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Master of Arts – Integrated Studies

HARDCORE INTERNET AND THE HETEROSEXUAL

MALE`S SEXUALITY: DISCUSSING HOW

MODERATES SEXUALITY USING AN INTEGRATED STUDIES

PARADIGM

By

JAY FINSTAD

Integrated Studies Final Project Essay (MAIS 700)

submitted to Dr. Michael Gismondi

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts – Integrated Studies

Athabasca, Alberta

August, 2016

Master of Arts – Integrated Studies

ABSTRACT

Hardcore Internet pornography is now freely and widely accessible with the technology that is available today. Numerous disciplines have evaluated the link between sexuality and pornography. Using an integrated studies paradigm, I ask how hardcore Internet pornography moderates the sexuality of heterosexual men. The disciplines I use to build a comprehensive understanding are neurology, spiritual studies, psychology, and sociology. I place the disciplinary perspectives into their corresponding perspectives of the phenomenon: microsocial, mesosocial, and macrosocial. Through an interpretivist approach, I use cross-level integration to create an integrated understanding based upon common ground between the disciplines.

Hardcore Internet pornography modifies sexuality of the heterosexual male through influencing his intrapsychic, interpersonal, and cultural environments. The male is like a computer within a network, where existence is a result of a combination of the network parameters, and local hardware and software. I propose that sexuality should be led by the mind, emotions, and spirit of a holistic being as opposed to the highly charged of hardcore Internet pornography.

SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 1

Hardcore Internet Pornography and the Heterosexual Male`s Sexuality: Discussing how

Internet Pornography Moderates Sexuality using an Integrated Studies Paradigm

In the last decade technology has significantly transformed how pornography is accessed.

Years ago, the consumption of pornography was limited by its supply mechanism: a magazine would end, the VHS would need rewinding, or the cinema would close. The Internet, computers, and handheld devices now allow for a seemingly limitless supply of pornography. The consumer has access to a vast selection of pornography through the Internet; limitless pornography poised to satisfy any and all curiosities and fetishes. For this study I will be looking at the connection between sexuality and mass produced hardcore pornography.

Pornography is now widely available on the Internet, and increasingly being filmed as gonzo or hardcore pornography (Hedges, 2009). These forms of pornography contain little dialogue if any, no story line, explicit and implicit violence against objectified females, and obscene, often harmful sexual acts upon the female such as ATM (ass-to-mouth coitus), piston fucking, (gagging fellatio), and cream pie (coming on the body, particularly the face) (Hedges,

2012). There is a blatant lack of aesthetic value, aiming solely to satisfy libidinal desire and sexual tension, while neglecting the consumer’s intellect and conscience (Schussler, 2012). The individual engages a simulated form of sexual reality while his self is alienated from his body; he receives sexual pleasure and arousal based on violent objectification of women (Hedges 2009;

Schussler 2012).

Sexuality is any and all actions related to one’s body, thoughts, and emotions that guide sexual activity and relationships (Ben Ze’ev, 2001). Sexuality is an expression of a sexual nature, instinct, and/or feelings, and a recognition of what is sexual (sexuality, n, 2016). This definition is broad in nature and recognizes that sexuality is a phenomenon that orders the relationship SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 2 between the sexes. Using a broad definition allows me to encompass biological/neurological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual disciplinary perspectives of sexuality.

My generation experienced the rapid technological shift towards Internet pornography.

Separating my true sexuality from the sexuality I’ve learned on the Internet has been difficult, and has left me wondering where one starts and the other ends. I recognize that there are many arguments in the literature that Internet pornography is healthy, but I will only be focusing on the negative effects in order to limit the expanse of this discussion. Posing this question in the negative creates an instant connotation that viewing pornography is a shameful act. I intend to avoid any moral debate while removing shame through the creation of understanding.

To answer this inquiry, I will pose the following research question: how does hardcore

Internet pornography modify sexuality in heterosexual males? To gain a full understanding of this question, an integrated studies paradigm will be used. Integration is a process by which ideas, concepts, and “theories from two or more disciplines are synthesized, connected, or blended” (Repko, 2012, p. 4). There are a number of disciplines and interdisciplines that provide insight on Internet pornography, sexuality, and heterosexual males. This paper draws from research in the fields of psychology, sociology, spiritual studies (an interdiscipline), and neurology.

