of "letting a

MAY 26. 19X6 15 hundred flowers blossom and a express their academic ideas thought, as was the case at hundred schools of thought openly. And the policy began to Qingdao. contend," a basic policy for the work. Scientists during this period The leading Party and govern• benefit of the nation's arts and could exhibit their initiative and ment organizations cannot, and sciences. Mao's report, and creativity and pursue scientific should not, make any conclusions subsequent speeches on the policy truth while thinking and research• on academic issues, even if the given by such leaders as Zhou ing freely. leaders themselves are scientists Enlai and that year, The implementation of this (which is becoming more frequ• pointed out the liabilities of policy, however, was not without ent). Their viewpoints should be following the Soviet Union too difficulties. After 1956, one taken as those of scientists in the closely. They also praised the political movement was launched discussion, and their political thriving academic activities of the after another in which the status and prestige should not be Spring and Autumn and Warring bourgeoisie were to be criticized. used as a yardstick for determin• States periods (841-281BC) in As a result of the policy of "taking ing the right and wrong of ancient China and of the class struggle as the key link," the academic issues. Though some Renaissance in Western Europe short-lived academic growth and technological achievements re• (16th century). In all their reports freedom in the sciences disap• quire examination by the state, all and speeches, they also stated their peared and did not resurface until conclusions should be drawn by opposition to labelling academics 1978, two years after the fall of the experts involved with the and having one school of thought gang of four, when the chaos of technology. essentially smothering other ones. the "cultural revolution" ended. Today, science and technology In August 1956, a symposium During the past 30 years, both are vital to the development of the on genetics, co-sponsored by the the natural sciences and the social economy, to strengthening de• Chinese Academy of Sciences and sciences had been influenced by fence and to raising the level of the the Ministry of Higher Education, "Leftist" tendencies for nearly 20 people's material, cultural and was convened in Qingdao. At the years and implementation of the spiritual Hves. The relationship opening ceremony, Yu Guang- "double hundred" policy thus between politics and science is yuan, then head of the science encountered numerous obstacles. closer, and a reliance on science section of the Party's Central and technology is part of our Committee Propaganda Depart• Today, when we review these economic policy. The govern• ment, relayed the policy to the years, we have come to a better mental departments now place meeting. Many important understanding of the following added emphasis on the. manage• scholars and specialists represent• conclusions of the Qingdao ment of the science and tech• ing the two contradictory schools symposium. nology and whether work in these of genetics and its related fields develops smoothly will disciplines were attending the The relationship between poli• depend on their management. The conference, during which they tics and science should be experiences of many countries exchanged their divergent views handled properly, and argu• have proven that prudence is a by reasoning matters out in a ments between different schools must in making and instituting scholarly, yet unrestrained, man• of thought must not be policies for science and technology ner. No conclusions were made at subjected to the influence and and opinions of scientists are vital the symposium with regard to Interference of politics or of to a nation's development. Only academic issues, however. Instead administrative measures. Labels those policies and measures the discussions inaugurated a should not be imposed on people should be formulated that lead to climate in which representatives of who adhere to their views. Nor the enrichment and prosperity of different schools of genetics, should such people be stripped the sciences to the benefit of the •including the Morgan school, of the right to teach, research economy, society and human would be able to teach, research and publish their works. This was progress. and publish material based on the basic conclusion drawn at the their doctrines. Qingdao symposium, which also Academic freedom is a made clear that the effects of prerequisite for implementa• From the spring of 1956 to poUtics and past administradve tion of the policy of "setting 1957, academics in China took on measures should also be removed. a hundred schools of thought added vitality and energy. Not The. question of whether some• contend." This basic law was only geneticists and scientists in thing is academically correct or fully proven by the experience other disciplines of natural wrong should be left to the of the Qingdao symposium. In science, but scholars from a relevant academic circles'to decide 1956 in his report on the policy of number of social sciences such as through practice, research and "letting a hundred flowers blos• philosophy, history, economics, discussion, that is to say, through som and a hundred schools of and sociology also began to the contending of the schools of thought contend," Lu Dingyi said !6 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 21 ''Hundred Schools" Policy

that in literature and art and in countries and regions, selecting especially Engels' in order to scientific research, the policy was and importing appropriate tech• develop the Marxist dialectics of intended to advocate freedom of nology is an effective way to nature. Because China deviated independent thinking, creation, accelerate development. from this demand, the progress of criticism and expression and To achieve the goal of the its breed of genetics was stymied. freedom of reserving and holding "hundred schools" policy of In China, the term philosophy was on to one's own views. In his developing science requires used as a label on scientific speech, Lu said without such placing academic discussions problems. As a result, Morgan license science will not develop. among different schools on the genetics was considered "ideal• Scientific research, he said, is basis of their respective scient• istic" and "metaphysical," while creative work that requires an ific research. Only genuine Michurin's genetics of the Ly- environment conducive to research results are convincing senko school was thought to be thought, exploration and dis• and acceptable. And, only by "dialectical materialism." The cussion. Only in such an allowing free discussions can result was that science develop• atmosphere will science and researchers distinguish between ment and the development of society progress. China's history the true and the false. It often Marxist philosophy itself were shows that in every period of takes several years or even several hindered and the prestige of spiritual restriction, science and hundred years of contentious Marxist philosophy among the society stagnate. These historical dispute to reach a correct scientists was lowered. experiences, however, were not conclusion on many controversial fully understood, for during the scientific problems. In the begin• The "hundred schools" policy "cultural revolution," Lu Dingyi's ning, owing to limited scientific must be correctly understood speech was criticized as encourag• data and material, some battles and the Party leadership upheld. ing "bourgeois liberalization." may result with one theory as The policy of "letting a hundred To "let a hundred schools of victor. Several years later, how• schools of thought contend" is one thought contend" in academia ever, new discoveries and ad• of our Party's principles and requires democratic politics. vancements prove the former policies and should be implement• Academic discussion itself is not victor wrong. Also, after a great ed with the efforts of the entire part of the political life. But deal of research, two theories may Party. To implement the whether free academic discussion interact and result in a perfect "hundred shools" policy is to is allowed or not falls within the theory. Some arguments brought adhere to the Party leadership; to framework of political life and on by superficial analyses have forsake the policy is to abandon involves the question as to resulted in incorrect theory. After the Party leadership. In order to whether democracy is given full arguing back and forth, however, ensure healthy academic ex• play politically. scientists can demolish the wrong changes' and distingiiish between It is important to liave a theory and replace it with a correct political and academic problems, correct attitude towards one. Therefore when two ideas or while avoiding slapping political sciences from abroad; science theories are at odds, argument labels on people and ideas, the experience of any country sliould should be encouraged. When Party should publicize its general neither be copied indiscrimately research is progressing, disputes and specific policies, hold open nor be ostracized totally. Science will peak and ideally people will discussions with scientists, and is international and is the common reach a unanimous view on a devise effective ways to implement treasure of mankind. Science and subject. the policy. The Qingdao sym• technology can be developed in Though philosophy and sci• posium and the situation prevail• whatever countries by scientists ence are interdependent, philo• ing thereafter show without the with their indigenous resources sophical categories should not Party Central Committee's correct regardless of their races and be used as labels to interfere leadership and the painstaking through exchanges between na• with science. The history of work of Party organizations at all tions. Scientific developments in science and philosophy and the levels, it is impossible to the past have shown that development of Marxist philo• implement the policy of "letting a achievements are most often the sophy have proved that science hundred schools of thought result of joint efforts by scholars and philosophy are closely related. contend." from different countries. Scientific and philosophical inter• Although some developed coun• changes form a branch of tries have jealously guarded their learning — dialectics of nature. In scientific achievements, their ad• the West, this field is called vanced technology, however, will "scientific philosophy." Marxist be mastered by other countries philosophers should learn from sooner or later. In underdeveloped their predecessors' experiences.

