SFG3740 V2
MINISTRY OF WATER, IRRIGATION AND ELECTRICITY ETHIOPIAN NILE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN FOR RIBB DAM AND RESERVOIR PAPS Public Disclosure Authorized
LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN PREPARATION REVISED FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized
GENERATION INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANT (GIRDC)
GIRDC January 2016 Comet Building (5th Floor) Addis Ababa Haile Gebre silassie Road, Ethiopia Public Disclosure Authorized Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P.O.Box 322 Code 1250 Tel +251 (0) 116 63 15 90/91 251-911-63 41 95 [email protected] www.girdconsultant.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS...... IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... XI 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 PART I: METHODOLOGY, BASELINE ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGIES OF LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN ...... 3 2. OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGIES ...... 5 2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...... 5 2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...... 5 2.3 METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN .... 5 2.3.1 Field Assessment ...... 5 2.3.2 Review of Policy, Strategies, Regulations, Pervious Study Documents ...... 6 2.3.3 Community Consultation ...... 6 2.3.4 Identification of Vulnerable Groups ...... 6 2.3.5 Gender Analysis ...... 6 2.3.6 Establishing Eligibility Criteria ...... 6 2.3.7 Preference Census Survey ...... 7 2.3.8 Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) Methods ...... 7 2.3.9 Stakeholders Consultation ...... 8 2.3.10 Formation of Technical Committees ...... 8 2.3.11 Training and Capacity building...... 8 2.3.12 Preparation of Monitoring and Evaluation System ...... 9 2.4 METHODOLOGY FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LRP ...... 9 2.4.1 Organizing the PAPs...... 9 2.4.2 Providing Trainings and Capacity Buildings ...... 9 2.4.3 Business Start-up ...... 9 2.4.4 Regular Assistance ...... 10 2.4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 10 3. REVIEW OF POLICY, PERVIOUS STUDY AND LESSONS LEARNT ...... 11 3.1 REVIEW OF RELEVANT POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES ...... 11 3.2 REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAME WORK, MOWIE, ENIDP-WB 2007 ...... 16 3.3 REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN STUDIES ...... 16 3.4 REVIEW OF COMPENSATION DOCUMENTS ...... 18 3.5 REVIEW OF LOCAL EXPERIENCES ON LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN ..... 18 3.6 REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES ...... 20 4. THE RIBB PROJECT AND ASSESSMENT OF PAPS ...... 23 4.1 THE RIB IRRIGATION, DAM AND RESERVOIR ...... 23 4.2 ASSESSMENT OF PAPS ...... 23 4.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 25
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4.4 SOCIO ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAPS ...... 28 4.5 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS ...... 31 5. CONSULTATIONS WITH RELAVANT STAKEHOLDERS ...... 39 5.1 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS FOR PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION ...... 39 5.2 FEDERAL LEVEL CONSULTATION ...... 40 5.2.1 Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity ...... 40 5.2.2 World Bank ...... 40 5.2.3 Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources ...... 41 5.2.4 Federal Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Industries Development Agency 41 5.2.5 Micro and Small Enterprises Development Bureau of Addis Ababa ...... 41 5.2.6 Construction Supervision Consultant and Contractor of Rib Dam and Reservoir ... 42 5.3 REGIONAL LEVEL CONSULTATION ...... 43 5.3.1 ENIDP Regional Project Coordination Office ...... 43 5.3.2 Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources ...... 43 5.3.3 Regional Bureau of Land Administration and Use ...... 44 5.3.4 Regional Cooperatives Promotion Agency ...... 44 5.3.5 Regional Technique, Vocational and Enterprises Development Bureau ...... 45 5.3.6 Bureau of Trade, Industry and Market Development ...... 45 5.3.7 ANNS Bureau of Labour and Social Affair ...... 45 5.3.8 Amhara Credit and Saving Institution ...... 46 5.4 WEREDA LEVEL CONSULTATION ...... 47 5.4.1 Ebinat and Farta Wereda Administrations ...... 47 5.4.2 Land Administration and Use of Ebinat Wereda Office ...... 48 5.4.3 Land Administration and Use Office of Farta Wereda ...... 48 5.4.4 TVED Office of Ebinat & Farta weredas ...... 48 5.4.5 Ebinat and Debre Tabor Towns Municipalities ...... 48 5.5 SITE LEVEL STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ...... 49 5.5.1 Kebele Administration Offices ...... 49 5.5.2 The Project Affected Persons ...... 49 6. PREFERENCE OF PAPS, LEVEL OF IMPACTS AND OTHER CRITERIAS FOR FORMULATION AND SELECTION OF LRP ENTRPRISES ...... 51 6.1 PREFERENCE SURVEY OF PAPS ...... 51 6.2 PREFERENCE OF THE PAPS FOR DIFFERENT LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION ENTERPRISE ...... 52 6.3 PREFERENCE FOR MODE OF ENGAGEMENT AND WORKING AREA ...... 53 6.4 LIVELIHOODS RESTORATION BASED ON VALUATION OF LOST ASSETS ...... 54 6.5 LIVELIHOODS RESTORATION PLAN FORMULATION BASED ON DEGREE OF IMPACT ...... 57 6.6 OTHER SELECTION CRITERIA‘S ...... 58 6.7 FORMULATION OF THE LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLANS ...... 59
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PART II: LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN ...... 61 7. PROPOSED LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION ENTERPRISES ...... 63 7.1 TYPES OF ENTERPRISES AND GROUPING OF PAPS ...... 63 7.2 RURAL BASED LIVELIHOOD ENTERPRISES ...... 64 7.2.1 Cattle Fattening ...... 64 7.2.2 Sheep and Goat Fattening ...... 66 7.2.3 Sheep/Goat Rearing ...... 67 7.2.4 Dairy and by-products ...... 68 7.2.5 Poultry ...... 69 7.2.6 Apicultures ...... 71 7.2.7 Improved Wheat Seed Multiplication ...... 73 7.2.8 Forage Seed Multiplication ...... 74 7.2.9 Fishery Production ...... 74 7.2.10 Local Grain Trade ...... 76 7.2.11 Cattle Trading ...... 76 7.2.12 Project Related Employment as Additional Opportunity ...... 77 7.3 URBAN BASED LRP FOR PAPS INCLUDING RELOCATED PAPS ...... 78 7.3.1 Local Goods Transportation Service...... 78 7.3.2 Hollow Block Production ...... 79 7.3.3 Bajaj and Taxi Transportation Service ...... 80 7.3.4 Wood and Metal Work ...... 81 7.3.5 Retail Trade ...... 82 7.3.6 Dairy and by-products - Urban ...... 84 7.3.7 Poultry -urban ...... 85 7.4 LRP FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS ...... 86 7.5 SUMMARY OF LRP INVESTMENT COST ...... 87 8. ALTERNATIVE LRP FOR FAMILY MEMBERS ...... 89 8.1 GENERAL ...... 89 8.2 ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN FOR WOMEN GROUPS...... 89 8.2.1 Alternative energy supply ...... 89 8.2.2 “Baltina” Enterprise ...... 90 8.2.3 Women cottage enterprise ...... 91 8.2.4 Multipurpose Rural Women Community centre ...... 91 8.2.5 Establishment of Women Saving and Credit Cooperatives ...... 91 8.3 ALTERNATIVE LRP FOR UNEMPLOYED YOUTH ...... 92 8.3.1 Catchment Treatment and plantations ...... 92 8.3.2 .Fishery Development ...... 92 8.3.3 Cart Transportation ...... 92 8.3.4 Boat Transportation ...... 92
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8.3.5 Youth Micro and Small Scale Enterprise (MSSE) ...... 94 8.3.6 Employment within the Regions and other Industrial parks ...... 94 8.3.7 Establishment of Youths’ Saving and Credit Cooperatives ...... 94 8.4 COST FOR WOMEN AND YOUTH INCOME GENERATION ENTERPRISE ...... 95 9. ESTABLISHEMNT AND IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES ...... 97 9.1 GENERAL ...... 97 9.2 CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL CONNECTION ROADS ...... 97 9.3 SCHOOL UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION ...... 97 9.4 UPGRADING THE HEALTH POST TO HEALTH CENTRE ...... 98 9.5 ESTABLISHMENT OF MARKET CENTRE ...... 98 9.6 UPGRADING FTC AND REGULAR TRAINING IN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT . 98 9.7 UPGRADING VETERINARY SERVICE ...... 98 9.8 REHABILITATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW POTABLE WATER SUPPLY ...... 98 9.9 CONSTRUCTION OF DOCK FOR BOATS TRANSPORTATION ...... 99 9.10 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ...... 99 10. MARKETING AND VALUE CHAIN FOR THE LRP PRODCUTS ...... 101 10.1 GENERAL ...... 101 10.2 THE LIVESTOCK MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN ...... 101 10.3 THE DAIRY PRODUCT MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN ...... 105 10.4 THE HONEY MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN ...... 108 10.5 THE POULTRY MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN ...... 111 10.6 CROP SEED MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN ...... 115 10.7 GRAIN TRADE MARKETING ...... 120 10.8 MARKETING AND VALUE CHAIN OF FISH ...... 121 11. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED LRP ...... 125 11.1 GENERAL ...... 125 11.2 CROP AND FORAGE SEED DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES ...... 125 11.2.1 Beneficial Impacts ...... 125 11.2.2 Adverse Impacts ...... 126 11.3 LIVESTOCK FATTENING AND REARING ENTERPRISES ...... 127 11.3.1 Beneficial Impacts ...... 127 11.3.2 Adverse Impacts ...... 128 11.4 OFF FARM FISHERY & APICULTURE ENTERPRISES ...... 128 11.4.1 Beneficial impacts ...... 128 11.4.2 Adverse impacts ...... 129 11.5 ALTERNATIVE LRP ENTERPRISES FOR WOMEN AND YOUTH ...... 130 11.6 PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 130 11.7 HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 130 11.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 130 11.8.1 Preparation of the intervention (planning) ...... 130 11.8.2 Implementation period ...... 130
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PART III: IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS ...... 137 12. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMNT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVLIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN ...... 139 12.1 FEDERAL LEVEL SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS ...... 139 12.2 REGIONAL IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS ...... 141 12.3 WEREDA AND KEBELE LEVEL IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS ...... 145 12.4 WEREDA AND KEBELE LRP IMPLEMENTATION TECHNICAL COMMITTEES ... 147 12.5 OPERATIONAL SUPPORT - BUDGET FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LRP ...... 148 12.6 ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT OPTION ...... 149 13. TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ...... 151 13.1 TRAINING NEED ASSESSMENT ...... 151 13.2 TRAINING TECHNIQUES AND VENUE ...... 151 13.3 PRACTICAL LOCAL STUDY TOUR OF PAPS ...... 152 13.4 TARGET GROUPS AND BUDGET ...... 152 14. INVESTMENT AND SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR THE LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN ...... 157 14.1 INVESTMENT REQUIREMENT ...... 157 14.2 PAP CONTRIBUTION FROM SAVINGS AND COMPENSATION PAID ...... 157 14.3 GOVERNMENT BUDGET ...... 158 14.4 INVESTMENT FOR PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES ...... 158 14.5 MICRO FINANCE ...... 158 14.6 LOAN FROM PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BANKS ...... 158 14.7 ESTABLISHING LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION REVOLVING FUND ...... 158 14.8 ESTABLISHING SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES ...... 159 14.9 FUNDING BY IFI AND BILATERAL IN LOAN AND/OR GRANT ...... 159 14.10 FUND AVAILING TASK TEAM ...... 159 15. LIVELIHOOD IMPLMENTATION PLAN AND SHCEDULE ...... 161 15.1 GENERAL ...... 161 15.2 MAJOR ACTIVITIES DURING IMPLEMENTATION ...... 161 15.3 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF LIVELIHOOD ENTERPRISES ...... 165 16. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 167 16.1 PLANNED M & E ...... 167 16.2 INDICATORS AND LOG FRAME ...... 168 16.3 M & E BUDGET REQUIREMENT ...... 174 17. ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION AND ACTION ...... 175 18. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 177 REFERENCES ...... 179 APPENDICES ...... 181
