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Flash Flood in Arau Watershed, West Sumatera: a Mitigation Study

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Flash Flood in Arau Watershed, West Sumatera: a Mitigation Study MATEC Web of Conferences 229, 03002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822903002 ICDM 2018 Flash flood in Arau watershed, West Sumatera: a mitigation study Irfan Pramono1,*and Endang Savitri1 1Watershed Management Technology Center, Ministry Of Environment and Forestry, PO Box 295 Surakarta, Indonesia Abstract. Flash flood often occurs in West Sumatera. In spite of heavy rain, flash floods are also caused by the landslide in the riverside that blocks the river as a natural dam. The natural dam can be broken at any time, depending on storage capacity. Flash flood occurs when the dam is broken. The aim of the research is to mitigate flash floods based on parameters influencing flood and landslide. The research was conducted in Arau watershed, West Sumatera. Parameters that have a direct proportion of floods are maximum daily rainfall, watershed shape, river gradient, drainage density, slope, and land cover. Parameters influencing landslides are antecedent soil moisture, slope, geologic type especially fault line, soil depth, and land cover. GIS is used to analyze the factors influencing flood and landslide spatially. The results show that more than 50% of the Arau watershed are slightly high and high vulnerability due to its natural condition. Furthermore, the locations of fault, especially in the riverside, should be noticed because this location could become a natural dam causing flash flood. In order to reduce flash flood impact, the natural dam should be opened as soon as possible. 1 Introduction Java, and West Sumatra. In other countries such as in Tahiti in February 2014, a big flood occurred in this Flash floods are one of the most destructive natural valley. 860 mm of rain fell for 8 days and the water level disasters. It took place not only in highly exploited areas reached 150 cm high while it is 40 cm in normal regime. but also in pristine areas such as in Bohorok (North Thirty minutes after a rainfall peak, the river water level Sumatera) and Wasior (West Papua) [1]. Flash floods are was at its maximum covering an area of 15 km² [6]. different by nature from riverine and other floods and are Although flash floods are very devastating, particularly devastating due to their suddenness and mitigation for flash floods has not been fully understood volume of water and debris [2]. The flash floods are [11]. In spite of heavy rain, flash floods are also caused abrupt and difficult to predict [3]. Flash floods result by trees and others debris and decreasing drainage from high rainfall intensity [4]. Flash floods have capacity [6]. Many factors affect flash flood such as characteristics such as: increasing river flow above its antecedent soil moisture content and watershed flow capacity, occurs very quickly, less than six hours characteristics [12]. In order to make risk map of the and carries debris [5]. Flash floods took place in short flood in the watershed, parameters such as area, slope, duration [6] with a huge volume containing debris [2]. time of concentration, and runoff volume should be Furthermore, flash floods are not only caused by high investigated. The area of the watershed is the highest rainfall intensity but also due to hydrology, topography, effect on the peak floods [13]. Soil types, altitude, slope, land use, timing and other factors [7]. Landslides are land cover, and rainfall can be used to determine caused not only by rainfall but also by vegetation cover flooding area [3]. The research focused on identifying [8]. the possibilities of flash floods caused by natural dams in The main factor of the flash flood is extreme rainfall Arau watershed, West Sumatra. intensity. Together with a landslide in the riverside it Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for blocks the river causing a natural dam. The river water predicting flash floods location. Some factors pressure breaks the natural dam cause flash flood which influencing flash floods will be collected and analyzed is characterized by high water velocity with mud, log, using GIS. [3] concluded that systematic analysis of and boulders [1]. The characteristics of the flash flood morphometric parameters within drainage networks are abrupt, more quickly, huge damage, usually take using a GIS can provide significant value in place in a small catchment, often in time together with understanding sub-basins drainage characteristics with flood in small river and landslides [9]. respect to flash flooding. [14] suggested that the The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) estimation of flash flood risk can be analyzed by recorded more than 500 floods and landslides occurring combining morphometric