MAY 26, 1986 17 Poet Recovers From Past Torment The story of a man whose exceptional talent for classic Chinese poetry brought him the trauma of a 12-year ordeal — and eventually a more meaningful, innovative life.... by Our Correspondent Zhang Wei

hen Mingyuan. a computer Chen said he "fell in love" with| C scientist who is among the poetry when he was a young boy! llrst group of Chinese scientists "I was able to recite the Three. with patented inventions in China, Huiulred Tang Poems when I was; is also a poet. Chen. 44. who began only five." he said. "During the writing poetry as a child, has late 1940s, 'v the written poems so good that at the famous historian and poet who start of the "cuilural revolution" later became president of the in 1966, some were attributed to Chinese Academy of Sciences the late Chairman Mao Zedong in lived near me. Whenever he saw a collection of what were me, he asked me to recite a few purportedly Mao's unpublished Tang lines." pieces. As a result of the During his middle school davs. confusion. Chen Mingyuan, Chen excelled in both malhs and whose star as a mathematician literature, and took as his heroes and a poet had been rising, was two famous Chinese scholars plunged into political hell. Guo Moruo. and , a Charged with forging Chairman mathematician. Chen said he once Mao"s poems, Chen was branded wrote Guo and told him how he a "'counter-revolutionary " by the admired his works. In the same gang of four, headed by Mao's Chen Mingyuan in his youth. letter, however. Chen said he widow. Jiang Qing. He was criticized some of CJUO'S poems for punished over the years until 197K. their prosaic style. Guo was two years after the gang's surprised by the criticism. Chen downfall. A was able to recite Tan^ said, since it came from a teenage Now a lecturer in Chinese poems when I was five. In boy. but he welcomed Chen as a literature and culture at the friend. Chen said he was like a Beijing Languages Institute. Chen 1966, I found my poems in newborn calf who is unafraid of says he leads a happy life. He owns a pamphlet attributed tigers, and so translated all of a three-bedroom apartment com• to Mao. CJUO'S classic-style poems into the plete with a kitchen and bath in the vernacular, surprising the renown western suburbs of Beijing. His ruddy complexion, good health Chen teaches his daughter to use his computer. and high spirits mask the tragedy of his 12-year ordeal. During the "cultural revo• lution" (1966-76), big-character posters, songs and poems were popular and seemingly every• where. How could Chen's few do/en poems be so conspicuous as to be mistaken for Mao's? "It was all by chance." Chen said. "To tell you the truth, it was a surprise to me and to my colleagues too. The poems were of a classic style that I wrote for exercise and had never been published. I seldom mentioned them to anyone."

IX BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 21 IVIAN IN FOCUS

Technology University in 1963 and was assigned a research Job at the Acoustics Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Beijing. At the same time, he also was doing postgraduate work at Beijing University and the China University of Science and Technology. Some of Chen's poetry is of the lu.shi genre (consisting of eight lines, each with five or seven characters, with a strict tonal pattern and rhyme .scheme). Most of his poems, however, are ci written to the rhythm of the Qin Yuan Chun, Shui Diao Ge Tou, A family portrait. Man Jiang Hong, and Nian Nu author yet again. Guo told Chen of my poems had been included in Jiao styles, which were favourites he read the translations with great a pamphlet titled 'A Collection of of Chairman Mao. Mao once said interest. "The translated poems." the Unpublished Poems of he seldom wrote lushi poetry Guo told Chen, "are more vivid Chairman Mao Zedong." During because it was so restrictive. Of the than my originals.... I'll send you that stressful time, there were 37 poems in the book Mao Zedong more of my works in the future for many publications that went Poems, 25 are ci . By the 1960s. criticism when they are unchecked officially. This was only those who had received an published." obviously a big mistake. Young education in the classics were In 1961. Chen Mingyuan. 19. and simple-minded, I thought I writing classic-style poetry, ma• visited Guo. and brought with him could correct the mistake myself." king Chen Mingyuan a man of some beautiful cobblestone as In order to do so. Chen said, in rare abilities. The combination of gifts. Guo asked him to write a October the same year, he wrote to his study of the cUissics and of poem with the title "Ode to the Preinier Zhou Fnlai explaining the Mao's poetry had given Chen's Cobblestone." Chen wrote and matter and asked Zhou to forward poems a unique look, leaving Mao Guo once again applauded him the letter to Mao. On December worshippers certain the poems for his talent. "Guo often 25. Zhou's liaison man came to the were Mao's latest masterpieces. encouraged me to study Chairman Chinese Academy of Sciences Mao's poems, which he said were where Chen was working. He conceived magnificently and writ• conveyed Zhou's directives, which 1 told them repeatedly ten with powerful strokes, show• said the pamphlet should not be ing lMao"s literary talent and circulated any more and that Chen that the poems were mine, profound thinking." Chen said, had acted correctly in trying to and that I had never passed adding that he then spent much clear the matter up. Zhou also said them off as Mao's. time studying all of Mao's 37 to the effect that the issue was not published poems. a political one and that Chen "How could I be put on a par should not be blamed. with Mao Zedong in writing "At that time," Chen said, poetry?" Chen asked. ''As Hon could I he put on a "many of us thought that the everyone knows, his poems are par with Mao in poetry? premier's responses to the matter great works of art and internation• were representative of Mao's as Everyone knows his poems ally renowned. I'm just a well." beginner." are ^reat works of art Despite Zhou's advice, how• Chen called the Western press /'/« only a beginner. ever, the gang of four had Chen report that Mao Zedong had detained under charges that he plagiarized his poems "ground• had forged Chairman Mao's "Later. I wrote some classic- less, irresponsible." Holding a poems. The charges led to style poems and sent them to Guo bundle of more than 200 letters, he recriminations that last more than Moruo. . Lao She and said. "These letters came from 10 years. other writers." Chen said. "But across the nation, but none of they were never published. In 1966 Chen Mingy uan had graduated them raised the issue of plagiar• at the outset of the 'cultural from the Mathematics Depart• ism. People wrote inquiring about revolution,' I found that a dozen ment of the Shanghai Science and my situation, that's all. The