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: LRP TARGETS BY DEGREE OF EFFECT ...... 183 APPENDIX II: RIB DAM AND RESERVOIR PAPs LRP TOR...... 189 APPENDIX III : PEREFERENCE SURVEY ...... 209 APPENDIX IV: MARKET CHANNELS OF LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES ...... 215 APPENDIX V: O&M STRUCTURE FOR COORDINATION BY SC ...... 225 APPENDIX VI: WORKING GUIDELINE OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ...... 229
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1: Number of PAPs by Kebele ...... 17 Table 3-2: Number of PAPs by Year of Compensation ...... 18 Table 4-1: Validated and screened Number of PAPs ...... 23 Table 4-2: Identified PAPs by Type of Project Components: ...... 24 Table 4-3: Existing Location of the PAPs ...... 24 Table 4-4: Existing social Services in the Project Affected Kebeles ...... 26 Table 4-5: Gender Based Work responsibility ...... 27 Table 4-6: Interrupted Social Services ...... 28 Table 4-7: Distribution of PAHHs by Sex ...... 28 Table 4-8: Number of PAPs by Age Group and Kebele Distribution ...... 29 Table 4-9: Educational Background of the PAPs ...... 29 Table 4-10: Marital Status of the PAPs ...... 30 Table 4-11: Occupational Category of the PAPs ...... 30 Table 4-12: Vulnerability Status ...... 31 Table 4-13: Number of Participants in Public Consultation ...... 31 Table 6-1: Contacted and Uncontacted PAPs for preference survey ...... 52 Table 6-2: Reasons for Not Providing Preferences ...... 52 Table 6-3: Distribution of PAPs by Type of Income Restoration Strategy ...... 53 Table 6-4: Mode of Preferred Engagements ...... 54 Table 6-5: Preferred Working Area ...... 54 Table 6-6: Annual Income Lost from farm & Grazing Lands ...... 56 Table 6-7: Summarized Report of PAPs Identified by Degree of Effect ...... 57 Table 6-8: Shows level of impacts on Vulnerable PAPs ...... 58 Table 7-1: Rural Based Livelihood Restoration ...... 63 Table 7-2: Urban Based Livelihood Restoration ...... 64 Table 7-3: Number of Vulnerable Groups for social security ...... 64 Table 7-4: Estimated Costs and Benefit for Fattening Enterprises ...... 65 Table 7-5: Estimated Costs and Benefits for Sheep/goats Fattening Enterprises ...... 66 Table 7-6: Total Cost and Benefit for Sheep/Goat Rearing Enterprises ...... 67 Table 7-7: Estimated Total Cost and Benefit for Dairy Cows Enterprises ...... 68 Table 7-8: Estimated Cost and Benefits for Poultry Enterprises ...... 70 Table 7-9: Estimated Cost and Benefits for Apiculture Enterprises ...... 72 Table 7-10: Cost and Benefit from 20.1 ha of Improved Seed Multiplication Enterprise...... 73 Table 7-11: Cost and Benefit from 13 ha of Improved Forage Seed Multiplication Enterprise .. 74 Table 7-12: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Fishing Enterprise ...... 75 Table 7-13: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Grain Trade Enterprise ...... 76 Table 7-14: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Cattle Trade Enterprise ...... 77 Table 7-15: Employment Opportunity for the PAP ...... 78 Table 7-16: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Local Goods Transport Enterprise .. 78 Table 7-17: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Hollow Block Enterprise ...... 79 Table 7-18: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Town Transportation Enterprises ...... 81 Table 7-19: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Wood/Metal Work Enterprises ...... 82 Table 7-20: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Retail Shop Enterprises ...... 83
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Table 7-21: Total Cost and Benefit for Urban-Based Dairy Cows Enterprise ...... 84 Table 7-22: Total Cost and Benefit for Urban- Based Poultry Enterprise ...... 85 Table 7-23: Estimated Annual Budget requirements for the Vulnerable PAHHs ...... 86 Table 7-24: Summary of Investment for Ribb PAPs livelihood restoration plan...... 87 Table 8-1: Estimated Cost for Fuel saving Stoves ...... 90 Table 8-2: Estimated Cost and Revenue of 4 boat enterprise ...... 93 Table 8-3: Initial Cost Estimates of alternative livelihood enterprises for women & Youth ...... 95 Table 9-1: summary of social infrastructures and responsible implementing stakeholders ...... 99 Table 11-1: Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Results and Mitigation Measures of LRP Enterprises ...... 132 Table 12-1: Regional and Wereda Level Working Position of Sustainability and Alternative Livelihood Restoration Main Work Process ...... 143 Table 12-2: Support Operational Budget Required for the main Implementers ...... 148 Table 13-1: Estimated Budget for Study Tour ...... 152 Table 13-2: Budget for Training for Kebele Level Stakeholders ...... 153 Table 13-3: Training for the PAPs ...... 154 Table 13-4: Training for Wereda Level Experts ...... 156 Table 14-1: summary of Investment requirement of Rib PAPs Restoration plan ...... 157 Table 15-1: Implementation activities and their schedule ...... 164 Table 15-2: Implementation Schedule for the LRP Enterprises ...... 166 Table 16-1: Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators: Ribb Reservoir & Dam Livelihood Restoration Project ...... 170 Table 16-2: Budget Required for M & E ...... 174
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 10-1 : Value Chain Map of Livestock Marketing in ANNS ...... 102 Figure 10-2: Value Chain Map of Dairy Marketing in ANNS ...... 107 Figure 10-3: Value Chain Map of Honey Marketing in ANS ...... 109 Figure 10-4: The Value Chain Map of Poultry Marketing in ANS ...... 114 Figure 10-5: Cereal Seed Marketing Value Chain (Wheat & Seed) ...... 117 Figure 10-6: A brief sketch of Fodder Crop Value Chain ...... 119 Figure 10-7: Grain Marketing and value chain ...... 121 Figure 10-8: Fish Marketing and value chain ...... 123 Figure 12-1: Overall Organizational Structure for LRP Implementation ...... 140 Figure 12-2: Organizational structure of ANNS BOLAU ...... 144 Figure 12-3: Organizational structure of Wereda BOLAU ...... 146
LIST OF PICTURES
Pic 2-1: Awareness Training Session for Medeb Gubda and & Jara Shikara Kebeles ...... 8 Pic 4-1: Community consultation with PAPs ...... 32 Pic 4-2: Community consultation with PAHHs at Amistya kebele ...... 32 Pic 4-3: Community consultation with PAPs at Ziha Kebele (FTC)...... 33 Pic 4-4: Community consultation with PAPs at Medeb Gubeda Kebele ...... 33 Pic 4-5 Consultations with Women Group of ...... 35 Pic 4-6: Consultations with Women Group of ...... 35 Pic 4-7: Consultation with Elders ...... 35 Pic 4-8: Saint Gebriel Church whose Construction is Interrupted ...... 35 Pic 4-9: Relocated site at Ebinat town (1) ...... 37 Pic 4-10: Relocated site at Ebinat town (2) ...... 37 Pic 4-11: Consultation with relocated PAHHs at Melo Hamusit ...... 37 Pic 5-1: Construction of the dam on Progress and reservoir partly stored water ...... 43 Pic 6-1: PAPs after filling their preference cards ...... 51 Pic 6-2: PAP Preference survey at Ebinat town (1) ...... 51
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ABBREVIATIONS
ACSI Amhara Credit and Saving Institution AfDB Africa Development Bank AFID French International Development Agency ANNS Amhara National Regional State ARARI Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute BDS Business Development service BOFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development BOLAU Bureau of Land Administration and Use BOLSA Bureau of Labor and Social Affair BORT Bureau of Road and Transport BOTIMD Bureau of Trade, Industry and Market Development BOTVED Bureau of Technic and Vocational Education BOWI Bureau of Water and Irrigation CBOs community based organizations CPA Cooperatives Promotion Agency CSA Central Statistical Agency DA Development Agents DFID Department for International Development E.C. Ethiopian Calendar EEPCO Ethiopian Electric and Power Corporation EHL Esso Highlands Limited ENIDP Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project EPLUA Environment Protection and Land Use Administration ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessments EU European Union EWWCE Ethiopian Water Works Construction Enterprise FGD Focus Group Discussion FMSEA Federal Micro and Small scale Enterprises Agency FTC Farmers Training Center GIRDC Generation Integrated Rural Development Consultant GIZ German International Cooperation GOE Government of Ethiopia HHs Households IFC International Finance Corporation IFI International Financial Institutions JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KII Key Informants Interview LFRDA Livestock and Fish Resources Development Agency LRP Livelihood Restoration Plan M & E Monitoring and Evaluation m.a.s.l Meter above sea level MFI Micro Financial Institutions MOANN Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
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MOFEC Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity MSE Medium and Small Enterprises NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations ORDA Organization for Relief and Development in Amhara PAHHs Project Affected Households PAPs Project Affected Persons PCO Project Coordinative office RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RIDP Ribb Irrigation and Drainage Project Shoats Sheep & Goat SACCO Saving and Credit Cooperative SC Steering Committee TC Technique Committee TOT Training of Trainers TVET Technique and Vocational Education Training URAP Universal Road Access Program USAID United States Agency for International Development Vet Veterinary WB World Bank WWDSE Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise WWDSE Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
01. The objective of the assignment is to prepare livelihood restoration plan and implement for the Project Affected Persons of the Ribb dam and reservoir. The scope of the assignment is composed of 2 major phases which are Phase I, Development of Livelihood Restoration Plan, and Phase II, Implementation of the Plan.
02. The methodologies for the preparation of the plan are field assessment, reviewing of reports/documents, identification of vulnerable groups, conduct gender analysis, community consultation, FGD with male and female groups, KII, preference census survey, establishing eligibility & selection criteria of restoration enterprises and formulation of the LRP
03. Review of documents reveals that; National, regional strategies, policies and regulations including the constitutions and WB OPs reveals that they are in general terms compatible with regard to compensation and livelihood restoration plan of PAPs. All call for fair compensation and support in livelihood restoration development and implementation.
04. Assessment of PAPs: The project has affected the people found within 5 kebeles namely; Amistiya and Ziha from Ebinat Wereda and Medeb Gubda, Ayva Niva and Jara Shikira from Farta Wereda. The effects are as a result of loss of farm lands, tree lands, residential houses, grazing lands, houses and other infrastructures, etc. The PAPs have been affected in loss of at least one or more of their assets or holdings. The RAP and other pervious assessments had estimated the number of PAPs to be 1,715. However, the validation and census survey of the current study recorded that there are 1,486 PAPs affected by the different project components of the dam, the reservoir, camp site, road construction, dumps and quarry sites. A total of 115 vulnerable PAPs who have got health and mental problems, physically unfit, old aged and unable to see are identified. These people require especial assistance for their livelihood restoration.