and watershed characteristics. along with floods since 2000 [10]. The most frequently Padang City has a unique location, the city is flat but affected provinces are Central Java, West Java, East the upper part of the watershed is hilly with steep slopes * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). MATEC Web of Conferences 229, 03002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822903002 ICDM 2018 with high rainfall intensity. One of the watershed flow in Parameters/ Classification Category Score Padang is Arau watershed. This conditions caused weight Padang city prone to flood and flash flood. Drainage Sparse Low 1 Padang city has been struck by flood for many times, density Slightly sparse Slightly low 2 for example, May, 5 -6, 2004; December 24, 2007; 5% Moderate Moderate 3 Slightly dense Slightly high 4 September 12, 2012; and March 22, 2016 Dense High 5 (Sumbarsatu.com, "Padang Express" Thursday 13 Average of < 8 Low 1 September 2012 in [15]). In order to reduce risk, a watershed’s 8 – 15 Slightly low 2 mitigation flash flood in Arau watershed should be done. slope 15 – 25 Moderate 3 35% 25 – 45 Slightly high 4 > 45 High 5 2 The material and method Land cover Natural forest/ Low 1 10% protection Production Slightly low 2 2.1 Time and location forest/ This research was conducted in the Year 2015 in Arau plantation Dryland, shrubs Moderate 3 watershed, West Sumatera Province. The selection of Rice field, Slightly high 4 this location is due to West Sumatra Province is one of terraced dry the provinces with the most flash flood occurrence. Arau land watershed includes Padang Pariaman, Solok districts and Dryland, High 5 Padang and Solok City. settlement Landslides Antecedence < 50 Low 1 2.2 Materials moisture 50 – 99 Slightly low 2 condition (5 100 – 199 Moderate 3 The data used are daily rainfall for the last 10 years, days) in mm 200 – 300 Slightly high 4 1:250,000 administrative map, 1:250,000 land cover map 31.25% > 300 High 5 published by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Slope < 25 Low 1 1: 250.000 RePPProT map published by BIG, 1: 250,000 18.75% 25 – 44 Slightly low 2 geological map published by the R & D Center for 45 – 64 Moderate 3 Geology and DEM image downloaded from Earth 65 – 85 Slightly high 4 Explorer USGS. The analysis tool used is ArcGIS > 85 High 5 Geological Alluvial plains Low 1 form Calcareous hills Slightly low 2 2.3 Method 12.50% Granite hills Moderate 3 Sedimentary Slightly high 4 Determination of vulnerable locations to flash flood rock hills obtained by integrating flood vulnerability map and Basalt hills-clay High 5 landslide vulnerability map. The method of determining shale flood and landslide vulnerabilities are obtained from Existence of No Low 1 [16]. Parameters used for this study is showed in Table fault line Yes High 5 1. 6.25% Soil depth < 1 Low 1 Table 1. Parameters used to determine the susceptibilities of (regolith 1 – 2 Slightly low 2 flood and landslide. depth) 2 – 3 Moderate 3 6.25% 3 – 5 Slightly high 4 Parameters/ Classification Category Score > 5 High 5 weight Land cover Natural forest Low 1 Floods 25% Shrub/bush/ Slightly low 2 Average < 20 Low 1 grass maximum 21 – 40 Slightly low 2 Production Moderate 3 daily rainfall 41 – 75 Moderate 3 forest/ in the wet 75 – 150 Slightly high 4 plantations month > 150 High 5 Dryland/ Slightly high 4 (mm/day) homestead 35% garden Watershed Oval Low 1 Rice field/ High 5 shape Slightly oval Slightly low 2 settlements 5% Moderate Moderate 3 Slightly round Slightly high 4 Sources: [16] Round High 5 The vulnerability classes of floods and landslides are River < 0,5 Low 1 calculated by multiplying the weight of each parameter to the gradients 0,5 – 1,0 Slightly low 2 score (Table 1). The total value then divided into 5 (five) 10% 1,1 – 1,5 Moderate 3 classes ranging from low vulnerable to highly vulnerable. The 1,6 – 2,0 Slightly high 4 determination of the weight for each parameter is subject to > 2,0 High 5 2 MATEC Web of Conferences 229, 03002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822903002 ICDM 2018 change and will be the priority for the next study. The range for Table 4. Maximum daily rainfall in Arau watershed. each classification is presented in Table 2 [16]. Table 2. Vulnerability classes. Flood Landslide Category Max ASM Vulnerability Value rainfall Ha/% Ha/% (mm) (mm) Not vulnerable < 1.7 10,088.1/ Moderate 41 - 75 -- 100 - 199 Slightly 33.7 1.7 – 2.5 vulnerable Slightly 29,906/ 19,817.8/ 75 – 150 200 – 300 Moderate 2.5 – 3.4 high 100 66.3 Slightly high 3.4 – 4.3 As mentioned before, the flood event depends on the watershed characteristics [3]. In this study, the watershed High > 4.3 shape, river gradient and drainage density of Arau watershed are developed from DEM, and the result is Since flash flood occurs due to floods after the shown in Tabel 5.
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