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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Iletişim T.C. FIRAT ÜN ĐVERS ĐTES Đ SOSYAL B ĐLĐMLER ENST ĐTÜSÜ ĐLET ĐŞĐ M B ĐLĐMLER Đ ANAB ĐLĐM DALI ORTADO ĞU BASINI ÖRNE ĞĐ NDE TÜRK DI Ş POL ĐTĐKASINDA KAMU D ĐPLOMAS ĐSĐ VE YUMU ŞAK GÜÇ SÖYLEM Đ YÜKSEK L ĐSANS TEZ Đ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Doç. Dr. Mustafa YA ĞBASAN Abdulsemet GÜNEK ELAZI Ğ–2011 T.C. FIRAT ÜN ĐVERS ĐTES Đ SOSYAL B ĐLĐMLER ENST ĐTÜSÜ ĐLET ĐŞĐ M B ĐLĐMLER Đ ANAB ĐLĐM DALI ORTADO ĞU BASINI ÖRNE ĞĐ NDE TÜRK DI Ş POL ĐTĐKASINDA KAMU D ĐPLOMAS ĐSĐ VE YUMU ŞAK GÜÇ SÖYLEM Đ YÜKSEK L ĐSANS TEZ Đ DANI ŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Doç. Dr. Mustafa YA ĞBASAN Abdulsemet GÜNEK Jürimiz, ……… tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu yüksek lisans tezini oy birli ği / oy çoklu ğu ile ba şarılı saymı ştır. Jüri Üyeleri: 1. Doç. Dr. Mustafa YA ĞBASAN 2. Doç. Dr. Mehtap YE ŞĐ LORMAN 3. Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tamer KAVURAN 4. 5. F. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun …... tarih ve ……. sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmı ştır. Prof. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü Müdürü II ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ortado ğu Basını Örne ğinde Türk Dı ş Politikasında Kamu Diplomasisi ve Yumu şak Güç Söylemi Abdulsemet GÜNEK Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Đleti şim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Elazı ğ–2011, Sayfa: X+102 Türkiye ile Ortado ğu ülkeleri arasındaki ili şkiler 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren yeni bir boyut kazanmı ştır. Đlk kez 1990 yıllarda ortaya atılan Türkiye’nin Ortado ğu’da model ülke oldu ğu iddiası, 2000’li yıllardan sonra yeniden gündeme getirilmi ştir. Yeni süreçte Türkiye’nin Ortado ğu’da gittikçe artan bir etkisinin bulundu ğu uluslararası ili şkiler uzmanları ve siyasetçiler tarafından sıklıkla dillendirilmeye ba şlanmı ştır. De ğişen politik süreçlere ba ğlı olarak Ortado ğu bölgesinde Türkiye’ye ili şkin algılarda dönü şüm ya şandı ğı iddia edilmektedir. Ortado ğu ülkeleri tarafından Türkiye imgesinin kod açılımındaki olumluluklar kamuoyunda sıkça tartı şılmaya ba şlanmı ştır. Ortado ğu Co ğrafyasında Türk dı ş politikasına bakı şın dönü şümü bu dönü şümün etkileri ve sebepleri farklı tarihi ve kültürel gerçekli ğe dayanmaktadır. Türkiye ile Ortado ğu ülkeleri arasındaki ili şkiler tarihi ve kültürel bir geçmi şin ve gerçekli ğin devam eden gelen bir boyutunu yansıtmaktadır. Bu algılar özellikle iki nokta üzerinde yo ğunla şmaktadır: Bunlar Türkiye siyasetinin, halkının ve kamuoyunun bölgeye yönelik tutum ve algılarına Ortado ğu ülkelerinin göstermi ş oldu ğu pozitif yada negatif reaksiyonlar ile Ortado ğu bölgesindeki ülkelerin iç politik, kültürel ve siyasal perspektifi do ğrultusunda meydana gelen tutumlardır. Bu algıyı yöneten, yönlendiren ve kimi zaman da yeniden in şa eden temel etmende politika yapıcılar, kamuoyu önderleri ve bu ba ğlamda medyadır. Bu algıların yönetilmesi, yönlendirilmesi ve kimi zaman da yeniden in şa edilmesinde siyasal erkler, kamuoyu önderleri ve bu ba ğlamda III medyanın önemli bir rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu ba ğlamda sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi olaylara medyanın verdi ği tepki kamuoyunu yönlendirebilme potansiyeline sahiptir. Türkiye algısının Ortado ğu co ğrafyasındaki dönü şümüne önemli bir neden olarak da Türkiye’nin dı ş politikada kamu diplomasisi yöntemlerini benimsemesi gösterilmektedir. Dı ş politikada klasik diplomasiden farklı araç ve yöntemlere sahip kamu diplomasisi uygulamalarının Türkiye’nin Ortado ğu’da artan yumu şak gücünün tanımlayıcısı oldu ğu iddia edilmektedir. Bu ba ğlamda çalı şma etkileri itibariyle söylem boyutunda yürütülen Türkiye’nin Ortado ğu’da artan yumu şak gücünü Ortado ğu basını açısından ele almaktır. Türkiye kamuoyunda dile getirilen “Türkiye’nin Ortado ğu ülkelerindeki siyasi etkisi artmaktadır.” şeklindeki iddiayı Ortado ğu basını üzerinden incelemektedir. Çalı şma Bu ba ğlamda Türkiye imgesinin ve Türk dı ş politikasının Ortado ğu’nun farklı ülkelerindeki basın organlarında nasıl algılandı ğı ve bu algıya ba ğlı olarak ne tür değerlendirmeler yapıldı ğını incelemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kamu Diplomasisi, Türkiye’nin Yumu şak Gücü, Ortado ğu’da Türkiye Algısı, Ortado ğu Basını, IV ABSTRACT Master Thesis Public Diplomacy in Turkish Foreign Policy and Soft Power Discourse of Turkey: Middle East Press Example Between 2007-2010 Abdulsemet GÜNEK The University of Fırat The Đnstitute of Social Science The Department of Communication Elazı ğ–2011, Page: X+102 The relations between Turkey and the Middle East countries have acquired a new dimension since the 1990s. Turkey’s being a model country in Middle East claim which has been made in the 1990s for the first time has been brought into question again after 2000s. In the new