05. Existing Livelihood: The major livelihood of the PAPs is mixed farming. Secondary occupation that support the livelihood of limited number of people are petty trade, daily labor, preparation of local alcoholic drinks, apiculture, tree planting, livestock rearing, cotton spinning, and weaving.
06. Formulation of LRP: Livelihood restoration plans have been formulated to support the income restoration efforts of the directly affected 1,486 PAPs and community development efforts of the affected kebeles in general. The basis for formulation of the restoration plan is to enable PAPs not only to restore their income but also to increase income there by to improve their standard of living through a set of integrated strategies and assistances during implementation of the plan. The criteria for formulation and selection of the LRP enterprises are: mainly degree of impact of the project on each PAHHs, preference of PAPs, valuation of their lost assets and income, balancing type & no of interventions, marketing of the product, gender sensitivity, special accommodation of vulnerable groups, skill and management capacity of the PAPs, availability of labor including family labor, capacity of implementing & supporting institutions, availability of finance, availability of inputs, external and internal risks and uncertainties.
The LRP plan has four components namely: income restoration which directly targets able PAPs, Livelihood Restoration plans for vulnerable PAPs, Alternative livelihood for family members (women and unemployed youth) and improving physical and social infrastructure developments in the project affected areas and the surroundings as a synergy to LRP.
07. Types of LRP Enterprises for the able PAPs: The livelihood restoration enterprises for a total of 1,371 abled PAPs consists of 11 rural based and 7 for Town based PAPs. Moreover,
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115 Vulnerable PAPs are planned to be accommodated through social security or welfare system.
The LRP for able PAHHs is formulated based on the degree of effect that the project has created on the livelihood of each household taking the percentage of land holding expropriated by the project as generic criteria. Accordingly, PAHHs are categorized under 5 different levels of effect. The first and second groups of PAHHs are those who have lost about 80 to 100 percent and 60 to 80 percent of their land holdings, the basic means of their livelihoods. The third, fourth and fifth groups of PAHHs are those who have lost 40 to 60, 20 to 40 and below 20 percent of their land holdings, respectively. Therefore, the required level of investment fund to restore income lost and the need for economic relocation is formulated based on these levels of effect.
The summary of types of enterprises, number of PAPs involved and investment cost consisting of capital and operational cost are given in the Table below.
Type of LRP enterprises, No of PAHHs Involved and Initial Investment Fund Required in Birr Initial Initial N of No Intervention Unit Quantity Investment Operational Total Cost PAPs Cost Cost I Rural-Based Interventions for PAPs who are not Displaced 1 Improved Forage Seed Production 13 Ha 13 130,007 130,007
Improved Wheat Seed 2 29 Ha 20.1 241,200 241,200 Multiplication 3 Fish 35 Kg 86,100 5,001,700 663,170 5,664,870 4 Apiculture 60 B. Hives 901 2,886,110 415,514 3,301,624 5 Poultry 85 N 5,635 1,027,000 205,506 1,232,507 6 Dairy 222 N 291 9,631,565 1,978,533 11,610,098 7 Shoats rearing 144 N 2,717 2,860,015 775,301 3,635,315 8 Shoats Fattening 62 N 745 838,926 240,187 1,079,113 9 Cattle Fattening 216 N 444 4,154,919 297,157 4,452,076 10 Cattle Trade 7 N 78 546,600 240,600 787,200 11 Grain Trade 2 Qt 170 170,451 170,451
Sub total 875 - 97,114 26,946,835 5,357,625 32,304,460 II Urban –Based Interventions for PAPs Relocated to Ebinat and Debre Tabor Towns 1 Local Goods Transport 20 Vehicles 4 4,511,552 288,448 4,800,000 2 Hollow Block 13 N of HBC 3 203,223 1,133,262 1,336,485 3 Bajaj and Taxi 6 Bajaj 6 816,552 23,448 840,000 4 Wood and Metal Work 18 Workshop 6 994,200 2,005,800 3,000,000 N of 10 Retail Trade 11 11 153,524 232,433 385,957 PAPs 7 Grain Trade 10 Qt 10 833,453 833,453
5 Cattle Trade 3 N 42 287,400 125,400 412,800 6 Cattle Fattening 134 N 582 5,432,622 389,235 5,821,857 8 Shoat Fattening 22 Shoat 404 453,011 124,161 577,172 9 Shoat Rearing 16 Shoat 409 429,632 115,430 545,062 11 Dairy 102 Cows 346 10,834,330 3,035,573 13,869,903 12 Poultry 141 Poultries 14,695 2,841,160 371,070 3,212,230 Sub total 496 16,514 26,957,206 8,677,713 35,634,919
Total I & II 1,371 53,904,041 14,035,338 67,939,379
Social Security Fund for III Vulnerable 1 Vulnerable (Unable to see) 11 Birr/yr 35,040 385,440 - 385,440 2 Vulnerable (due to under age) 1 Birr/yr 35,041 35,041 - 35,041 3 Vulnerable (due to Old age) 87 Birr/yr 35,040 3,048,480 - 3,048,480 4 Vulnerable (Health Problem) 8 Birr/yr 35,040 280,320 - 280,320
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Initial Initial N of No Intervention Unit Quantity Investment Operational Total Cost PAPs Cost Cost 5 Physically unfit 6 Birr/yr 35,040 210,240 - 210,240 6 Mental Problem 1 Birr/yr 35,040 35,040 - 35,040 7 Hearing Problem 1 Birr/yr 35,040 35,040 - 35,040 Sub Total 115 4,029,601 - 4,029,601
Alternative livelihood for women & III Birr 7,170,940 176,382 7,347,322 youth IV Physical & social infrastructures Birr Not Estimated
Training & capacity building of V Birr 1,180,325 1,180,325 implementers and PAPs Operational support cost for VI Birr 598,000 598,000 implementers VII M & E expenses Birr 114,660 114,660
S. Total 9,063,925 176,382 9,240,307
Total ( I-VII but not included IV) 66,791,497 14,417,785 81,209,282
Contingency (10%) 6,679,150 1,441,779 8,120,928
Grand Total 73,470,647 15,859,564 89,330,210
08. Alternative LRP for the family members: As discussed above the total PAPs are 1,486 of whom 1,004 (67.5%) are male headed HHs and 482 (32.5%) are female headed HHs both covered under the main restoration plan. The total population affected including all family members of the PAPs is 8,366 consisting of 4,250 male and 4,116 female. It is assumed that about 1,638 are in the working age group (both young male & girl). Therefore the alternative Livelihood restoration plan has been formulated for the PAPs family members consisting of 986 Females who are the spouse of the PAHH and 1,638 youths. The alternative LRP intends to economically empower women, reduce pressure on women & young girls, create employment for the youth and there by sustain the livelihood of the whole PAPs. The types of enterprises for women are: Fuel saving stove & mitad, baltina, handcrafts, multipurpose women enterprise, women SACCO. Whereas the proposed enterprises for youth are: Youth catchment treatment, fishery, boat transport, cart transport, youth employment and Youth SACCO. The total investment cost estimated for women & youth LRP is about 6M Birr.
09. Enhancement of Physical & social infrastructures: To leverage the impact of the project on the directly and indirectly affected communities and also to ensure sustainability of the proposed LRP enterprises, establishment and enhancement of physical and social infrastructures were proposed. These are; the construction of new rural connection roads, School upgrading and rehabilitation, Upgrading the health post to Health center, Establishment of market center, Upgrading FTC for regular training in enterprise management, upgrading Veterinary service, rehabilitations and new construction of drinking water supply , Construction of Dock for Boats Transportation and Rural electrification.
10. Value chain and market assessment: of the proposed livelihood restoration plan enterprises produces and input was conducted. The potential markets centers are: hotels, restaurants, private consumers, supply to large towns like Debera Tablor, Bahir Dar, Gondar, universities & colleges (Debra Tabor, Gondar and Bahir Dar universities), hospitals, training institutions, military and police camps directly or through contract suppliers.
11. ESIA of Livelihood Restoration plan: Assessments of ESIA of the proposed LRP enterprises reveals that the adverse impacts are insignificant whereas beneficial impacts are high. Mitigation and environmental management measures were proposed for those minor negative impacts and enhancement measures for the positive impacts. Moreover, the social impact is highly positive due to sustainability and increased income generation resulting in
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12. Organization and management for Implementation: There are multi stakeholders implementers. Federal, Regional, Zonal, Wereda and Kebele LRP implementing institutions have been identified and consulted. Regional BOLAU is the main implementer and will coordinate all other supporting institutions. The responsibility of each implementer is identified specially with respect to the proposed enterprises. Two options are proposed, the first is that BOLAU shall coordinate the whole implementation activities and the second option is that the project Steering committee shall handle coordination of the LRP. The consultant, based on the consensus reached during the appraisal workshop of stakeholders, recommended the second option. Over all organizational chart of both options have been presented in the report.
13. Training and capacity building: Training of grass root key implementers at wereda, Kebele level and also PAPs is highly essential for sustainability of the LRP. Training need assessment for both group was made and accordingly, the following topics have been identified; Entrepreneurship, Business plan preparation, Business management of Livelihood Restoration enterprises, Technical Aspects of the specific proposed livelihood restoration enterprise, Financial management, Property management and book keeping, Accounting and auditing, Production, standards and quality control, Marketing and value chain, Monitoring and Evaluation. Moreover, practical study tour of PAPs to demonstrate one similar best practices in the Region is recommended.
14. Implementation plan and schedule: the PAPs and implementing stakeholders complained that; implementation of LRP is very late due to different reasons. Therefore, fast track implementation within 21 Months is planned also to cope up with ENDIP completion time. Major implementation activities are identified and scheduled including establishment and running of the LRP enterprises.
15. Monitoring and Evaluation: internal and external monitoring and evaluation frameworks are assessed and scheduled in the LRP. The major indicators identified for the purpose are: No of PAPs started the proposed livelihood enterprise by gender, Type & No of LRP enterprises actually established, No of PAPS trained in business and technical aspects, No of enterprises organized and got License and legal status, No of Enterprises constructed Working Center for their enterprise, Amount of Fund available and disbursed, Amount of Procurement of Inputs (cattle, shoats, poultry, beehives, seed etc) and raw material like fertilizer, feed, .etc, Amount of produce sold and profit obtained, No of Market contract with institutions like Universities and hospitals, Percentage increase in per capita income by gender and household type; Percentage change in Living house standard & established HH assets, Percentage increase in number of HH with increased food security by gender, Percentage increase in marketed surplus by gender, Percentage decrease in illness of Ten top disease by gender, Percentage decrease of children with malnutrition, Percentage increase of children school enrolment by gender, Overall number of employment created by the LRP enterprises, Number of Villages and PAPs that have connected with Accesses road, water & sanitation, electric power, Number of women involved in women Alternative restoration enterprises, Number of Youth involved in youth Alternative restoration enterprises, Number of youths employed in the project area & outside of the project area, and others relevant to the subject matter.