MAY 26. 19X6 19 artistic achievements of Mao's researcher, at this very difficult again. "I wrote a score of poems in poetry is nationally acknowled• time. The newlyweds, however, memory of Zhou and spread them ged. Only those who are ignorant were soon separated and subject to among the mourners." The Soul of or have ulterior motives will say poHtical investigation. Later Chen the Premier, a famous poem nearly Chairman Mao lifted my poems." was banished to a coastal farm known to all in China, has been Asked whether he would write a near Tianjin for four years before incorporated into Tiananmen rebuttal to the Western press's he was brought back for "reform Poems compiled and published accusation, Chen said, "No. It is through labour" at the Chinese after the fall of the gang of four. not worth refuting." Academy of Sciences. During this Chen Mingyuan's good name period, Chen said, he was allowed was restored in 1978. Since then hq, to stay at home, so he began has been developing his talents learning foreign languages and fully. He has published more than Tt was these good-hearted started his research into com• 30 academic essays and six books, people who filled me with puters and information process• including Linguistics and Modern ing. He said he secretly studied Science, Phonetic Analysis of courage to live on and try to modern linguistics with Professor Chinese Language, Mathematical make life more meaningful. Wang Li at Beijing University, Linguistics, and the English who was also out of favour then. edition of Chinese Through Chen said he also studied Listening. Some of Chen's inven• During the "cultural revo• mathematical logic and set theory tions were also awarded patents lution" when Chen was branded a from Hua Luogeng. He said he when China reinstituted the patent "counter-revolutionary" after was confident that his case would system in 1985. being accused of stealing Mao's be clarified someday and he would name, and even when he was once again be able to give play to Chen began teaching foreign beaten for his "crimes," he said he his talents. students Chinese at the Beijing did not surrender to the accus• Languages Institute in 1981. In his In early 1972, news came ations. "I told them repeatedly spare time, he has been working that Marshal , one of the that the poems were mine, I never on a collection of several hundred veteran revolutionaries Chen passed them off as Mao's." Chen poems he wrote over the past Mingyuan had admired, had died.. said. decade. In addition, Chen cont• Out of profound grief, Chen wrote The charges and the imprison• inues to do computer programm• a classic-style poem In Memory of ment, Chen said, nearly destroyed ing and to write novels, dramas Chen Yi, which he gave to some of him. Once he fled from where he and the memoirs of writers Guo his close friends. This poem, too, was being held and hid out at a Moruo, Tian Han and Lao She. was later mistaken for one of friend's home. The authorities, Chen owns a personal com• Chairman Mao's and circulated however, had sent people out puter, which was brought by his among the people. looking for Chen, the "class wife from the United States in enemy at large." Because Chen did 1984 when she returned from not want his friend implicated, he studying there. turned himself in. Realizing a beastly punishment was ahead of "The computer was expensive," him, Chen tried to commit suicide Having suffered so Chen's wife said, "but it's worth it. by drinking poison, but was much, I vowed not to write Both my husband and I need it for brought to hospital and saved. our research. And, our children Seeing the tears in Chen's eyes any more poems But I need it for practice too." when he came to. the medical wrote pieces in memory of Their son, Chen Xinghai, 16, is workers around him were moved Zhou and distributed them a sophomore majoring in com• by his plight and his despair. puter science at Beijing Univers• "Chen," one of them said, "you among the mourners. ity. Chen Xinghai and his should not kill yourself. You need classmates are exceptional stu• to live. Once you are dead, who dents, recruited through strict will fight to right the wrongs "Having suffered so much, I examinations into a special committed against you?" vowed not to write any classic- programme for "whiz kids." "It was these good-hearted style poems," Chen said. But he During my visit to Chen people who opened my eyes and went on to say that during the Mingyuan, Xinghai and his gave me hope. They filled me with "April 5 Tiananmen Incident" in younger sister were taking piano courage to live on and try to lead a 1976 after the death of Premier lessons. Chen Mingyuan, who has more meaningful life," Chen said. , Chen, angered by the wedded his life to both science and Chen said he married Guan criticism of the late premier by the art, says he hopes his children will Tinglu, who was his fellow gang of four, he picked his pen do the same. •

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 Macao Faces Historical Change

As the day when China and Portugal start negotiation on the settlement of the Macao issue draws near, the future of the island on China's southern coast is commanding much attention worldwide. In this article, "Beijing Review" offers a brief account ofMacao's background and its current situation.

A bird's-eye view of IVIacao. by Yu Huan

bout 40 miles from Hong first Opium War (1840-42), the Portugal overthrew its fascist A Kong, Macao is situated to the Portuguese took advantage of the dictatorship in the April 25th south of the city of Zhuhai and on defeat of the to take Revolution, relations between the western banks of the Zhujiang control of Macao. The Portuguese China and Portugal have gradu• estuary. Macao consists of the seized Taipa in 1851 and Coloane ally normaHzed. When China Macao Peninsula and Taipa and in 1864 and placed them under estabhshed diplomatic relations Coloane islands, encompassing an their jurisdiction. They have with Portugal in 1979, the two area of 16.4 square kilometres. occupied and administered Macao governments reached an under• The area of Macao proper is 5.7 ever since. standing in principle on the square kilometres, that of Taipa Macao issue. In May 1985, 4.1 square kilometres and Portuguese President Ramalho Coloane, 6.6 square kilometres. Eanes visited China, the first In 1535 (the 14th year of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Portuguese head of government to reign of Emperor Jia Jing of the do so. During his stay in Beijing, Ming Dynasty), the Portuguese Since the founding of the leaders of the two countries bribed the local officials in Guang• People's Republic, the Chinese discussed the Macao issue, and dong and secured the right to government has declared on many reviewed the satisfactory co• anchor and trade at Macao occasions that Macao is Chinese operation of the two governments Harbour. In 1553 they asked to territory and the Macao issue, in handling the issue. In a dry their loads in Macao under the which is a legacy of history subsequent joint press communi• pretext that their ship hit a rock between China and Portugal, que, the two sides said they would and their cargo was drenched. should be solved peacefully hold negotiations in the near They used this opportunity to set through negotiation at an appro• future to settle the Macao issue up residence in the area. After the priate time. Since 1974. when through diplomatic channels.

MAY 26, 1986 21 Accordingly, the Chinese and to Chinese sovereignty while to believe that through friendly Portuguese governments will soon maintaining its stability- and consultation between China and begin to negotiate on this issue. development. Portugal the Macao issue will be The basic policy of the Chinese solved to the satisfaction of all the government towards its settlement Because the Chinese govern• parties concerned. Macao's sta• is: According to the concept of ment will give full consideration to bility will remain, and its economy "one country, two systems," the Macao's history and present will continue to develop. With the Macao issue will be settled situation, and because it has settlement of the Macao issue, a through peaceful negotiation, in adopted a fair and reasonable new chapter will be opened in the much the same way as the Hong policy towards the settlement of relations between China and Kong issue, so as to restore Macao the problem, there is every reason Portugal.