Internet pornography exerts influence upon sexuality at various levels of society: culture

(macrosocial), the individual in relationship to others (mesosocial), and the self within the individual (microsocial). I plan to use a cross-level (multilevel) integration method as described by Henry and Bracy (2012), and Repko (2012) to create an integrated understanding. Cross level integration challenges the researcher to recognize multiple feedback loops and emergent properties within a system in relation to the whole (Repko, 2012). Emergent properties are SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 3 characteristics of a system that cannot be understood simply by reference to it components

(Repko, 2012). My goal is to create a comprehensive model based on various integrated disciplinary insights explaining how Internet pornography modifies sexuality in the heterosexual male.

Integration is a creative act (Szostak, 2011). New ways of understanding are fashioned when the input of multiple voices and perspectives are developed collaboratively (Hirsch, 2012).

In this discussion, the various disciplines become the different voices. Due to the nature of the disciplines and their varying ontologies and epistemologies, I will use an interpretivist approach. that allows for an investigation that analyzes the meaning ascribed by individuals to a particular phenomenon (Arolker and Seale, 2012). These meanings can be embodied within the actions and ideas of the individual (Ng, 2016) and revealed through multiple sources of knowledge and inquiry (Code, 2011). Researchers become active participants in producing and testing knowledge claims (Code, 2011). This affords me the privilege to use my own experiences with

Internet pornography to guide the inquiry across disciplines. In this discussion I will show how hardcore Internet pornography negatively moderates the sexuality of heterosexual males through a whole-being affect.

Disciplinary Literature Review

This section examines the main assumptions that each discipline makes about sexuality, pornography and the heterosexual male. In neurology, sexuality is a biological phenomenon. For neurologists the brain governs sexual arousal to facilitate a body-wide response (Mouras et al.,

2003; Redouté et al., 2000). Pornography triggers sexual arousal and the process of sexual gratification (Bocher et al., 2001; Dussage, 2014; Estellon and Mouras, 2012; Ferretti et al.,

2005; Moulier et al., 2006). Continued pornography consumption modifies sexual arousal over SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 4 time, becoming more difficult to achieve (Hilton, 2013; Love et al., 2015; Miyagawa et al.,

2007). This leads consumers to seek out sexual material that is more intense and explicit to achieve sexual arousal (Estellon and Mouras, 2012; Love et al., 2015).

Neurology, a biological perspective, assumes that sexuality is a mechanism through which the brain physically arouses the individual towards . In this view, pornography is a substitute for arousal, in place of a present and physical woman. Neurology also assumes that sexuality is plastic. Sexuality will change over time as more pornography is viewed, altering arousal patterns to match the pornography that is consumed.

The discipline of psychology views sexuality as a product of emotional affect, thought process, and a character trait expressed through pair-bonded relationships. Whereas internet pornography encourages sexuality through the promotion of an ill-developed, shallow, and autoerotic sexuality (Zitzman and Butler, 2009). I will be using attachment theory to assist in describing the effect of pornography upon sexuality.

In attachment theory, behaviour and trust are guided by motivations from within the individual, and may be altered by competing sources of input (Bretherton, 1985). Pornography consumption breaks secure pair bond attachments of trust and reinforces insecure attachment styles (Crocker, 2015; Gilliand et al., 2015; Zitzman and Butler, 2009; Zapf, 2008). Pornography

The individual gains the illusion of secure attachment when he is unable to securely attach to another individual and so he forms a secure and trusting bond with an object, in this case,

Internet pornography (Crocker, 2015; Zapf, 2008; Zitzman and Butler, 2009).

Psychology assumes that sexuality arises from a complex interplay of mental and emotional states. In this discipline, pornography intersects normalized and moderated sexual emotional and mental states through disruption. Psychology tells us that pornography supplants SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 5 connection with others while facilitating new object attachments. Psychology also assumes that sexuality must be expressed upon someone or something; one’s sexuality must interact with an other.

The interdiscipline of spirituality assumes that sexuality is a connective force that unifies an individual, sexuality is seen as an energy and a mark of divinity (Caputi, 2003; Harvey, 2014;

Rhea and Langer, 2015). Pornography is an online sexual experience with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual consequences (Caputi, 2003; Griffin, 1981; Rhea and Langer, 2015; Willard,

2016). Pornography brings oppression; the body is separated from the spirit and emotions, resulting in a sexual illness (Harvey, 2014). The sacredness of sexuality is destroyed through pornography (Caputi, 2003). The body is separated from the emotions, intellect, and spirit,

(Berry, 1993; Griffin, 1981). Pornography fractures the being of the self, separating the individual into his constituent parts (Willard, 2016). The individual looks for an erotic feeling and desire, but lacks a love for the body and finds nothing that can satisfy (Griffin, 1981).

Pornography causes the individual to place too great an emphasis on desire and arousal, neglecting his wellbeing (Rhea and Langer, 2015; Willard, 2016). Pornography’s sexuality is strictly physical, neglecting the other aspects of the being (Rhea and Langer, 2015).