Moreover, the basic objectives, key performance indicators, implementers or lead institutions, means of verification, time frame and general assumption for the main indicators are presented in detail in the log frame.
16. Investment and Source of Fund: The total initial investment cost is estimated at MBirr 89.33 which consists of MBirr 71.97 for Livelihood restoration plan of the directly affected PAPs,
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MBirr 7.35 for Alternative livelihood for women & youth family members of the community, MBirr 1.18 for Training & capacity building for implementers and PAPs, MBirr 0.6 to cover operational costs of implementers, MBirr 0.11 for M & E expenses and MBirr 8.12 for Contingency.
The possible source of fund are: PAP Contribution from savings and compensation paid, Government budget, Establishing livelihood Restoration Revolving Fund, Establishing Saving and Credit Cooperatives, funding by IFI and bilateral organizations including WB in loan and/or grant form.
Development and Implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plan for Ribb Dam and reservoir PAPs started without securing fund for implementation. We proposed immediate establishment of fund availing team lead by MOWIE. The team should consist of MOFEC, BOLAU, BOFED, and Social and community development Advisor of ANRS administrative council, WB.
17. Issues for discussion and Action: Issues which challenge the startup and actual implementation of the livelihood restoration plan are presented to the client and stakeholders to discuss and take action. The main ones are: Fund availability, Integration and coordination of implementers, Availability and selection of improved breeds, procurement of inputs and raw materials in quality and time and others as presented in the report.
18. Recommendations: There is scanty practical experience of Livelihood restoration development and implementation for development affected peoples both at national and regional level. Success not failure of this first of its kind practice in the region would be a lesson and basis for the livelihood restoration of upcoming development affected peoples. Therefore, we recommend that the client, the main implementer BOLAU and all other supporting implementers work towards making the current intervention to be a model LRP.
Moreover, as discussed in the report there are several thousands of dairy milk which will be surplus than the local market requirement even if contracted to large consumers like universities and camps. Therefore, as a matter of priority we recommend BOLAU, and Regional and zonal Investment Agency to promote private investors, cooperatives or unions; the potential supply to establish dairy industry in Debera Tabor or Wereta area. Promotion of private investors for similar value chains, especially in raw material supplies like flour mill, feed production, etc. can also be encouraged as they have been successfully implemented in other areas of Amhara, Oromia and SNNPRS regions.
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1. INTRODUCTION
This report is an output of Development and Implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plan of Rib Dam and Reservoir PAPs. It is anticipated that, the livelihoods need to be restored through integrated approach by all concerned stakeholders in order to optimize the benefits of the interventions.
The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity commissioned study on Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) for Rib dam and the reservoir projects. The RAP for the dam was prepared in April 2009 by the Beza Consulting Engineers Plc. while that of the reservoir area was prepared by SMEC in April 2014. Studies of both RAPs indicated the existence of risks pertaining to the social and economic livelihood of the local population despite the considerable positive impacts of the project like many other large scale infrastructure development activities.
Compensation has already been paid for affected assets and properties including provision of land for resettlement of people displaced. On the basis of the policy of the World Bank entitled OP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement, whether or not the PAPs from the Bank-assisted investment projects have to be relocated need to be assisted in restoring their livelihoods. Hence this study deals with livelihood restoration of the PAPs (continuity of the livelihood of the people at least to the income level they used to live before the project).
Accordingly, the livelihood restoration plan is prepared to ensure restoration and improvement of income and livelihood of project affected groups and individuals through development of income generating activities. The major factor used in the identification of the income generating activities was the preference of the project affected persons. The business ideas were then evaluated in terms of their feasibility, benefits and their conformity to the current development frameworks of the region and the weredas.
This LRP Preparatory work Report is presented in three parts. Part I presents methodology, baseline assessment and strategies for livelihood restoration plan, whereas LRP enterprises and alternatives, marketing and ESIA are presented in Part II. Furthermore, Part III presents implementation aspects which include organization and management, training & capacity building, investment required and source of finance, implementation activities, schedule and M & E.
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PART I: METHODOLOGY, BASELINE ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGIES OF LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN
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2. OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGIES
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this study is to prepare livelihood restoration plan and implement for the Project Affected Persons of the Rib dam and reservoir.
The specific objectives of the study are: to identify the livelihood restoration needs of project affected households; to facilitate the process by which the PAPs will be able to restore their livelihoods; to identify stakeholders that can participate in planning and implementation; and to conduct awareness sessions, training, facilitation of linkages, providing information and advice to enable PAPs restore their livelihoods.
2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study involves preparation and implementation of livelihood Restoration plan for the PAPs/ PAHHs identified in the resettlement action plan of Ribb Reservoir area and Ribb Dam site as well as for those additionally identified and to be identified within the reservoir and dam sites. The PAPs affected by different project components of the headwork i.e. the reservoir, the dam, the buffer zone, saddle dam, spill way, access roads; camp sites, dump places, and other components would be included in the program. To the extent possible, the PAPs will be categorized by the type of project components affecting them. The number and lists of identified PAPs would be taken from recorded figures of the RAP and stakeholders and shall be verified by the consultant.
The study has covered two basic phases, namely 1. Phase I:- Development of Livelihood Restoration Plan for the entire PAPs of Ribb Reservoir area and Ribb Dam site, 2. Phase II: - Implementation of the plan.
2.3 METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN
The methodologies for preparation of livelihood restoration plans and its implementation are discussed below.
2.3.1 Field Assessment
This involved field assessment to investigate the project area, livelihoods and general socio economic characteristics through direct observations and consultations. This process enabled contacts to be made with key stakeholders such the relocated people in the towns of Ebinat and Debre Tabor, the project affected people residing within the project area, different regional and wereda level offices, and the construction site of Ribb Dam providing the opportunity to introduce the purpose and approach of the study in advance of more detailed consultations and data collection. It helped in initiating the planning process for further detailed data collection and refining data collection tools and procedures. The preliminary field visit is followed by intensive field works with the aim of collecting data and information and making consultative meetings at communal, FGD, KI and private levels.
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2.3.2 Review of Policy, Strategies, Regulations, Pervious Study Documents
Legislations and policy documents governing involuntary displacement and livelihood restoration and pertinent secondary source documents were identified and reviewed. The main documents are National and regional policy, WB Ops, Ministry of Water and Energy (2014): Resettlement Action Plan of Ribb Reservoir, Ministry of Water Resources (2009): Task One Report for the Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan Ribb Irrigation Project, and recorded compensation payment documents obtained from the weredas, Regional Bureau of Land Administration and Use, as well as Addendums and compensation documents from the client. Specifically, data obtained from the last two i.e. from Regional Bureau of Land Administration and Use and Addendums & compensation documents occupy important places.
The documents provided in-depth information on the different types of project impacts, amounts of estimated and paid compensations, years of compensations, owner names of affected households and communal properties, project affected kebeles, and project components which cause the different types of impacts. The data obtained from these sources served as a basis for identification of the final lists of PAPs and preparation of the plan.
2.3.3 Community Consultation
Livelihood restoration plan demands communication and consultation with targeted community. Different kinds of consultative points which deal with attitudes and restoration preferences are prepared. It also deals with points regarding awareness creation towards available business types, importance of investment and preferences. The data collected served as an instrument to development and implement the livelihood restoration plan. The consultations of PAPs are at the heart of the assignment and consultation and working closely with them continued in the entire planning period and also will be continued during implementation periods.
2.3.4 Identification of Vulnerable Groups
A vulnerable group in the context of the project area refers to people with lesser physical, mental, capabilities to involve in the program. To this end, vulnerable groups due to old ages, physical and mental incompetence who require special or supplementary livelihood restoration assistance than the rest of affected population in general were identified. Identification of persons and reasons for vulnerability were made through direct interviews and physical observation of the PAPs during preference and socio economic baseline survey. The purpose of identifying them is to consult, and to devise specific assistance program for them.
2.3.5 Gender Analysis
As part of the baseline survey and livelihood restoration, gender analysis was given due importance. Accordingly socially defined roles, relationships and responsibilities of both women and men within the social and economic context of the area were examined. The analysis was meant to come up with gender based interventions specifically focusing on women.
2.3.6 Establishing Eligibility Criteria
The study established criteria that help to identify eligible PAPs to be covered by the plan. The eligibility criteria which is prepared based on the TOR of the study covers such issues as degree of project impacts, year of compensation, equity and the like. The criteria are used as a general framework in identifying eligible persons for livelihood restoration plans.
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2.3.7 Preference Census Survey
Conducting of preference survey of the PAPs is highly important for the planning of the restoration interventions. The restoration plan targets at the individual level so that PAHHs are the major targets of the survey. The core idea and the basic principle is that the project affected persons and hence intended beneficiaries of the program have to forward their own preferred business types. To the extent possible, repeated attempts were made to identify business preferences of every project affected people.
2.3.8 Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) Methods
The PRA method adopted for this study is subdivided into three main components; namely (a) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), (b) Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and (c) Consultative Public Meetings with representatives of PAPs, kebele leaders, wereda level officials and implementing partners. The PRA focused on variables that complement the census survey as well as variables that are used as indicators for monitoring implementations. The data collected has been analyzed to generate descriptive statistics for a socio-economic baseline on project- affected households. A community profile of all impacted households is prepared using the results of the preference and socio-economic surveys, RAP documents as well as focus group discussions. As part of the socio economic survey, community infrastructures survey was carried out to identify public infrastructure facilities affected by the Project. The PRA also covered health aspects that include the spread of malaria and its prevention measures. A brief description of the three PRA methods in the context of this study is presented below.
a) Key Informant Interviews
The key informant interview enriches and supports the information obtained from the PAPs and fill data gaps. As the project involves a range of groups of stakeholders ranging from PAPs in project affected communities, to various governmental administrative echelons at the levels of Wereda, zone, region and central government levels; selected PAPs, relevant bodies and persons are interviewed on major issues to capture their opinion on livelihood status, preferred and recommended restoration plans, description and details of business activities, implementation process, constraints and recommendations.
b) Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Focus group discussion is one of the data collection tools employed to collect Representative Data and information directly from PAPs. An effective and sustainable livelihood restoration and community development strategy and action plan can only be designed on the basis of careful assessment of a number of topics and issues directed at participatory discussions with key stakeholders and especially with the PAPs who are main targets. The study team collected qualitative information, local perceptions and useful insights pertinent to the processes of designing strategies for supporting income restoration and livelihoods improvement as well as community development efforts.
The types of information from the focus group discussions contain wide varieties which are referring to existing and previous socio economic aspects. The major types of data and information generated are related to social service structure, interrupted service -by project, socio economic condition of new and previous settlement sites, attitudes of people towards livelihood restoration, affected communal lands & communal institutions, Markets, Skill and knowledge, Financial Institutions, Socio economic profile of PAHHs, Interventions taken so far to assist them, and Gender based job classifications.
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c) Community Consultative Meeting
Consultative Public Meetings with PAPs, kebele leaders, wereda level officials and implementing partners were conducted in the presence and participation of government officials. Successive consultations have been made with the PAPs who have got resettlement lands within the towns of Debre Tabor and Ebinat, and with those who remained in their rural places. The point of discussions focused on capacity building towards developing their knowledge about sustainable income generating activities and the kind of participation expected from them so that they can make their preferences, assessments of their attitudes towards the alternatives.
