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Epidermal Morphology of Some Indian Species of the Genus Glossopteris Brongniart

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Epidermal Morphology of Some Indian Species of the Genus Glossopteris Brongniart Epidermal morphology of some Indian species of the genus Glossopteris Brongniart Hari K. Maheshwari & Rajni Tewari Maheshwari, Hari K. & Tewari, Rajni 1992. Epidermal morphology of some Indian species of the genus Glossopleris Brongniart. PalaeobolaniSI 39(3) : 338·380. Nineteen species of the genus Glossopleris are described from the Barakar Formation of Churulia Area, Raniganj Coalfield, India. Epidermal features of sixteen species have been investigated. In the resr, the carbonified crust is not preserved. Nine species, viz., Glossopleris asansolensis, G bunburyana, G. danae, G. manjuiae, G. schopjii, G. schimperi, G ednae, G. kusumiae and G. raylei are new. Nomenclature of G damudica has been revised and the new species G danae is established on rhe basis of revised nomenclature. Key-words- Glossopleris, Epidermal morphology, Barakar Formarion, Raniganj Coalfield, Gondwana, India. Hari K. Maheshwari & Rajni Tewari, Birbal Sahni InSlilUie oj Palaeobolany, 53 Universily Road, G.P.O. Box 106, Lucknow 226001, India. RU ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,"'dOI'>D -..#it -..#it ~ ~ ~ -mT fu<IrtT ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-e);ir -q e);ir of; 'ifUCm: '$f •.,'hfclf'l:a *r 19 q;r ftl;m'llm' t I 16 of; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~lla'Hj\~f41a, ~ ~ ~ ~'l'f'II:ftl;m 'llm' t ffl <fR -q <mMT m tl '<'ll{(clf'l:a T<'ll'o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I .. " .. f'l:ql'Il, """'0 'Ir'lTt,"""'o ~,"""'o ~,"""'o ~,"""'o ~,"""'o ~ ~T<'Ilo 9 """'0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <l~ of; --q mirU'f ftl;m 'llm' t '¢t of; 3lTm<: 'l1: """'0 'IRT't tl AFTER initial epidermal studies on the leaves of (1971, 1974) from the Indian Gondwana, Sporadic Glossopteris indica Schimper by Zeiller (1896), reports were also made by other workers. epidermal morphology of a large number of species The present paper deals with the study of of the genus Glossopteris has been investigated. morphographical and cuticular features of nineteen Sahni (1923) described the cuticular structure of G. species of the genus Glossopteris (nine species are angustiJolia Brongniart, the first cuticular newly instituted) from the Barakar Formation (Early preparation for the genus from India. Srivastava Permian) of Churulia Area, Raniganj Coalfield. So far, (1956) studied the cuticular structure of sixteen cuticular features of three species have been species of Glossopten's, 6 species of Gangamopteris described from the Barakar Formation and only one and one species of Palaeovittaria. On the basis of from the Raniganj Formation of this area, i.e., G. this study Surange and Srivastava (1956) arranged ornatus (Chandra & Srivastava, 1981). these species under six groups, each group probably The specimens of Glossopteris leaves representing a taxon of generic rank. Later, Pant investigated by us were collected from an (1958) and H<j>eg and Bose (1960) described abandoned quarry, in the north-eastern part of the cuticular· features of Glossopteris species from East Raniganj Coalfield, about 250 metres east of Permian of Tanzania and Zaire, respectively. Churulia railway station. A major work on the cuticular features of The main exomorphic characters used for Glossopteris species was subsequently carried out by determination of species are shape, nature of apex, Pant and Gupta (1968, 1971) and Pant and Singh base and margin, nature of midrib, density of lateral 338 MAHESHWARI & TEWARI-EPIDERMAL MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN SPECIES OF GLOSSOPTERIS 339 veins, dichotomies and anastomoses of veins and below the preserved apical portion. The overall shape and size of meshes. Thirty readings, each for shape of the leaf probably was lanceolate. The leaf determining the density of veins and size of meshes, has an entire margin and gradually narrows down were taken. Lawrence (1955) and Melville (1969) towards base. Midrib is distinct, strong, elevated, have been followed for morphographic terms. striated lengthWise, apparently persistent and 1 mm The cuticular characters used for distinguishing wide. Lateral veins emerge from midrib at acute species are: nature of cuticle (amphi-, epi- or hypo­ angles (36°-44°), take a slight outward curve, and stOmatic), nature of anticlinal cell walls (straight, after successive dichotomies and anastOmoses undulate or sinuous), nature of surface walls approach the margin at an angle between 67 ° -80 ° . (papillate or non-papillate, with or without hairs) Number of veins varies from 10(12) 14 per cm near and nature of subsidiary cells (unspecialised or the midrib and 17(20.7) 25 per cm near the margin. specialised, i.e., papillate with papillae overhanging The vein dichotomies are usually of gamma and guard cells). lambda types or rarely of chi type. The cross connections between the veins, which form meshes, OBSERVATIONS are of zeta and eta types. The size of the meshes varies considerably in different pans of the leaf. The Genus- Glossopteris Brongniart 1828 shape of the meshes is mostly deltoid, planoconvex, biconvex or sometimes, arcuate or angled