Pornography fosters one-dimensional relationships without responsibility, rejection, or consequence because of the assumption that pornography is harmless and victimless (Rhea and

Langer, 2015). Other aspects of spirituality, such as love and intimacy, are removed from their social embeddedness (Berry, 1993; Metelmann, 2009; Rhea and Langer, 2015).

Spirituality assumes that sexuality is something mystical and sacred, a means to connect, be it to a god/dess, self, or other human beings. From this perspective, pornography is an energetic illness that infects the sacredness of sexuality, altering the reasons why connection is SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 6 initiated. Condensed, the spirituality perspective simply assumes that sexuality is a connective and relational phenomenon, and pornography disrupts meaningful connection between people.

Sociology at the meso-cultural and societal level sees sexuality as a relational phenomenon. Simon and Gagnon’s (1973) sexual script theory for example assumes that individuals are actors whose sexuality is socially scripted, acted out according to learned roles with specific actions (Beres, 2013; Weiderman, 2015). A scripted action is a combination of intrapsychic, interpersonal, and cultural influences (Kvalem, et al., 2014).

Pornography, a sexual script, is a form of social intercourse, a source of information and stimulus for sexual arousal (Kvalem, et al., 2014; Löfgren-Mårtenson and Månsson, 2010).

Pornography organizes our sexual interaction and arousal (Gagnon and Simon, 1973; Štulhofer et al., 2007; Štulhofer, Buško, and Landripet, 2008; Weiderman, 2015). Pornography teaches the consumer to develop alternative life narratives using emotional investment that influence real- life interaction, falsely promising sexual satisfaction that is projected onto real-life others (Ben-

Ze’ev, 2004). Consumers are led towards a compulsive sexuality with low contentment, harming relational sexuality when used in solitude (Daneback et al., 2008; Štulhofer, Jelovica, and Ružić,

2008).

The meso-sociological perspective assumes that sexuality is a relational phenomenon expressed between two individuals. Meso-sociology also assumes that sexuality is a phenomenon that is taught and learnt through various cultural and societal mechanisms. Pornography is one of the mechanisms that instructs individuals about sexuality and relating to others; pornography is a script.

At the macro-social level sociology heterosexual masculinity is constructed around the ethnography of pornography, illustrating social roles, values, and structures (Löfgren-Mårtenson SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 7 and Månsson, 2010). Men are essentially indoctrinated into the cultural sexuality as their own personal sexuality develops in response to what they consume (Giddens, 1992;). Pornography becomes a political discourse and cultural guide to sexuality (Beres, 2013; Power, 2009). The hardcore pornography available on the Internet reveals how men understand their sexuality, the assumptions that underpin male sexuality and the cultural inscriptions enforced within the medium (Beres, 2013).

Macro-sociology sees hardcore pornography as a specific cultural phenomenon that teaches hegemonic heterosexual male sexuality using violence, callousness, false-sensuality, and objectification. In this sense, males consume pornography to learn and reaffirm their given cultural identity. There is no true sexuality to find or discover. All that can be known is the sexuality that has been commodified within pornography and sold back to the consumer, packaged as the ultimate form of male sexuality in the context of solitude.

Disciplinary Conflict

The largest disciplinary conflicts rest in the assumptions of how sexuality emerges and the purpose of sexuality. Neurology, spirituality, and psychology all focus on the individual, whereas meso-sociology looks at interaction between individuals and individuals and society.

Spirituality does cross the cultural levels somewhat as it incorporates various aspects of social and cultural levels, but tends to focus on the effect upon the individual composed of various constituent parts. See table 1 below for further clarification.

SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 8

Table 1 Summary of Disciplinary Conflict Assumption of the effect of Discipline Assumption about Sexuality Pornography upon sexuality Neurology  Biological mechanism of the  Artificial arousal mechanism mind Psychology  Product of emotions, intellect  Disrupts normal mental and and thought process emotional sexual states Spirituality  A connective force of the self  Disruptive force that fractures the self Meso-sociology  Emerges through interaction  Influences social interaction with other individuals and between individuals societal roles Macro-sociology  Sexuality is a cultural discourse  An ‘expert’ within the cultural discourse of sexuality

Building Common Ground

Despite their differences, each discipline acknowledges that sexuality is a connective aspect of the human being and the human experience. For the most part, all disciplines see addiction or problematic consumption in dialectical terms; sexuality is either unhealthy or healthy, there is no in between. Instead, if we view sexuality on a continuum common ground can be constructed. Problematic sexuality, for example, recognizes that some of the sexual phenomena caused by pornography are not pathological and therefore not diagnosed (Williams,

2016). Problematic sexuality resists the cultural label of addict thereby widening the potential common ground with other approaches.