2.3.9 Stakeholders Consultation
Preparation of the livelihood restoration plan is prepared in close consultation with main implementers at regional and wereda level. Moreover, all other stakeholders at National, regional, wereda and kebele level including the PAPs were consulted in order to make preparation of livelihood restoration plan and its implementation participatory.
2.3.10 Formation of Technical Committees
As part of the participatory method of the program, the consultant devised a method to involve wereda and kebele level governmental institutions in order to make them participate in the planning and implementation process. With the full consent of all wereda stakeholders‘ offices, technical committees have been formed at Ebinat and Farta weredas and also at all projected affected kebele levels. The overall purpose of these TC and their members is to supervise and technically assist towards full implementation of the LRP. The roles and responsibilities of the committees established and their respective members with full participation and consent of the committee members are given in Appendix VI.
2.3.11 Training and Capacity building
Training is one aspect of the tasks and was provided for the PAPs in collaboration with the regional, zone, wereda and kebele stakeholders. The training sessions demanded the preparation of training modules on different potential business activities. Different aspects of the businesses including required inputs, outputs, marketing, profits and activities of the options were the major components of the modules. The major aim of the training was to show the profitability of the business and to make them understand and create awareness about those business sectors.
Pic 2-1: Awareness Training Session for Medeb Gubda and & Jara Shikara Kebeles
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2.3.12 Preparation of Monitoring and Evaluation System
The frameworks for undertaking M & E activities are established for the implementation of the program. The members of participating offices in the M & E activities are regional, wereda, kebele levels and including the MoWIE. Livelihood restoration framework with measurable and achievable results and indicators are developed. T h e M & E plan is established for each type of livelihood restoration program. For the effectiveness of the evaluation & E tasks, standards for frequency of monitoring, reporting and feedback are established.
2.4 METHODOLOGY FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LRP
The implementation phase comes immediately after the approval of the preparatory phase. The plan of actions will be implemented by the participation of all relevant parties The methodologies and strategies which should be applied during the implementation phase of the program are briefly discussed as follows.
2.4.1 Organizing the PAPs
Livelihood restoration strategies that will be implemented solely by private operators will have their legal entities with supports from the stakeholders. For this, issuance of working places, licenses, supply of inputs, setting up of initial investment and business beginning will be conducted.
On the other hand, PAPs will be organized and form their own associations if they wish to work in groups. The associations will have their own legal bodies and bylaws. Working places will be allocated and offices of the TVED, CPA, LAU, Municipalities, and wereda administration, are among governmental offices that will participate in the formation of business associations.
2.4.2 Providing Trainings and Capacity Buildings
While individually owned private business and the formations of business associations are underway, the preparation of training manuals for the business sectors which are identified to be profitable to the operators will be upgraded. Trainings and capacity building programs will be provided for the PAPs and implementers. The institutions that will participate depend on the types of business enterprises. However, Land Administration and Use, Livestock and Fishery Resources Development, Agriculture and TVED Offices will be responsible for the entire training and overall implementation of the program. In all of the training and capacity building sessions, the client will take a leading role of facilitation, coordination and technical backup. As a general training arrangement, the offices of municipality, TVED, Investment as well as Trade, Industry & Market Development, will significantly participate in urban based restoration efforts. In the agriculture based programs, Rural Land Administration and Use, Agriculture, and Livestock Development offices will participate. In both of urban based and agriculture based enterprises, offices of Technical and Vocational Enterprises Development, Cooperatives Promotion Agency, Youth & Sports, Women and Children will participate. The efforts of all these actors will be coordinated and harmonized through the livelihood restoration technic committee established at each wereda and the members of the technical committee will have contribution and institutional responsibility in the preparation of modules and materials and in the whole capacity building activities.
2.4.3 Business Start-up
Business enterprises will begin by PAPs with close assistance from stakeholders. Specifically, the wereda level offices will provide of great help. The facilitation, coordination and integration of purchases of supplies, transportation, storage, and similar arrangements will be closely
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MoWIE, ENIDP GIRDC G assisted and supervised. Technical assistance will be provided on how to operate the production/how to make product sells, how to register and keep records, making advertisement, cleaning and keeping sanitation and all technical issues will be instructed and checked. This helps to practically assist and instruct the operators as well as to correct and enrich the operation of business enterprises. The assistance will be equally applied for the agriculture and non-agriculture based interventions.
2.4.4 Regular Assistance
All implementing stakeholders will assist in finding markets, facilitation of value chain development, in the creation of value added activities, in the arrangement of logistics, in securing their products and properties, loan repayment and cost recovery systems, income and expenditure and saving including awareness education will be taken as major activities of regular assistance for the sustainability of the livelihood restoration plans.
2.4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation
During implementation, the M & E will be undertaken mainly to monitor and evaluate the progress and the works performed based on the M & E frame work.
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3. REVIEW OF POLICY, PERVIOUS STUDY AND LESSONS LEARNT
3.1 REVIEW OF RELEVANT POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES
Relevant national and regional policy documents governing involuntary displacement and livelihood restoration were identified and reviewed. The review also included national and regional strategy documents, as well as mandates of institutions found to be relevant to the preparation and implementation of the plan. Since the World Bank is the main financier of the Ribb Irrigation and Drainage project, key aspects of the World Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement and guidelines applied for the formulation of income restoration were critically reviewed. The details are as discussed below: a) The constitution of the FDRE The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was issued in August 1995. Apart from being the supreme law of the country, it provides the fundamental basis for enactment of all Federal and Regional legislative instruments governing the natural resources use & development.
The constitution further states that ―All international agreements ratified by Ethiopia are an integral part of the law of the land.‖ The provisions contained in the Constitution which are relevant to the current assignment are; Articles 40 (3) acknowledges the right to ownership of rural and urban land as well as all natural resources is vested in the states and the people of Ethiopia; land is common property of the people and cannot be sold or purchased. Articles 40 (4) gives the Ethiopian farmers to obtain land without payment and guarantee protection against eviction from their processions. Article 40 (7) states that ―Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and where the right to use expires to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it.‖ Article 40 (7) empowers the Government to expropriate private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property.‖ Article 43 (1) gives broad right to the peoples of Ethiopia to improved living standards and to sustainable development. Article 43 (2) acknowledges the rights of the people to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
b) World Bank OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement The project has an impact on socio economic conditions of the PAPs by way of taking their lands and other assets as well as reducing the level of their incomes. Those who are entirely affected and relocated have lost or weakened their social relations with their communities and made to live in new social system of urban environment. The World Bank has experienced these types of events in development projects and prepared a policy to safeguard and mitigate negative impacts. The points which are included in OP 4.12- Involuntary Resettlement are relevant and applicable to secure the livelihood of the people. The policies and principles related to livelihood restorations for this study are thus reviewed and given below.
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The policy objective states that to the extent possible, projects shouldn‘t displace people unless alternative feasible options are not available. When displacement is however found essential, the policy demands for proper planning and implementation of resettlement and livelihood restoration plan by consultation and participation of the project affected people. It emphasized that ―Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits‖. In accordance to it, this study is conducted with the participation of the people and also by making them to provide knowledge based preferences towards their livelihoods. The extent of the livelihood restoration effort is also given in the policy objective as the people should be assisted at least to pre- displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. Therefore, the study proposed plans that can bring their livelihood to the level specified in the stated policy document.
The types of impacts resulted from the World Bank projects are given under paragraph 3(a) and 3(b). The former paragraph refers to the involuntary taking of land resulting in negative effects such as (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location. The project resulted in the mentioned types of impacts and the policy is required to be implemented. The impact covered in Paragraph 3(b) is the involuntary restriction of access to legally protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The dam and reservoir area which was the belongings of the people are now protected from their previous owners and therefore is covered under this type of project impact.
Required measures for planning and implementation of income restoration plans are also given in the policy. Project impacts categorized under paragraph 3(a), require preparation of resettlement action plan whereas for project impacts categorized under 3(b), the nature of restrictions, as well as the type of measures necessary to mitigate adverse impacts, is determined with the participation of the displaced persons during the design and implementation of the project. In such cases, the borrower prepares a process framework acceptable to the Bank and which includes measures to assist the displaced persons in their efforts to improve their livelihoods, or at least to restore them, in real terms, while maintaining the sustainability of protected area. The policy provides particular attention to securing the needs of vulnerable groups. These people can be referred to elderly, female and disabled people in the context of this project. The process of identifying eligible persons for obtaining assistance are also advised to avoid the inclusion of people who are not part of the project affected persons and also to avoid the exclusion of project affected persons. Taking the policy into consideration, the study tried to avoid the two extreme cases by devising different screening mechanisms for the identification of real PAPs.
Paragraph 20 states that the full costs of resettlement activities necessary to achieve the objectives of the project are included in the total costs of the project and resettlement components or free-standing resettlement projects need not be economically viable on their own, but they should be cost-effective. Thus, the livelihood restoration plan is one major component of the resettlement action plan and is prepared considering that estimated costs will be covered from different sources.
c) World Bank (2004): Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook The World Bank Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook contains relevant points which are directly related with the social aspects of the project affected persons of the reservoir and the dam. The source book is compatible with the OP 4.12 and further strengthens the policy concepts. The issue given under ―Box 4.2 Cash Compensation Does Not Ensure Asset Replacement‖ specifies that the payment of cash compensation doesn‘t bring sustainable
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MoWIE, ENIDP GIRDC G livelihood of the PAPs by itself whereas development assistance in addition to compensation measures should be introduced. It argues that in theory, cash compensation valued at replacement cost allows to restore incomes and living standards whereas in practice several obstacles have impeded conversion of cash into replacement assets (or alternative income- restoration measures). Few of the obstacles are mentioned as insufficient amount of compensation, too early or delayed compensation payment, limitation of market opportunities and unproductive use of compensation money.
In the document given under a title of ―Employment as Rehabilitation‖, Employment (public or private) can be an effective way of restoring and improving incomes, in effect creating assets in the form of skills and human capital. In consultation and preferences of the PAPs and the project construction team located at Ribb Site Office, the study has given proposal for permanent employment opportunities for the project affected persons that can be hired during the operational phase of the dam and reservoir. It also states about the replacement of access routes and services affected by projects. The document states that the PAPs may change their minds about their options. They may decide on short-term rather than long-term goals and they may favor improvement of living standards over income restoration, even though by most measures successful resettlement programs emphasize the latter. The consultant therefore collected their preferences after explanation and alternatives are elaborated and discussed to them. They are also given wider opportunity to discuss their preferences with their families and relatives so that their choices could be practical.
d) Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has the following policy directives.