Economy and Limits

Macao has a subtropical cli• mate, with an a verge annual tem• perature of 22.3 degrees Celsius and an annual precipitation of 1.970 mm. The rainy season lasts from May to September, and be• tween May and November Macao is frequently attacked by typh• oons, on the average more than 10 times a year. According to a local census, the area has a population of 408,500. Other estimates have put the population at 450,000. Chinese people make up 97 percent of Macao's population, the rest are Portuguese (totalling around 1,000) and "Macanese," descend• ants of the original Portuguese settlers and local Chinese who

'Beautiful Place'...

Macao, always a part of China, originally belonged to Xiangshan County of Guangdong, (now the cities of Zhongshan and Zhuhai). In Cantonese, Macao is called "Magao," meaning a beautiful place. One interpretation is that the name of Macao Peninsula comes from the Magog Temple. I his temple has a history of more than ,500 years and enshrines the Goddess Ama, who is the patron of fishermen and sailors. Chinese fishermen of Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces have long worshipped Ama. Although the temple is worn with age, it still has a great many worshippers.

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 inter-married. Macao's popul• ation density is quite high, averaging nearly 30,000 people per square kilometre. Portuguese is Macao's official language, and all its laws, decrees and documents are written in Portuguese, a language under• stood mostly by those from 'Portugal or inhabitants of the Portuguese descent. Chinese is still widely used and English the main IVIemorial Hail to Dr. Sun Yat-sen. medium for communications between Macao and Hong Kong Macao's economy. In 1984 trade, (EEC), the United States, Japan, and the international community. tourism and the building industry Hong Kong and the Chinese In the 1950s, Macao was a accounted for 36.9 percent, 25 mainland. In 1985, Macao's consumer city with only tradit• percent and 8.7 percent of import and export volume totalled ional crafts making such things as Macao's gross national product 13,407 billion patacas, of which matches, firecrakers and joss respectively. In 1985 the growth exports accounted for 7.18 billion sticks. The mainstay of Macao's rate of its economy was 3-4 patacas (about US$900 million) economy was gambling, giving the percent, and its total output value and imports 6.1 billion patacas. was about 8.2 billion patacas (7.9 island the name "Monte Carlo of There is almost no agriculture in the East." In the 1960s, with an patacas is equivalent to US$1). Its per capita output value was then Macao. Fruit, vegetables and influx of capital from Hong Kong, other foodstuffs are supplied from Macao's economy started to 20,000 patacas. (If the population is taken at 410.000, the average the mainland. Fishing also plays develop. The woollen yarn and an insignificant role. clothing industries have pro• per-capita output value was gressed. Since the 1970s, the US$2,500). Although Macao has achieved economy has been enjoying a Because Macao has a limited some progress in recent years, its robust growth, bringing in its market, 70 percent of its products foundation is rather weak and its wake a change in the industrial are for export. At present Macao prosperity still depends heavily on setup. The woollen yarn industry, has trade ties with more than 90 the rest of the world. Macao lacks the import-export trade, the countries and regions and has natural resources, and industrial building industry, tourism and signed preferential trade agree• materials are nearly all imported. finance have greatly expanded so ments with the GATT, MEA and Fresh water and electricity are that the importance of gambling the United Nations Conference on provided by the mainland. Macao business has gradually declined. Trade and Development has no deepwater harbours and no Exports of manufactured goods, (UNCTAD). Macao's products airport. Its import and export tourism and the building industry are exported to members of the trade must, therefore, be routed have become the three pillars of European Economic Community through Hong Kong. Its export markets are also concentrated, Visitors pose in front of IVIazogog. and the fluctuations of the markets in the EEC, the United States and Japan have a large impact on Macao's economy, Macao's industries are also mainly labour-intensive, putting it well behind Hong Kong in the development of technology- intensive industries. These un• favourable conditions have severely circumscribed Macao's economic development. The settlement of the Macao issue will be conducive to the maintenance of Macao's, stability and to the Caring for Handicapped

rounded by single-storey houses for the children. In the court• yard around the building that houses the top level students, there are slides, swings and jungle gyms. In their classroom is a piano, an organ, a tape-recorder and a television, some of' which were gifts from visiting organizations, including United Nations groups and the Beijing Red Cross Society. The home's physical therapy centre is equipped with such things as a swimming pool, air-cushion beds, chest-developers and sitting, standing and walking aids.

In the building that houses the Nurse U Lu conducting a dance class. lower level, the infants lie on small wooden beds that are orderly by Our Correspondent Li Qiong arranged. Their disabilities range from retardation to cleft lip, disabled boy is assembling toy (one yuan more for an infant), palates and blindness. A blocks with his toes. He says which is equivalent to the amount At the home, the children are he can now dress and feed himself, required by an ordinary resident. well car^ for. Everyday, they are and though he's severely disabled, Wang said her goal is that the fed milk, sweetened rice flour, eggs he says he wants to learn how to children grow up as well and as and soft rice. They are also bathed paint. happy as possible. "We do what at regular intervals. The boy is named Xin Yin, 8, we can to look after them in order During a recent visit, I saw chil• who was abandoned three years that their health improves and that dren with middle-level physical ago by his parents who left him in one day they might contribute to handicaps entranced with a TV a Beijing hospital with an society," she said. show. They said they watched a unsigned note asking the govern• The home is composed of five film once a week. When the ment to take care of him. He has courtyards, each of which is sur• weather permits, their nurses take lived at Beijing's Home for Handicapped Children ever since. Su Yuling, 30, a paraplegic, is a talented artist in traditional Cliinese painting. Her Founded in the early 1950s, the paintings are especially popular witli visitors to tlie home. home, located in Qinghe outside Beijing, now houses more than 200 disabled children, most of whom were deserted by their parents. Wang Xiaoping heads the home's staff of 113, who riot only provide the children with medical care but also educate them. The children, Wang said, are divided into three groups — the top level, middle level and the lower level — according to their ages and their disabilities. The home also has a group of handicapped adults who have been living there since childhood. Beijing supports the home with an average outlay of 43.5(US$14) per month per child