Second, sexuality is assumed to be a relational phenomenon. Each discipline assume sexuality is meaningless if there is to express one’s sexuality with or upon. Third, all disciplines recognize that sexuality has an inherent learning phase. Individuals are taught what sexuality is and internalize this learning before it can be expressed. These foundational assumptions offer some common ground that will be used below.

The Integrated Understanding SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 9

Sexuality crosses a number of intersection nodes at which an individual exists: the brain, the mind and emotions, and relationships. All nodes are influenced by the cultural discourse in which the individual exists. All pornography users are engaging in their sexuality. They are not addicts or hypersexual individuals. His actions are a complex interplay of the various social and cultural levels, and his own self. He has agency and free will if he choses to use it.

While viewing pornography he consumes a discourse, building and learning a sexuality.

In hardcore pornography, this discourse is grounded in extreme objectification of the female, and violent and obscene sexual acts. The discourse enters his being, incubating within modes of attachment and scripts through physical arousal of the brain, and aspects of his spirit such as his heart. When he is ready, he may attempt the script with another individual to meet his new attachment needs or go back to the Internet to reaffirm what he has learnt. Because sexuality is relational in nature; hardcore pornography’s sexuality relates through violent oppression.

Spiritually, his sexuality has been fractured, dividing his body. He has surrendered his relationship with himself to the segmented and disjointed auto-arousal to which his being has become accustomed. He responds primarily with his body and lives according to sensation and sexuality, rather than his emotions and intellect. Attachments, and scripts respond to the physical change of his brain caused by the pornography, influencing his relational interaction with others.

His partner can only let him down as she can never live up to the limitless discourse of pornography. The only way he can reaffirm this sexuality is to go back to the Internet. He must choose to view again, he must engage the cycle. However, he can choose; he must choose what he brings into his interpersonal relationships and be aware of how he allows his sexuality to be moderated. SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 10

In this way, sexuality is like a computer network. Each male is his own computer that exists within a network of connections. His hardware is akin to neurology’s brain and his software to psychology’s intellect and emotion. Psychologically he may choose to download, install, or delete software, or modify the operating system as he sees fit. Socially he may choose to make connections with other computers, or run in solitude. The greater network is that of the cultural discourse, the overarching rules of interaction. When these systems work together, a synergistic intelligence is created which he must decide how he will use. This choice is the point of this discussion; to realize the inherent intelligence of the actor, to be aware of incoming and outgoing information, and to decide how to live. One may choose to think of the awakening Neo had in the movie, The Matrix (1999). He can still plug into the system, but he thinks about how he plugs in much differently once he is aware of the full effect the network has upon his life.

Pornography consumers should be aware that the seemingly omnipotent and omnipresent nature of the Internet is not a neutral medium, but a postmodern reflection of ourselves.

To close, I will pose a few questions. First, is the model above an integrated and more comprehensive understanding than what the disciplines could explain individually? And second, is this understanding helpful? The comprehensive understanding that I have presented using the metaphor of a networked computer recognizes the dynamics that Internet users exist in, albeit somewhat simply; action is guided by the rules of the network, local hardware, the internal algorithms, and user-software. In the same way, the consumer exists under a cultural discourse, and produces action through an internal interplay of spiritual, psychological, social, and neurological mechanisms. I have presented these relationships between the multi-layered upon sexuality. Disciplinary literature was only able to present one aspect of this metaphor, whereas the integrated and comprehensive understanding discussed above presents the SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 11 greater picture, reconstructing the human as opposed to the Cartesian split. I recognize that this discussion is not complete as I have only presented one aspect of the connection between

Internet pornography and sexuality. Other interdisciplinary researchers may want to ask what positive effects hardcore Internet pornography has had upon sexuality and later integrate my findings with theirs to widen the circle of this discussion.

This discussion recognizes that human sexuality is complex and multilayered, and cannot be adequately explained by any one discipline. Furthermore, the discussion has problematized the role that technology plays in mediating sexuality, questioning a pornographic phenomenon that is moving towards normalization. My goal for this discussion has been to encourage readers to think, to use the mind, emotions, and spirit to guide our sexuality as opposed to the highly charged sexual arousal of hardcore pornography. I encourage readers to integrate this discussion into their lived sexual experiences as they see fit, keep an awareness of the effects of one’s actions in a networked society of rapid global communications, and question the role of technology in one’s life.

SEXUALITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Finstad 12

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