Livelihood Restoration—in cases where resettlement affects the income-earning capacity of the displaced families, compensation alone does not guarantee the restoration or improvement of their living standards. IFC encourages project sponsors to undertake resettlement as a sustainable development initiative, that is, an initiative that leads to an improved standard of living for project affected people. The hand book recommends; Land-based livelihoods, Wage- based livelihoods and Enterprise-based livelihoods. The hand book provides an in-depth clarification on these issues which are applicable for dam and the reservoir project.
e) Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation; GOE 2005 A proclamation of the country entitled ―Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No.455/2005‖ is being referred for undertaking this plan. The Council of Ministers has also issued Regulation No 135/2007 to effect the proclamation. The payment to be made for project affected person focuses on the properties situated on expropriated landholdings. With respect to the implementation of the Proclamation, the wereda and urban administrations shall have the responsibilities and duties to pay or cause the payment of compensation to holders of expropriated land in accordance with this Proclamation, and provide them with rehabilitation support to the extent possible.
f) Revised Cooperative Societies Establishment Proclamation No 220/2014 There are people that preferred to undertake business in group with other partners. The partnership gives them an opportunity to share their knowledge and resources for the sake of helping each other and for making their business sustainable. Under these conditions, their unions should be legalized through relevant governmental institution. The relevant organization for the formation and operation of unions is Cooperatives Promotion Agency. The mandate, responsibility and types of cooperatives to be organized by the Agency are given in the Revised Cooperative Societies Establishment Proclamation No. 220/2014 of Amhara National Regional State. The lists of the types of cooperatives which are under the responsibility of the agency are
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Agricultural cooperative societies; Housing cooperative societies; Industrial and Artisans producer‘s cooperative societies; Consumers cooperative societies; Savings and credit cooperative societies; Fishery cooperative societies; and Mining cooperative societies. Therefore, the Agency will be one of the participants that would be engaged in livelihood restoration plan.
g) Regulation of Rehabilitating Project Affected Persons, ANNS 2008 E.C ANNS issued regulation on Yekatit 18/2008 E.C (February 26/2016) which aims at Rehabilitating Project Affected Persons in a sustainable manner and to administer their Lands. The regulation contains different articles that assist the restoration of project affected persons. The regulation states that land for the project displaced persons will be provided in order to involve them in either micro or small enterprises or in modern urban agricultural activities. PAPs can be organized and be provided urban land at market centers for the construction of buildings up to G+1 and above. In addition, it will assist them to construct and hire buildings within industrial villages as well as will also assist them to construct their own industries. Therefore, the regulation can accommodate the needs of the PAPs if they prefer to enter into such bigger business activities by their own or in group. The regulation gives opportunities to organize them under trade associations. In addition, it will organize them in share companies and assist to trade agricultural products and to be involved in agro processing industries. Different governmental institutions namely Bureau of Rural Land Administration and Use, Bureau of Urban Houses and Construction, Bureau of Technique and vocational enterprises, Bureau of Trade, Industry and Market development, investment commission, and Bureau of Agriculture are given responsibilities to implement the regulation.
In this respect, the issued regulation creates favorable conditions and encourages PAPs to enter into wider investment opportunities. The PAPs could also engage in such activities by the use of a combination of their compensation money, money that will be allotted for their livelihoods, by taking credits or by forming their partners. The regulation provides wider opportunity for the PAPs beyond the levels of restoring their previous income levels as given in OP.12.
h) Establishment, Roles and Responsibilities of Alternative Livelihood Preparation and Sustainable Rehabilitation Works, Work Process under EPLUA The document obtained from the newly established livelihood Alternatives and Rehabilitation Work process of BOLAU refers to study document conducted in Amharic Language to establish a work process called ―Livelihood Alternatives and Rehabilitation Work Process‖. Following the study, Amhara National Regional State recently i.e. in year 2016 established a work process which is directly responsible for undertaking compensation and livelihood restoration programs. The region has given due importance for the sustainable rehabilitation of the PAPs so that livelihoods of project affected people are restored. The work process undertakes its activities in collaboration with regional administration, municipality administration bodies, and governmental institutions. The new organizational structure will be initially formed and implemented within nine pilot weredas of the region. The remaining weredas including the project weredas of Ebinat and Farta are outside these weredas. However, they will accomplish through the existing structures of the Rural Land Administration and Use Offices. The structure of the work process is not yet established at zone & wereda level. Therefore, the established tasks of the Regional work process will be implemented through the existing zone and wereda EPLUA structures.
The work process focuses on estimation and payment of compensation and formulation and implementation of sustainable livelihood restoration plans including the creation of job opportunities for project affected persons. More specifically, the process has the following functions:
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Formulates different types of livelihood restoration plans and work for their implementation; Assists project affect persons to have access to alternative livelihood restoration activities; Organizes and makes periodic updating of livelihood restoration data for public projects and prepare manuals and provides awareness creation tasks for stakeholders that participate in livelihood restoration as well as for project affected persons; Provides advice and assistance to those PAPs organized under trading organizations ; Follows-up and works to provide urban land to manufacturing industries of micro and small scale enterprises free of payments; and Facilitates to promote urban agricultural services and assists the project affected persons to get access to marketing places and to take advantage of credit and saving services. The work process is one of the major lead stakeholders for current assignment. As can be seen from its function, the activities of the work process are consistent with the policy of the World Bank.
i) Review of Analytical frame work: DFID 2000 The applied analytical framework for this study is the analytical framework established by DFID. The framework enables to define the parameters of the subject matter of a study, clarify the key concepts and terms involved, and guide the process of data collection, compilation, analysis, interpretation and presentation in a more explicit and systematic manner. We have adopted an analytical framework containing two interrelated components- Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and Development Induced Displacement and Risks of Impoverishment and Reconstruction. The former covers key livelihood components that are very much relevant for the current study while the second framework is related to ―Development Induced Displacement‖ and Risks of Impoverishment and Reconstruction. The themes, concepts and insights contained in these two interrelated frameworks are relevant for the current assignment and are very practical and useful in terms of guiding the process of data collection and analysis for the study as well as the formulation of livelihood restoration and community development strategies and their implementation. While the two analytical frameworks provide the assignment a sustainable livelihoods perspective, livelihoods and community development needs identified by using the frameworks are organized in to practical business models to meet the needs of the PAPs; the two analytical frameworks and its components are briefly discussed below.
I-1 Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)
The sustainable livelihoods framework presents the main factors that affect people‘s livelihoods, and typical relationships between these. It can be used in both planning new development activities and assessing the contribution to livelihood sustainability made by existing activities. The livelihoods framework is people centered tool which helps to improve the understanding of livelihoods of specifically the poor in more broaden aspects than the usual narrow set of indicators such as income and productivity.
The framework has got five main components: (i) vulnerability context, (ii) livelihood assets, (iii) transforming structures and processes, (iv) livelihood strategies (v) livelihood outcomes (see Figure: Sustainable Livelihoods Framework). Each has been explained in the frame work. However, as it is more relevant, we have extracted here from the framework on component IV, Livelihood strategies.
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I-2 Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) Framework
The Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) model is an analytical framework which is formulated to directly address issues, problems and measures associated with ―Development Induced Displacement (DID)‖: The displacement of population by development projects and the associated risks of impoverishment (i.e., falling into poverty) might be inevitable. The IRR model is principally associated with the work of Michael Cernea and the framework was formulated based on accumulated empirical evidence derived from experiences of World Bank projects over a long period of time. The framework identifies the impoverishment risks commonly faced by people displaced by development projects as well as the mitigation measures and strategies required to reverse the risks of impoverishment and for the reconstruction of the livelihood of project affected populations. The nine impoverishment risks predicted by the IRR model are: Landlessness; Joblessness; Homelessness; Marginalization, Increased Morbidity and Mortality; Food Insecurity; Interruption of Education; Loss of Access to Common Property Resources; Social Disarticulation
However, in the context of assessment of the impact of specific projects and associated risks and livelihood reconstruction, the IRR model can serve a number of functions; namely diagnostic tool, as a planning tool; and also as M & E tool
3.2 REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAME WORK, MOWIE, ENIDP-WB 2007
RPF was prepared by Environmental Resources Management of USA. The framework was prepared to ensure the WB OP4.12 for involuntary resettlement and national requirement for land acquisition and resettlement are to be adequately addressed and that the relevant capacity and training needs are established in order for the recommendation measures to be implemented effectively.
The RPF had reviewed both WB and GOE policy and legislations and identified differences and similarities at the time. The study proposed how to harmonize and use the more relevant one in case of non-compatibilities.
RPF had proposed steps of RAP and its implementation to be: identification of PAPs, consultations, notification to affected parties followed by public disclosure, documentation and valuation of assets, agreement on compensation and preparation of contracts, compensation payments, and provision of assistance in resettlement. The framework had also addressed the grievance redressing mechanisms, institutions responsible for implementation, budget estimate M & E.
3.3 REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN STUDIES
Project-related RAP reports were reviewed and these are documents conducted for the reservoir area by SMEC and for the dam site conducted by Beza Consulting firms. These documents provided in-depth information on the project areas. The results of reviewing these documents are given below.
a) Review of Resettlement Action Plan of Ribb Reservoir - SMEC The resettlement Action Plan of Ribb Reservoir area is conducted by the consulting firm called SMEC in April 2014. The area to be flooded to form the Ribb Reservoir is situated in four kebeles, namely the Medeb Gubda, Jara Shikira and Ayva Niva kebeles of the Farta Wereda and Amistiya kebeles of the Ebinat Wereda. However, ZihaZiha kebele of Ebinat werada were not identified as affected kebeles by this study. The reservoir would impact 1,091 Households and 4,909 populations across the four kebeles. On the basis of the document, the number and location of the PAPs by type of the effect are given in Table 3-1 below. Note that, data for Ziha Kebele is not provided.
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Table 3-1: Number of PAPs by Kebele Name of PAHHs losing land and PAHHs losing only PAHHs losing S/N Total Kebele other assets on land Eucalyptus tree only Structures 1 Amistiya 383 - 10 393 2 Ayva Niva 4 - - 4 3 Jara Shikira 190 2 2 194 4 Medeb Gubda 484 2 14 500 Total 1,061 4 26 1,091
The livelihood restoration programs are discussed in chapter 8 of this report. The program provides three major Income Restoration Strategies classified as provision of counseling on issues of the use of compensation money, provision of development packages, contract agency and monitoring and evaluation. One of the proposed measures to be applied by the people are to deposit their money in financial institutions so that they could earn profit with simultaneous advantageous of safeguarding their compensation money; to buy another economic income generating asset; to rebuild or enhance house/structure; and Provision of education on the issues of financial matters. Towards the achievement of these targets, some people are observed to invest their money in income generating activities by their own.
Short and long term work opportunities within the Ribb dam are proposed as a component of livelihood restoration program. Specifically, during operational phase of the project, it is proposed to engage them in different activities of petty contracts, Provision of work/employment, Licenses for cafeteria services and Hiring of light/heavy vehicles. The RAP study document states that preference survey was carried out on the basis of which classified business areas of Land based rehabilitation and non-land based or mix of non-land options were proposed. However, the results of the preference survey couldn‘t be made available for this study.
As indicated in the document, the non-land based preference is dominated by a preferred option of Petty trade whereas options such as Bamboo works, Metal Works, Tannery, Tailoring, fishing, etc. are not the major preference of the people. The study recommended the need for giving special attention for 653 PAPs who lost all or their significant area of lands by the project. It is reported that many of them preferred to stay in the rural areas whereas only few preferred to enter into the towns. For the severely affected households, the recommended measures are the followings.
An Economic Rehabilitation Grant (including Training Grant): to be released in installments based on different conditions; and Support from Income Restoration Agency with specialized skills and expertise in the area for a period of five years. The Agency will carry out a market assessment study to assess potentials of different in land or non-land based economic activities and trades, develop suitable business plans suit the occupational profile of PAPs and provide necessary forward and backward linkages The document proposed different types of land based and non-land based interventions. The land based interventions are crop production component; Livestock production component; Honey, wax and Beekeeping; Animal Fattening; Milk Production and Dairy Product; Goat and Sheep; Poultry; and Fishery while the Non-land based plans includes Metal work; Tailoring; Bamboo works (furniture); Food processing & Spice; and Petty Trade.