24 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 LFARE IN CHiNA

them out to parks. They have been to almost every park in Beijing. In the middle-level class is one retarded child, who, a nurse said, could neither sit nor speak when he came to the home. They said he did little other than try to bite the walls, beds and other children, causing much havoc with the other kids. Nurses Bian Qinghua and Yang Guiying took charge of the boy, and with great patience they taught him to stand and walk with the help of walking-aid. They are also teaching him to speak. They say he has gradually come to care for his nurses, as they have for him. The child is now much more Xin Yin, 8: "I want to learn to paint witii my toes." obedient than he was and has Su shares her room with the past year, the home has given up trying to bite people and another paraplegic woman, Zhang received 550,000 yuan in don• things. Li, who has Uved at the home for ations and goods worth 450,000 18 years. Zhang Li has learnt to yuan. A number of factories have In China, although the govern• write Chinese characters holding a donated some of their products, ment prizes its welfare workers, pen in her mouth. Apart from which have included such things as many people still look down upon writing poems, she is now studying an automobile, a jiaozi-making such jobs regarding them as English and art theory. Some of machine (jiaozi means dumplings arduous and menial. Some of the her works have also been with meat and vegetable stuffing), young women working at the published, and she has received towels and woollen blankets. home say it has been more difficult letters from around the country, Some painters presented the for them to find a spouse because commending her on her abilities. home with the proceeds from their work for a period of time and their work is considered unseemly. Nurse Li Lu is in charge of doctors gave the children there These women, however, are com• educating the top level children. free medical treatment. One mendable for their dedication to Teaching the children, she said, is veteran worker gave his savings of these handicapped children. From a difficult, but gratifying job. She 400 yuan; and some primary their job, they have received both says she often gets half the results pupils also showed their concern pain and pleasure. with twice the effort. Once, she by giving their pocket money. When the children reach a said, she was teaching the children Beijing Mayor Chen Xitong, and certain age, those who are able to a song. But they always sang out other government leaders worked take care of themselves are sent to of tune, she said. Discouraged by out a plan for building a ^ther schools or to work. Those the failure of her repeated efforts, playground for the children and who are unable to support one day, Li said, she broke down have listed it as a key project. It is themselves stay at the home and wept at her desk. Her sadness now in the designing stages. indefinitely. touched the children. They stood A five-storey building, which Su Yuling, 30, a paraplegic who around her, and told her not to will include a clinic, living quarters came to the home when she was cry, she said. "We assure you we and a therapy centre, is also in the seven years old, is one of its will try our best," they told her. works. The building will be easily resident adults. When she was 11 From that time on, Li became accessible to the disabled. It will she suffered from severe bedsores more patient in teaching the have a closed-circuit TV system, that brought her close to death. children. During the past Spring elevators suitable for carrying The home's nurses cared for her, Festival, her students performed wheel chairs and stretchers, and a however, and treated her with at the Jixiang Theatre for a large swimming pool. In addition, the traditional Chinese medicine. In audience. This time, Li said, she clinic there will provide physio• the last few years, Su has learnt wept with joy. how to paint, and a number of her therapy, acupuncture and moxi- works have been published in a In 1984, the home asked for bution, medical massage and magazine. Her bookmarks and donations from society and breathing exercises. flower-and-bird paintings are individuals so that they might The project will involve 10 especially popular with visitors to improve the hving conditions and million yuan, and is stymied only the home. well-being of the children. Over by a lack of funds. •

MAY 26, 1986 25 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

Research both at home and Social Functions of Beijing Quadrangles abroad has proved that people need not only better housing, but centres around courtyards and also a living environment conduc• "BEIJING WANBAO' neighbourhoods. Usually, this ive to security, one in which they (Beijing Evening News) kind of social network, which is develop long lasting ties and which based on family contacts and provides them with a sense of camaraderie. Because of the 'hen it comes to symbols of private exchanges and has lasted housing shortage, many of those ancient, traditional Chinese for several generations, provides W given accommodation in high-rise culture, Beijing's quadrangles people with a sense of safety and buildings do feel temporarily rank No. 1 in terms of design, kinsmanship and produces dif• satisfied. When there are more architecture and quantity. fused authority and a harmonious houses, however, people will begin In Beijing, quadrangles can be atmosphere. The quadrangles, to pay more attentions to living in found everywhere — some on therefore, represent an important an environment better suited to bustling business streets, others set tool for social stability. their psychological needs. deep in quiet lanes. Some are small In high-rise buildings, people and cosy, others are large and Imd that the relations between Beijing is densely populated, spacious. Either occupied by a families become strained, that the and its per-capita living space is single family or shared by several harmony of the quadrangles has small. Because of this there is families, a Beijing quadrangle is a been undermined and that people nothing wrong with building some living environment that keeps come to feel less at peace with their skyscrapers. How to enable the alive traditional cultures and neighbours. For old people and high-rises to take over the social fosters a community spirit. children in particular, the change functions of the traditional Beijing quadrangles have very affects their physical and mental quadrangles has become, how• unique social functions. They health, and their intellectual ever, a pressing dilemma in need of form a social network, which development. a solution.

distilled and sublimated, can true Traditional IVIores of IVIodern Value communist ethics be established. For instance, it is hard to imagine a person with the com• "GONGREN RIBAO" discarded. Many traditional munist spirit of sacrificing his or mores, however, should be carried (Workers' Daily) her own interest for the benefit of forward and developed. Those of others if he or she is unwilling to the latter type include "unfright- deals, morality, culture and give up a seat on a bus to an old ened by force and unmoved by discipline are interrelated and person or a mother with a child. It I poverty, wealth or rank," "take complementary aspects of social is equally impossible for a person pleasure in helpng others," and ethics, which play a critical role in to devote one's life to the "be prepared to fight for a just the spiritual life of a nation. Their communist cause if that person is cause." Valuable traditional role should not be under• indifferent to the sufferings of estimated. mores also advise being fair and others. not cheating in business. China is a nation with many Though of less value than Efforts should be made to avoid traditional virtues. During the communist moral standards, tra• adopting the "ultra-left" attitude various stages of its history, its ditional moral values can be used that scorns traditional moral people have developed many as a moral foundation. Unlike values. The "cultuKijl revolution" moral norms. Among them some material production, moral codes did great damage to China's were intended to maintain feudal can transcend history. Further• traditional mores, and the results ethics. These included the practice more, communist moral values can still be felt today. The view that warned against a son cannot be developed independent that all moral norms left over from speaking of his father's faults. of tradition; their development history should be done away with Moral norms such as these do should grow out of the traditions is not only theoretically unsound, not conform to the socialist moral of the country. Only when the but also extremely harmful in standards and should therefore be traditional moral values are practice.

26 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 21 About 10 percent of the hus• Husbands Help With Household Chores bands said they thought house• hold work should be performed by their wives. Only when it was hours were devoted to cooking, "BAXIAOSHI YIWAi abolutely necessary, they said, accounting for 58 percent. (Leisure) would they lend a hand. However, The husbands interviewed said more than 80 percent of the they spent an average of 3.35 husbands said household chores ccording to a recent survey by hours daily on housework, should be dealt with according to A Leisure magazine, women whereas wives said they spent 3.90 each person's abilities and that spend only slightly more time on hours, only 33 minutes more than there should be a rational division household chores in China than the men. This did not include of labour. men do. The survey, which polled feeding babies and helping the 142 couples with an average age of children with their homework. The present insufficiency of 31 years, indicated that an average Husbands said they did every• household services still makes young person had about 7.58 thing from making steamed bread daily housework a heavy burden hours of leisure time a day, and and doing dishes, to cleaning for China's citizens. Although, that about 3.63 hours were spent rooms and washing clothes. They husbands and wives now do their on household chores such as said they also did many of the best to help each other, the cooking, washing, cleaning and heavier tasks, including buying problem cannot be solved without shopping. Of the 3.63 hours, 2.02 grain and coal. socialization of housework.