near the Revised diagnosis-Leaves simple, sessile or midrib and usually trapezoidal or pentagonal petiolate, entire or slightly notched in the upper elsewhere. half; shape, size, apex and base variable; midrib The carbonified crust yielded ill-preserved prominent, flat or elevated, persistent or evanescent, pieces of cuticle which did not show cellular details. when flat, with longitudinally running parallel Chandra and Surange (1979, p. 35, pI. 2, fig. 2; striations or pits or sometimes both, anastomoses of pI. 6, fig. 5) have compared G. karanpuraensis with striations absent; lateral veins arising from midrib at G. nimishea on the basis of equally large size. acute angles, arched or more or less straight, However, the latter differs in having an elliptic shape dichotomising and anastomosing variously to form and in haVing arched lateral veins which do not turn meshes of various shapes and sizes, denSity of veins upwards near margins as in G. karanpuraensis. usually lesser near midrib than near margins. Chandra and Surange (1979, p. 32, 200) have placed Leaf cuticle usually hypostomatic, occasionally G. parallela as described by Maheshwari (1965) amphistomatic, laminar region of upper and lower under G. nimishea in the synonymy of the species as surfaces of leaf either undifferentiated or well as their description of plates (p. 200), whereas, differentiated into vein and mesh areas; cells over under the heading "observation" they have vein areas narrow, elongated, rectangular or mentioned that it is the G. parallela of Maheshwari squarish, arranged end-to-end in linear rows; cells and Prakash (1965) which they consider as G. over mesh areas of various shapes and sizes and nimishea and not that of Maheshwari (1965). arranged irregularly; lateral walls of cells usually However, the former differs from G. nimishea in straight, sometimes undulate or sinuous; surface having parallel veins and oblong, polygonal meshes. walls mostly unspecialised, sometimes papillate, trichomes generally absent; stomata haplocheilic, Glossopteris pandurata Pant & Gupta 1971 present only in mesh areas, distributed and oriented irregularly, stomatal index variable; stomatal PI. 1, figs 3, 4; Text-fig. lC apparatus haplocheilic, monocyclic, rarely dicyclic 1965 Glossopteris spathulo-cordata Feistmantel: or amphicyclic; guard cells sunken or normal, Maithy. Palaeobotanist 13, p. 257, pI. 5, fig. subsidiary cells unspecialised or with papillae 34. overhanging guard cells; cells over the midrib 1967 "Attached leaves of Glossopteris angustlfolia squarish or rectangular, arranged in rows, stomata type" Pant, Phytomorphology 17, p. 352, fig. usually absent over midrib. 11. Glossopteris karanpuraensis Kulkarni 1971 1971 Glossopteris pandurata Pant & Gupta, Palaeontographica 132B, p. 148, pI. 21, fig. PI. 1, figs 1, 5; Text-fig. IB 39; text-fig. 2A. Descrtption-The incomplete leaf compression Revised diagnosis-Leaves spathulate, apex has an ill-preserved carbonified crust. The preserved broad, obtuse, base narrow, tapering, margins entire; portion of the leaf measures 19 cm in length and 4.5 midrib distinct, persistent, 2 mm wide in basal cm in Width, at the widest, which is about 5 cm region, gradually thinning towards apex, striated 340 THE PAlAEOBOTANIST lengthwise, lateral veins emerge from midrib at the holotype (Pant & Gupta, 1971, pI. 21, fig. 39; acute angles, gracefully curve outwards to meet the text-fig. 2A). margin, number of veins 11 to 21 per cm near The species was instituted for a detached midrib, 23 to 28 per cm near margin, vein pandurate leaf with broad, obtuse apex, having a dichotomies usually of gamma or lambda type, cross distinct, persistent midrib and 45 to 50 lateral veins connections between veins usually of zeta type, per cm halfway between midrib and margins. Pant meshes usually arcuate near midrib, trapezoidal and Singh (1974) revised the diagnosis according to elsewhere, fibres mayor may not be present. which the leaves are attached to an axis, Holotype-Specimen no. 1180, Divya Darshan concentration of veins, instead of 45 to 50 as Pant collection, Botany Department, Allahabad mentioned originally, is 24 per cm and meshes show University; Early Permian, basal Barakar (Karharbari) one or more fibres running parallel to veins or Formation, Giridih Coalfield. occasionally crossing to join main veins. Our Description-The leaf compression has an i11­ specimen, however, does not show fibres. preserved carbonified crust. No cuticle could be Glossopteris pandurata is comparable to G. recovered. The specimen is almost complete, spathulo-cordata Feistmantel (1878, 1890, pI. 20, figs measures 9 cm in length and 4.6 cm in width, at the 5-8), G. emarginata Maheshwari & Prakash (1965, pI. widest, which is about a centimetre below the apex. 3, figs 20,21; text-fig. 10) and G retusa Maheshwari The overall shape of the leaf is spathulate with an (1965, pI. 3, figs 20, 21; text-figs 12, 13). In G. entire margin and a broadly obtuse, notched apex. spathulo-cordata the meshes are broader. G. The leaf gradually narrows down towards the base; emarginata differs in having an oblong shape. G. but the base is unknown. Midrib is strong, faintly retusa, though compares in having a notched striated lengthwise, 2 mm wide in basal region and (retuse) apex, differs in shape, which is obovate.
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