With regard to loss of access and access to social service institutions, communities of Jara Shikira kebele shall be the most affected one owing to formation of the reservoir. While they shall continue to have access to schools as it is located on the same side of the river and away from their reservoir boundary, their access to health post and town areas shall be cut off.
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Distance from nearby markets would remain about 12-15 km as before. To address this access issue, the project is required to avail a boat and construct one health post at Jara Shikira kebele. Besides, the project is required to take preventive measures to avoid potential accidents by the reservoir, occurrence of malaria and other vector borne diseases.
b) Review of Resettlement Action Plan of Ribb Dam -Beza Consulting Engineers The resettlement action plan of Ribb Dam was conducted in April 2009 by Beza Consulting engineers under the tile of task one report. The Resettlement Action Plan for Ribb Dam which is currently under construction had identified 624 households who will be affected by the construction of the dam; out of which 415 would lose their land and other properties for the purpose of the construction. The study provides recommendation for the Restoration of livelihood needs to be envisaged by starting new venture and involvement in any income generation activity. In addition to compensation measures, it stated to support for land preparation, provided with development assistance credit facilities, training, or job opportunities. Apart from that, income restoration activities are not specifically given for the project affected persons.
3.4 REVIEW OF COMPENSATION DOCUMENTS
Documented records on compensation payment made are available with the project, the region and wereda offices. The records are provided mainly in soft copy of EXCEL and word documents. The records contain different data and information that can serve as a major source for identifying project impacts and compensation. However, records in these documents cannot be directly used owing to repetition of names, double counting, and incompleteness of the information. Hence, the consultant critically reviewed and sorted out the records required to establish the exact number of project affected persons together with the type and magnitude of the impacts and measures taken so far including compensation. The total amount of allotted compensation is Birr 261,697,213. Table 4-7 depicts summarized and screened data from the Compensation Document of the Region and the MOWIE.
Table 3-2: Number of PAPs by Year of Compensation Ebinat Wereda Farta Wereda Year Kebele Kebele Total S. Total S. Total Amistiya Ziha Medeb Gubda Jara Shikira Ayva Niva 2000 E.C.(2007/08) 0 29 0 29 29
2001 E.C.(2008/09) 16 34 50 65 65 115
2002 E.C.((2009/10) 3 24 27 35 35 62
2003 E.C.((2010/11) 0 15 15 15
2004 E.C.((2011/12) 15 15 6 6 21
2005 E.C.((2012/13) 0 7 7 7
2006 E.C(2013/14) 5 5 79 79 84
2007 E.C(2014/15) 183 183 74 74 257
2008 E.C(2015/16) 39 39 145 37 182 221
2009 E.C(2016/17) 146 146 203 198 4 405 551
Unspecified 12 6 18 74 32 106 124
Total 419 64 483 732 267 4 1003 1,486 Source: Screened & summarized from the Compensation Document of the Region and the MOWIE
3.5 REVIEW OF LOCAL EXPERIENCES ON LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN
The reviewed pervious works for local experiences are; Competitiveness and Job Creation Project (CJCP) and Livelihood Restoration Plan for Persons Affected by Tourism Development Projects in Lalibela. These studies were conducted for PAPs financed by the World Bank. The studies contain valid and useful resources of principles, strategies, experiences that are applicable for preparation of livelihood program under the present project. Each will be discussed as follow
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a) Competitiveness and Job Creation Project (CJCP), 2015
The study report is produced on September, 2015 and conducted by MEGEN Power consulting for the Industrial Parks Development Corporation under a title of ―Comprehensive Needs Assessment in Support of Social Development and Safeguard Measures for Project-Affected Persons of Bole-Lemi Phase II and Kilinto Industrial Zone Development Projects‖. The report is focused on need assessment for income restoration of the people affected by the industrial zone of Kilinto. The total number of households affected by the industrial zone is 195. Loss of farmland among Kilinto PAPs is so much sever and permanent so that it requires a complete transformation of PAPs' livelihood strategies - from agricultural to non-agricultural strategies. The report states that implementation of income restoration strategies is conducted after a period of about one year from the period of compensation payment so that received cash compensation that could have been used for productive purposes are considerably reduced. Moreover, the study reveals the severe impact of the Kilinto IP development project on the livelihoods of PAPs and the prevalence of high level of impoverishment risks among PAPs unless adequate and timely mitigation measures are taken. It also affirmed that all able bodied PAPs are willing and ready to improve their socio-economic conditions by engaging in gainful employment and income generating activities. In order to reverse the situation, the study was formulated a comprehensive and integrated income restoration and community development plan for the Kilinto PAPs.
The proposed income restoration strategy has two main components (self-employment and project-related employment) and subcomponents. The income restoration strategies consist of three categories and each contains different types of livelihood activities. The first category is Agriculture Related Strategies which includes rearing of Dairy Cows, cattle, Fattening, and Poultry. The second category is Non-Agricultural Strategies and the activities are Trade, service and Manufacturing. The third category is Project Related Employment and includes Temporary and Permanent activities. A total of 297 PAPs will participate and benefit from the income restoration strategies with an investment outlay of Birr 17, 345, 005. The proposed community development strategy consists of three components including community facilities, women- focused interventions, and special support for vulnerable groups and the cost of implementation of the interventions is estimated to be 7.2 Million Birr. The proposed income restoration and community development plan incorporates implementation modalities and the main arrangements include institutional framework, time-frame and budget, and monitoring and evaluation framework.
The proposed livelihood restoration plan is proposed to be implemented by an implementing agency of Land Management and Urban Renewal Office (LMURO) of Akaki-Kality Sub City Administration. The PIC will be composed of representatives of the key stakeholders (including representatives of PAPs) and heads and experts of key technical sector offices of Akaki-Kality Sub City, project sponsors and the two project affected Wereda Administrations. The proposed time frame for the implementation of the strategy is three calendar years and the total estimated budget for implementation of the proposed income restoration and community development project is Birr 27.8 Million including contingencies, operational and institutional capacity building expenses. The plan includes Monitoring and Evaluation Framework which in turn consists of four elements: internal performance monitoring, periodic implementation review, external impact assessment and M & E Indicators. b) Livelihood Restoration Plan for Persons Affected by Tourism Development Projects in Lalibela The plan is conducted by the Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project –ESTDP in April 2011 and carried out by WUB Consult (Architectural & Development Planning Consultant). A Resettlement Policy Framework was first prepared to guide the development of resettlement issues that may arise as a result of the development of projects for historic and cultural sites at
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Lalibela. The study is conducted at the level of Resettlement Action Plan and has got seven (7) volumes of which Volume IV- which deals with livelihood restoration plan for projected affected persons is mainly referred for this study.
The livelihood restoration plan is prepared to ensure restoration and improvement of income for the livelihood of 868 project affected groups and individuals, which is in addition to, and separate from, compensation for property losses, through development of income generating activities. The intended beneficiaries of the program are 175 already relocated households in year 2009, 554 people to be relocated and 61 of host communities. The socio economic backgrounds of the people are unemployed, petty traders, and vulnerable person. The main target beneficiaries of the livelihood restoration plan are people, groups and individuals who are and will be at risk of losing their jobs and income due to loss of market, customers, and farmland as well as unemployed and vulnerable groups.
The study shows possible engagement areas of beneficiaries in consultation with the PAPs, whereas possible businesses sectors were identified based on assessment of the local economy of Lalibela Town. On the basis of the preference survey, if financial, technical, and skill development training supports as well as provision of land for working spaces and marketing premises are sufficiently supplied, the economic activities preferred by project affected households are commercial activities, Agriculture, Handicrafts, Retain in current occupation and others. By conducting market survey, the consultant established main Industrial/ Enterprise groups which are generally classified into six which are: Group I: Tourist oriented icons and items production, Group II: Food items production and Urban Agriculture activities, Group III: Textile and Garment production, Group IV: Construction Materials production, Group V: Waste Collection and Compost processing, and Group VI: Commercial Activities (Wholesale, Retail trade and Service trading).
More than 94% of the respondents explained that they prefer to own and run businesses individually while only less than 5% agreed to engage in cooperative owned or joint venture forms of businesses. However, it was argued in the document that involving all or the majority of target beneficiaries in individually owned business will require a large size and number of plots that is unaffordable in Lalibela situation where land is very scarce, as well as skill and capital are limited. Thus, attaining economies of scale and running sustainable business through efficient use of limited resources require pooling of these resources through joint ventures like cooperative businesses. Furthermore, the existing government regulation towards promoting and supporting micro and small enterprise development show that due emphasis is given to establish as many as 70% of MSEs into cooperative societies.
A total of about Birr 16.1 million which includes contingency of 15% is required of which Birr 9.7 Million is for financing the proposed business enterprises and income generating activities, Birr 1.6 Million for skill development training and Birr 2.6 Million for safeguarding activities of the vulnerable.
3.6 REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES
The reviewed documents are related with and focused on the policies of financing agencies which served the purposes of the current assignment. The nature of projects which are dealt by the studies are formulated in a way that there is involuntary replacement and the study aims to meet the need of maintaining their livelihoods through the introduction of land based and non- land based interventions. They have shown the types of interventions chosen which are similar to the current assignment.
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a) Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) in Ghana, 2012
The document represents the Livelihood Restoration Plan and Resettlement Action Plan (LRP/RAP) for the LoNNho Oil Services Terminal (OST) Project development near Atuabo in the Western Region of Ghana. The study was conducted in November 2012 by SRC Consulting firm. The Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) is stated to have been prepared in line with international best practices with regard to involuntary resettlement. The LRP is therefore in conformity to African Development Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement, International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards and guidelines, and the Equator Principles (EP).
The OST is to be developed on a green field site and need to acquire land, which is used for agricultural activities and also will acquire a stretch of coastline, which is used by fishermen. Accordingly, the Project leads to economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood), and thus require an economic resettlement process to be planned and carried out. The total area of the site is approximately 800 ha and the proposed buildings, infrastructure and port facilities will cover approximately 90 ha of the total site. The Livelihood Restoration and Enhancement is given in chapter 8 of the RAP document and program components. Some of the points which are referred in the chapter are summarized below.
The livelihood restoration is categorized under Fisheries Development; Agricultural Assistance; Skills Training and Employment; Financial Management Training; and Business Development Support Programs. The first program which is the fisheries development program includes 180 permanent fishers and 100 part-time fishers excluding the number of indirect beneficiaries that will be fish traders and suppliers of fishing gears and materials. Its main components are provision of Credit facilities from rural banks and microfinance institutions, and Construction of Fishponds by LoNNho. Fisheries Extension Support is proposed to be provided jointly by the Ministry of Food & Agriculture (MoFA) and Fisheries Department. Training and capacity building on the aspects of health and safety issues in fishing as well as marine environment protection are also included in this component.
The agricultural assistance program consists of Farmers‘ Training program associated with the provision of agricultural input packages for compensated farmers to be provided by LoNNho; Farm Business Planning associated with Intensive business plan training on the topics of Farm Record Keeping, Money and Financial Management Training, Marketing, and Budgeting. Land Access Assistance is the facilitation and provision of access to farming land to all farmers who have been affected by land acquisition but preferred to continue their farming activity and the responsibility is given for LoNNho.