Liaoning Province. The Beijing Beijing's Music Education Improves College of Education, she said, has sponsored a number of training college, listed the three changes as classes for primary and middle "GUANGMING RIBAO' the acquisition by all city primary school music teachers. (Guangming Daily) and middle schools of pianos for In addition, Li said, some their music classes, the increase in primary and middle schools have ree major improvements have the number of qualified music also introduced harmonicas, rtaken place in music teaching teachers and the expansion of flutes, violins and guitars to their in Beijing's middle and primary music classes to include singing, music teaching classes. She also schools, said Li Wanyin, an theory and music appreciation. said some primary school pupils official of the Beijing College of Li said some schools have have sponsored their own "young Education. organized music teachers on fact• people's concerts" with the help of Li Wanyin, director of the finding tours of Shanghai, Nanj• their teachers. This improved their music teaching department of the ing and Xingcheng County in music appreciation abilities.

Author Suggests 'Cultural Revolution' Museum

"cultural revolution." eliminate its adverse influences. "YANGCHENG WANBAO" At a gathering with friends in To undo the damage done by the (Guangzhou Evening News) Shanghai on April 24, , 82, "cultural revolution," Ba Jin said, the authoi of such classics as The serious lessons must be drawn Family, Spring and Autumn, said from it. "I suggest establishing a a Jin, a noted Chinese author, the "cultural revolution" brought 'cultural revolution' museum and Brecently, said China should untold suffering to the state and therefore, we and our children will open a museum devoted to the the people and will require the retain fresh memories of the "bloody experience" that was the efforts of several generations to bloody experience," Ba Jin said.

MAY 26, 1986 27 BUSINESS ARADE

period (1986-1990) the emphasis will be on importing advanced Foreign Funds for Railways technology rather than on. locomotives and rolling stocks. n 1986, China will spend electric line and other technical • I USS 170 million on railways, exchange items. The construction by Yang Xiaobing including electrifying two lines, of the 596km Zhengzhou-Wuhan and reconstructing old lines. electric line and the 265km The rail projects, now in the Houma-Yueshan double-track second stage of construction, are electric line, and the updating of China Orders the 540km Hengyang-Guangzhou the Xian Communication Signal double-track line, the 684km Factory still require funding. Boeing Aircraft Zhengzhou-Baoji electric line, the Fn 1985, China imported 336km Taiyuan-Datong electric engines worth US$580 million, he Civil Aviation Adminst- line and the 147km Guangzhou- including 201 diesel engines of T ration of China (CAAC) has Shenzhen double-track line. 4,000hp from the United States signed a contract with the Boeing Those slated for completion and 150 electric locomotives of Commercial Aircraft Co. to buy soon are the 272km Beijing- 6,400kw from France, as well as eight additional Boeing planes — Qinhuangdao electric double- essential component parts and four Boeing 747-200 jetliners and track line, the 308km Yanzhou- technology. four 767-200 passenger planes — Shijiusuo line, and the 165km The Chinese government will worth an estimated US$620 Xinxiang-Heze line. equip the trunk lines with million. The World Bank, the Overseas advanced technologies, and spend At a news conference in Beijing Fconomic Co-operation Fund of about USS 100 million on import• on May 17, Richard R. Albrecht, Japan and the Kincheng Banking ing construction equipment and Boeing's executive vice-president, Corj). of Hong Kong are all optical fibre communications and said two 767s and one 747 are involved in funding the rail train dispatching technology for scheduled for delivery in 1987. He projects. the railway between DatOng (a said the other aircraft ordered will Last March, China signed coal base) and Qinhuangdao on reach China before 1990. contracts with the World Bank for Bohai Bay. Albrecht said since ordering a funds to construct the 693 km Yang Haichang, an official of Boeing 707 in 1972, CAAC has Yungtan-Xiamen electric line, the the Ministry of Railways, said purchased USS 1.7 billion worth of 415km -Guiyang during the Seventh Five-Year Plan Boeing aircraft, and that CAAC's fleet consists of 39 Boeing planes. Boeing is also actively con• tributing to the development of China's airline and aviation industry. With Boeing's as• sistance, Albrecht said, the Civil Aviation Institute in Tianjin will be able to use much of the avanced equipment at Boeing's Seattle facility. Boeing also expects to train some of CAAC's pilots and technicians to help them meet the stringent standards equivalent to those followed by. the United States' Federal Aviation Admini• stration. Boeing has also helped CAAC establish a network of five spare-parts supplying bases in Beijing, Chengdu, , Guangzhou and Xiamen, and it is exploring the feasibility of setting up a central facility in China to meet servicing needs. Boeing has also received help from China. Since the early 1980s Boeing airplanes flying round the world have been built with parts

BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 21 manufactured in China. A grow• CCPIT, and most of them later from only nine several years ago. ing number of Chinese factories joined China's offshore oil CCPIT's members include such have been producing parts for development. powerful enterprises as the China Boeing. The Xian Aircraft Co., for In 1985, CCPIT exchanged International Trust and Invest• example, will soon be producing visits with Indonesia's chamber of ment Corp., the Ever Bright vertical fins for the Boeing 737. industry and commerce. Both Industrial Co., the Bank of China, Industrial co-operation of this sides have agreed to set up China National Offshore Pet• type has to date been valued at representative offices in each roleum Corp. and China North USSlOO million. other's country. Industries Corp., as well as various Recently Boeing signed a con• At present, China has 1,000 import and export corporations. tract with China's Ministry of import and export companies, up Aviation Industry to provide con• sultation and transfer of technol• A Romanian industrial exhibition was hel in Beijing from IVlay 6-15. ogy for the production of Y-7-100 feeder liner. • by Zhang Zeyu

Linking Up Chinese, Foreign Companies

he China Council for the TPromotion of International Trade (CCPIT) has announced its plans to form a nationwide foreign trade promotion network. The plan was revealed at the organization's first membership congress held from May 3 to 4 in Beijing. The CCPIT, China's foreign chamber of commerce, is com• posed of representatives of China's financial and trade circles, enterprises associations and societies. It provides domestic and foreign clients with trade inform• ation and consultation, and lists of potential business partners. CCPIT also co-ordinates economic and trade expositions inside and outside China, acts as a liaison for foreign chambers of commerce, economic and trade associations and other intern• ational trade organizations, handles applications for patent rights and registered trademarks, as well as foreign business and maritime legal procedures for its clients. Established in May 1952, CCPIT's initial task was to establish trade ties with countries having no diplomatic relations with China. The top 10 US oil companies have contacted China through