processes, it has often been put into words by the international relations experts and the politicians that Turkey has an increasing effect on Middle East. In relation with the changing political processes, it has been claimed that in Middle East region there is a conversion in the perceptions regarding Turkey. The positivenesses in the code initiative of the Turkish image has been started to be discussed often by the Middle East countries. In the Middle East geography, conversion of the insight to Turkish foreign policy, effects and reasons of this conversion base on different history and cultural reality. The relations between Turkey and the Middle East countries reflect a continuous dimension of a historical and cultural history and reality. These perceptions centre especially upon two points: These are the positive or negative reactions which the Middle East countries make regarding the attitudes and perceptions, which belong to the Turkey politics, public and public opinion, regarding the region; and the attitudes which have occurred in line with the domestic political, cultural and political perspective of the countries in the Middle East region. The main factor managing, directing and sometimes rebuilding this perception are policy makers public opinion leaders and the V media, within this context. Political powers, public opinion leaders and the press, within this context, have an important role in managing, directing and sometimes rebuilding these perceptions. Yet, the press reaction regarding the social, cultural and political events has a potential to direct the public opinion. One of the factors of the conversion, in the Middle East, of the Turkish perception is indicated to be Turkey’s adopting the public diplomacy method in the foreign policy. The public diplomacy implementations, in the foreign policy, having means and methods different than the classical diplomacy have been claimed to be the definer of the Turkey’s increasing soft power in Middle East. Within this concept, the work is to approach the Turkey’s increasing soft power, which is carried out in terms of discourse, in Middle East in terms of public opinion due to its effects. Turkey aims to test, on addressee level, the “Turkey’s political effects on the Middle East countries are increasing.” claim mentioned in the public opinion. Within this concept, it aims at measuring how the Turkish foreign policy is perceived in the different countries of Middle East and which kind of reactions are made regarding this perception. Key Words: Public Diplomacy, Soft Power of Turkey, Turkey perception, Middle East VI ĐÇĐNDEK ĐLER ÖZET..........................................................................................................................II ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. IV ĐÇĐNDEK ĐLER ........................................................................................................ VI ÖNSÖZ ..................................................................................................................... IX GĐRĐŞ ...........................................................................................................................1 BĐRĐNC Đ BÖLÜM 1. TÜRK DI Ş POL ĐTĐKASI 1.1. Dı ş Politika Kavramı ..........................................................................................4 1.2. Türk Dı ş Politikası..............................................................................................6 1.2.1. Atatürk Dönemi Türk Dı ş Politikası (1923–1933) ........................................8 1.2.2. Đkinci Dünya Sava şında Türk Dı ş Politikası ...............................................10 1.2.3 So ğuk Sava ş Döneminde Türk Dı ş Politikası ..............................................11 1.2.4. So ğuk Sava ş Sonrası Türk Dı ş Politikası....................................................13 1.2.5. Son Dönem Türk Dı ş Politikası..................................................................16 1.3. Yumu şak Güç Kavramı ve Türkiye’nin Yumu şak Gücü....................................18 1.3.1. Yumu şak Güç Kavramı..............................................................................18 1.3.1.1. Yumu şak Güç (Soft Power) ile Sert Güç (Hard power) Arasındaki Farklar.............................................................................................................19 1.3.2. Türkiye’nin Yumu şak Gücü.......................................................................20 1.3.2.1. Türkiye’nin Bölgesel Gücü..................................................................21 1.4. Dı ş Politikada Kamu Diplomasisi ve Türk Dı ş Politikasında Kamu Diplomasisi .............................................................................................................23 1.4.1. Kamu Diplomasisi Kavramı.......................................................................23 1.4.1.1. Klasik Diplomasi ve Kamu Diplomasi Arasındaki Farklar...................24
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