MAY 26, 1986 CULTURE/SCIENCE

China Makes Much Ado About the Bard

in many forms, including Beijing opera and other local operas. Ma Yongan, a famous Beijing opera actor, played the lead in a Beijing opera rendition of Othello, and captured the audience with his peculiar charm of superb singing and acting. The Shanghai Youth Drama Troupe performed Antony and Cleopatra, which depicts the passion of the Roman triumvir and the Egyptian queen, while a group of students of Mongolian nationality from the Shanghai Drama Institute staged Othello in their native language. Among the plays making their premiere in China was also Titus Andronicus, which was performed by the Shanghai Drama Institute Li IMoran, 68, was considered one of tlie best performers during tiie festival. Here in his at the opening ceremony in King Lear's attire, Li talks with Cao Yu, president of the Shakespeare Society of China. Shanghai. The play, which revolves around the contradiction between good and evil and udiences in Shanghai and member Chinese Dramatists' kindness and brutality, showcased A Beijing recently had their first Association. the Shanghai actors' talents. A opportunity to attend Chinese During the festival, 16 plays, troupe from Province adaptations of some of WiUiam including King Lear, Othello, staged Love's Labour's Lost as it Shakespeare's plays, including Macbeth, The Merchant of Venice was in Elizabethan times with the The Taming of the Shrew and and Twelfth Night were performed stage surrounded by the audience. Love's Labour's Lost, during China's inaugural Shakespeare Festival held from April 10-23. "When Chinese audiences get a taste of Shakespeare's profound insights into human nature and his brilliant writing they are over• whelmed with admiration for the author," said Cao Yu, president of the Shakespeare Society of China. "For decades his works have influenced Chinese drama and have illuminated the hearts of the Chinese people. By introducing Shakespeare to- our people on as large a scale as this festival does, we are helping assimilate the world's culture and spiritual wealth into our own," said Cao, who is also president of the 6,000-

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 mances in foreign languages. The Beijing No. 2 Foreign Languages Institute staged Timon of Athens in English while the People's Liber• ation Army Art Institute also performed an abridged version of The Merchant of Venice in English. After they performed Much Ado About Nothing in English, undergraduates of Shanghai's Fudan University said they felt they understood Shakes• peare better. Along with the above- mentioned, there was also a radio serial of Macbeth. Tapes of "Selected Dialogues of Shakespeare's Plays," also re• cently recorded in China, were compiled and read by master "The Merchant of Venice" performed by China's Youth Art Theatre. linguists. YANG LIMING Forums and meetings on the study of Shakespeare were held alongside the multifarious perfor• mance. The theme of Beijing's discussions focused on Shakes• The Merry Wives of Windsor these plays characters, social peare and the present era and and The Taming of the Shrew were customs and settings became Shakespeare's influence on the performed by different troupes Chinese, while the plot, theme and Chinese theatrical circles. The 13 with both traditional techniques even many lines were preserved in academic studies and 16 seminars and modern ones. China's Coal their original form. on the playwright emphasized Miners' Drama Troupe adapted A Indicative of the changes made efforts to improve the staging of Midsummer Night's Dream to was the Central Drama Institute's his plays in China. The partici- traditional Chinese theatrical adaptation of King Lear and a l^ants made efforts in finding a methods, changing the characters drama troupe from Xian's adapt• way of adapting Shakespeare's into Chinese ones. The costumes ation All's Well That Ends Well. plays to the aesthetic taste of the and staging were both done Many playgoers thought the Chinese audience so as to make following modern concepts. "My productions were Chinese dramas new contributions to world intention is for foreigners to while those familiar with culture. • consider the production a Chinese Shakespeare's plays said they by Lin Yang drama and for the Chinese to could tell the play's origin. think it is something new," said Nevertheless, the two adaptations Xiong Yuanwei, director of the attracted the viewers in all ways. play. The festival's most noted Adaptations were also made to achievement was the adaptation of meet children's needs. The Shakespeare's plays into Beijing Chinese Children's Art Theatre opera and other local operas. staged an abbreviated version of Apart from Beijing opera's Richard III, which was especially Othello, \»fcich was produced upon appreciated by junior middle- the revised version of its premiere school students who are studying in 1983, four other new produc• world history. The Shanghai tions were staged in Shanghai: a Puppet Troupe performed Twin yueju (Shaoxing opera) version of Brother and Sister, adapted from Twelfth Night, a huangmei opera Twelfth Night, making China's rendition of Much Ado About first puppet performance of one of Nothing, a kunqu opera version of Shakespeare's plays. Macbeth and a yueju opera Chinese college students were rendition of The Winter's Tale. In also applauded for their perfor•

MAY 26. 1986 31 SPORTS ifh^im 7?\^'>imMmm-\'^\/k\/^H-\^t\'^

Spiker Looks Out for Team's Welfare

me at the net, it could be very dangerous to rely too heavily on me. I realized then that a key to victory was to be found in helping the coach get the team to shed their over-reliance on me and become more confident in them• selves and the team as a whole. To achieve this, it has been necessary to build up each member's sense of responsibihty in both training and competition. Because of their lack of experience, new team members have often become depressed when they feel their abilities are not being brought into full play. Yang Xiaojun, who joined the team in 1983, progressed rather rapidly as a result of the extra training she received from the chief coach. She became the A crowd welcomes the Chinese women's volleyball team on their return to Beijing team's sub ace spiker at the 23rd after winning the Fourth World Cup Tournament in Japan last November. Olympic Games, during which she played very well. However, after Lang Ping, ace player and moment. But, I didn't. I knew I her return, because of some assistant coach of China's national belonged to China's volleyball. I training problems that she could women's volley hall team, recently was aware of the difficulties facing not solve, she began to doubt her reported on how she and her fellow our new chief coach Deng technique. I had a heart-to-heart team members have defended their Ruozeng, and I knew I had to help talk with her, and she explained titles as world champions. The him lead the team to victories. her loss of confidence. I know how following are excerpts from her After the 23rd Olympic Games, easy it is for new players to lose report. both the American and Japanese heart when they meet setbacks. I teams underwent major changes. decided that, while I should try y reminding myself how I got Whether China's team would every means to help her solve her B to where I am today, I have continue winning depended, to a technical problem as quickly as come to reaHze that one must not large extent, on whether we could possible, I also had to encourage stop on th.e road to progress. One overcome our new weaknesses. I her and to let her see her own must constantly make new goals felt the pressure around me. strengths. Her smiles and confid• after a goal has been reached. Friends and fans said it was me on ence soon returned. After we bagged the coveted whom they were relying to lead the The present team leader Yang gold medal at the Los Angeles team to the title at the Fourth Xilan is a kind-hearted and Olympics on August 7, 1984, the World Cup Championships. My determined girl. She became team's chief coach Yuan Weimin team members also seemed to be impatient, however, when pro• and several other veterans retired counting on me for support. blems cropped up, such as some from the court, making me the Volleyball is very much a team members failing to play well as a eldest player. How I envied their sport; it is absolutely impossible to team. Once when her team retreat at that glorious moment! I, depend on one single person to members were not performing too, would have liked to have win. Now that some foreign teams well during training, she flew into bowed out at that opportune are concentrating on coping with a rage. That evening, I told her:

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 "Yangsis, we've been together in "maximum defence." This is the International Studies good times and bad for three most strenuous play and scares the years. We know each other. From new members the most. I was now on, whenever you feel completely at ease because I knew (Formerly Known os Journal of displeased, you may aim at me that no veterans would be asked to International Studies) first. But try not to vent your participate. Yet, I noticed that all — A Quarterly in Chinese — feelings in front of the new eyes had turned to me. I had been members, for they find it too "elected." Aware of the coach's Contents of Issue No. 2, 1986 discouraging." I then wrote down intention, I prepared myself and two mottoes for her: "Patience is performed the play well despite Facts and the Background on the the mother of success," and the fact that I was suffering from Sino-lndian Boundary Dispute — "Success is often sabotaged by gastroenteritis then. I was bedrid• Jing Hui impetuosity." den for days afterwards. But I was While putting demands on happy because I had set a good Economy of the West in the Latter others, I have been strict with example for my fellow team Half of the 1980s —X/e Yao myself too. During the Spring members. Festival last year when everyone At present, our coach, the team The Middle East Peace Talks — A was celebrating with their families, members and I are at a new Difficult and Tortuous Job — Guo we team members were in rigorous starting point. We will, as always, Jingan training. One day, our coach exert our utmost to reach our new wanted two members to practise goals. The South Asian Regional Co• operation in Retrospect and in the Future Perspective — Zheng Lang Ping executing a spike during an internationai competition. Ruixiang

Central America Continues to Be in a Tense and Turbulent Situation — Zhang Mingde

The Position and Role of West Europe in the US-Soviet Rivalry — Qian Nengxin

Look Squarely at Reality and Keep Oriented Towards the Future — Western Europe Taking New Steps to Unite and Become Stronger — Zhu Yiqing

Economic Situation in Five East European Countries — Hui Yijun

Current State and Future Pros• pects of International Debt Problem — Zhen Bingxi

The Economy of Togo — Su Yingyuan

China's Foreign Relations: A Chronicle

Published by World Affairs (Shijie Zhishi) Publishing House. Subscription from Ciiina Intern• ational Bool< Trading Corpor• ation (Guoji Shudian). Annual rate: RMB 3.20 (at RMB 0.80 per copy) plus postage.

MAY 26, 1986 33 BOOKS

The History of Chinese Dance

Written by: Wang Kefen popular. A string of folk arts such Zhangxu created Caoshu, a Price: 5.2 Yuan (RMB) as acrobatics, martial arts, magic calligraphic style where the 'Page: 112 pages and comedy, as well as recitals of writing resembles dragons 'and Published by: Foreign Languages music, singing and dancing were phoenixes dancing. Press, Beijing all included in a show. However, At the end of the book the Distributed by: China interna• because dancers were looked author says dancers in China tional Book Trading Corp. down upon at the time, there are today have taken the best from the (P.O. Box 399, Beijing) few records of their names and ancient dances and have created achievements. One of the few who something new. ublished in 1985 by Foreign had her name recorded was Zhao Born in 1927 in Sichuan PLanguages Press, The History Feiyan, who was described as Province, Wang Kefen is an of Chinese Dance provides readers being as light as a swallow when associate research fellow at the she danced, and was thus dubbed not only with background on the Institute of Dance of the Chinese the "flying swallow." Zhao was a history and art of dance in China, Academy of Art. Wang, herself a servant, who, through hard work, but also with anecdotes about former dancer, studied the history became famous and was taken some of China's famous dancers. and theories of dance under Wu into the palace by the Emperor The book, which is the first of its Xiaobang and Dai Ailian, two Chengdi (32 BC-7 AD). She was kind printed in English, is prominent Chinese dancers. Yang given the title Jieyu, which meant Yingliu and Yin Falu, two arranged chronologically. It she was an exceptional concubine. speciaHsts in culture and history, begins with a description of the Though she later became empress, also contributed to Wang's oldest dance designs to date in on Emperor Chengdi's death, education. Wang's detailed study China, which are found on a Zhao was demoted to an ordinary and analysis of the field of dance neolithic earthenware bowl citizen and ordered to commit reflects the thoroughness of her unearthed in Datong County, suicide. Qinghai Province. All 15 dancing education. Though the study of figures on the bowl have braids or The book also discusses the the history and art of Chinese ornaments hanging from their dances of the Tang Dynasty (618- dance is a continuous process, The heads. They also have small tails, 907 AD). The author, Wang History of Chinese Dance is a solid which are apparently part of Kefen, said the highly developed introduction to its development. costumes for portraying animals. dancing of that time was greatly by Qin Hua These images are thought to influenced by traditional songs represent a performance of "The and dances of minority nation• Dances of All Animals," which alities and foreign countries. dates back 5,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, many The earliest Chinese writing, minorities who were referred to as inscriptions on bones and tortoise Hu people, moved from western shells from the Shang Dynasty (c. China to the Central Plain. There 16th-11th century BC), was on they opened bars where Hu dance. On one such inscription the women would dance for cus• character for dance was a tomers. The Hu dancers became representation of a dancer holding very popular and would also an ox tail. Many have interpreted dance at family banquets given by this to mean that dance was closely the nobles. One of the most connected with work and hunting outstanding Hu dancers was the for early men and women. In celebrated Gongsun, who was ancient times, people would also especially good at the "Sabre use dance to seek the gods against Dance." As she would begin to natural disasters. dance, light from her sword would shine in all directions, and her Dance flourished and reached a strong and flowing movements new peak during the Han Dynasty would keep time to the drum's (206 BC-220 AD), during which beat. Enlightened by Gongsun's "Variety Shows" were very "Sabre Dance," calligrapher

34 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 21 Woodcuts by Li Xianji

Li Xianji, born in 1943 in Xian, Shaanxi Province, now works at the Shaanxi Art Research Institute. The lives and customs of the ethnic groups in northwest China are the subjects of Li's woodcuts.

Women of the Tu Nationality. it Newest Comprehensive Guidebook of China it

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Readers in China can order at the WAIWEN SHUDIAN (Foreign Language Bookstore) with branches in all parts of the country Readers abroad can order at a local bookstore or directly from the CHINA INTERNATIONAL BOOK TRADING CORPORATION (Guoji Shudian), 21 Chegongzhuang Xilu, Beijing or P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Cable: CIBTC BEIJING Telex: 22496 CIBTC CN