Skills training and employment program consists of Establishment of an Employment Agency, Recruitment of Unskilled and semi-skilled Labor, as well as Training of Craft, Apprentice and Artisan Labor. The financial management training program helped impacted persons how to utilize their compensation payments appropriately in support of sustainable livelihoods. The last one is Business development support program and under this, LoNNho facilitated the provision of business development support services to local MSMEs and associations. The goal is to strategically provide time-bound business support to self-employment undertakings, aiming to grow them into viable and sustainable business/enterprise.
The livelihood restoration also contains HIV and aids awareness and prevention campaign, gender considerations and program sustainability components.
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b) Land Access, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Management Plan – Production in Papua new Guinea 2013
This Plan, which was launched in 2013, describes the requirements for Esso Highlands Limited (EHL) and its contractors with regard to land access, resettlement and livelihood restoration activities during the production phase of the Papua New Guinea Liquefied Natural Gas (PNG LNG) Project. Livelihood restoration obligations for displacement that occurred during the construction phase are covered by the Plan. Livelihood restoration applies to the design and implementation of culturally sensitive and economically sustainable livelihood restoration measures for economically displaced individuals/households.
The Project area is dominated by people with subsistence livelihoods (both agricultural-based and to a lesser extent, fishing-based). The goal of livelihood restoration activities is to ensure economically displaced households and individuals at least restore their livelihoods and standards of living following displacement. Livelihood restoration measures will be self- sustainable where possible.
The land-based component of the Livelihood Restoration Program consists of extension and support activities aimed at re-establishing gardens and subsistence agricultural practices and promoting rural enterprise through awareness creation and initiatives to generate cash income for individuals. The non-land based component focuses on reducing the dependence on subsistence agriculture by training and collaboration for community development activities to benefit the broader community and generate a cash income for individuals. These programs aim to improve social infrastructures in the area and support infrastructure development. Restoration activities are based upon the principle of sharing knowledge to improve productivity or to expand the diversity of income streams. In the Upstream area, restoration activities have involved cultivating field crops, which include sweet potato and vegetables; along with animal husbandry and food processing. Restoration activities for the LNG Plant site focus on cash crops and marketing of goods. Where individuals, households and communities are reliant upon fishing resources which are impacted by the Project, restoration activities focus on fishing. Depending on the ownership/access of the resource which has been impacted, the restoration activities may be undertaken at a communal level or individual/household level.
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4. THE RIBB PROJECT AND ASSESSMENT OF PAPS
4.1 THE RIB IRRIGATION, DAM AND RESERVOIR
The Ribb Project is located within the Amhara National Regional State in South Gondar Zone. The project has got different components, i.e. Development of gross 14,500 ha irrigation and drainage system to benefit about 11,500 HHs and construction of the dam and the reservoir area. The construction of the dam started in 2009 and is expected to be completed by the end of 2016. The dam and the reservoir, which is located at the borders of Ebinat and Farta Weredas, has taken about 1,300 ha area of land from the people and thus, inhabitants found within these places are identified as project affected persons. The affected kebeles are Amistiya and Ziha from Ebinat Wereda and Medeb Gubda, Ayva Niva and Jara Shikira from Farta Wereda.
4.2 ASSESSMENT OF PAPS
Validation and screening of PAPS: According to the results of RAP documents as summarized in the RFP issued by the client, the project affects the sustainable livelihoods and well-being of a total of 1,715 PAHHs. However, consultant‘s successive assessment from data obtained from different sources, i.e. from the region, RAP documents, wereda and kebele data as well as addendums and EXCEL sheets provided by the client, the total number of PAPs was found to be 1,486. The total number of the PAPs consists of 836 who are compensated so far up to the end of year 2008E.C. and the remaining 650 whose affected assets would be measured and compensation will be estimated and affected in the future. Moreover, there are a total of 76 parcels of communal lands used in group by community members for grazing, owned by church lands and used by youths, considered as kebele lands.
As discussed above, the names and the number of PAPs are available at different places and under different file names including within the RAP documents, wereda offices, the client and the region. It was observed that every data source should be supplemented by other sources in order to get complete lists of PAPs and therefore data were collected from every source and then screened to omit repeated and double counted PAPs. Accordingly, data from all the sources are collected and reviewed. The total numbers of PAPs collected and complied from different source were about to 3, 3429 and finally the validated and actual 1,486 PAHHs were screened. The reduced number of PAHHs is made due to the fact that, they are repeatedly registered, double counted, written in different spellings, written in different names or their lands are not needed for the project. The stakeholders at all levels including the PAHHs themselves were participated in screening of the actual PAPs and communal lands.
In the data validation and screening process, out of original lists of 3,429; a total of 438 PAHHs are found to be double counted, 1,137 PAHHs are repeatedly registered, and 289 PAPs whose lands are not affected and unneeded for the project are all deducted. The validated actual number of PAPs is given in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1: Validated and screened Number of PAPs Farta Wereda Ebinat Wereda S/N Description G. Total Medeb Gubda Jara Shikira Ayva Niva S. Total Amistiya Ziha S. Total 1 Common Asset 33 16 49 27 27 76 2 Double (Drop) 274 7 281 157 157 438 3 Repetition 659 172 831 303 3 306 1,137 4 Unneeded 220 220 11 61 72 292 5 PAP 732 267 4 1003 419 64 483 1,486 Total 1918 462 4 2384 917 128 1,045 3,429 Source: Compiled from Compensation documents obtained from the Region and MoWIE
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Number of Identified PAPs by Project Component: The people are affected by the different components of the project, namely by the reservoir, the dam, camp site, quarry site, dump places, roads, or by any combination of these different components. The dam and the reservoir have affected about 92.1% of the PAPs. About 22 PAPs (1.48%) are known to be affected by either of the camp, road, or dump components of the project. Similar inquiry revealed that about 88 PAPs (5.92%) are each affected by two or more components of the project. A brief summary of PAPs affected by each project component are given in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2: Identified PAPs by Type of Project Components: Number of PAPs in Ebinat Number of PAPs in Farta Wereda Wereda Project Component Total Medeb Jara Ayva Amistiya Ziha S. Total S. Total Gubda Shikira Niva Camp Site - - - 15 - - 15 15 Dam 23 - 23 47 - - 47 70 Dam & Camp - - - 3 - - 3 3 Dump 4 64 68 2 - 2 70 Quarry - - - 4 - - 4 4 Reservoir, Dam & - - - 4 - - 4 4 Quarry Reservoir 392 - 392 639 264 4 907 1299 Reservoir and Dam - - - 5 - - 5 5 Reservoir and Dump - - - 1 - - 1 1 Reservoir and Quarry - - - 6 - - 6 6 Reservoir & Road - - - 1 - - 1 1 Reservoir, Dam & - - - 2 - - 2 2 Camp Road - - - 3 - - 3 3 Unidentified PAP - - - 0 0 - 0 Unknown - - - 0 - - 0 No Own Land - - - - 3 - 3 3 Total 419 64 419 732 267 4 1003 1,486 Source: Compiled from the responses of the PAPs
Number of PAPs by current residential location: The PAPs are found within and outside their previous residential kebeles and their existing locations are identified for ease of contacting them during preference survey and implementation of livelihood restoration plans. The majority of them, about 1,127 (80.6%) are found within their previous residential kebeles. About 76 PAPs (5.1%) and 81 PAPs (4.8) are known they are living within the towns of Debretabor and Ebint, respectively. On the other hand about 171 PAPs (11.6%) are living outside their previous residential kebeles and their wereda towns for their own reasons. These PAPs live in places such as woreata, Addis Ababa, Addis Zemen, Gondar, other regions and even outside the country. The remaining 35 PAPs (2.35%) are not known where they are currently living. 55 PAPs or 4% live in different places outside their previous weredas whereas 5 PAPs are imprisoned and 1 PAP is passed away. The distribution of PAPs by their current location is given in Table 4-3 below.
Table 4-3: Existing Location of the PAPs Current Kebele S/N % Location Amistya Ziha Ebinat Medeb Jara Ayva Farta Total 1 Addis Ababa 4 2 6 6 0.4%
2 Addis Zemen 1 1 1 0.1%
3 Alember 8 8 8 0.5%
4 Ambomeda 2 2 5 5 7 0.5%
5 Amistya 369 369 8 1 9 378 25.4%
6 Arab 1 1 1 0.1%
7 Ayvaniva 4 4 8 8 0.5%
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Current Kebele S/N % Location Amistya Ziha Ebinat Medeb Jara Ayva Farta Total 8 Bahir Dar 1 1 2 2 3 0.2%
Buro 9 2 2 2 0.1% (Libokemkem) 10 Debiretabor 4 1 5 64 7 71 76 5.1%
11 Ebinat 28 3 31 37 4 41 72 4.8%
12 Enfranz 1 1 1 0.1%
13 Fogera Wereda 5 5 5 0.3%
14 Gondar 1 1 0 1 0.1%
15 Hamusit 1 1 1 0.1%
16 Hawariyat 1 1 1 0.1%
17 Humera 0 2 2 2 0.1%
18 Imprisoned 1 1 3 1 4 5 0.3%
19 Jara Shikra 2 2 2 244 246 248 16.7%
20 Jima 1 1 1 0.1%
21 Libokemkem 4 4 4 0.3%
22 Limado 1 2 3 3 0.2%
23 Medeb Gubda 4 4 526 526 530 35.7%
24 Metema 2 2 0 2 0.1%
25 Passed 0 - 0.0%
26 Tabro 0 - 0.0%
27 Unidentified 0 0 - 0.0%
28 University 1 1 1 0.1%
29 Unknown 1 1 28 6 34 35 2.4%
30 Wariva 1 1 0 1 0.1%
31 Wereta 1 1 6 6 7 0.5%
32 Wolega 2 2 2 0.1%
33 Wolkitie 0 2 2 2 0.1%
34 Zeng 1 1 1 0.1%
35 Ziha 4 58 62 9 9 71 4.8%
Total 419 64 483 732 267 4 1003 1,486 100%
4.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT AREA
FGD and KII were made with selected PAPs members including representatives of women and elderly PAPs on socioeconomic characteristics and livelihood restoration potentials and challenges of the area.
Means of Livelihoods: The major occupation practiced by all abled people is farming which is the basis of their livelihoods. They grow different types of crops grouped under cereals, pulses, vegetables, and oil seeds. The major problems of crop production are low productivity due to low soil fertility, drought, and different kinds of pests and weeds. There is seed scarcity which frequently challenges the farmers. Livestock rearing is another major primary activity which not only supplies draft power for crop farming but also contributes significant amount of cash and food supply of the PAHHs. Similar to the crop subsector, livestock rearing is challenged by feed scarcity as most of the crop lands (crop residues) and grazing lands are already expropriated by the project. In order to sustain on the remaining area of lands from the project, supports need to be provided to the people as part of the livelihood restoration program. The secondary occupation that support the livelihood of limited number of HHs are petty trading, daily labor, preparation of local alcoholic drinks, apiculture, tree planting, and traditional weaving activities.
Existing Social Services: Different types of social services are available in the project affected kebeles. There are a total of 14 schools, 4 health posts, and 5 veterinary services. Moreover, there are churches, mosques, police stations, FTC and offices of Agriculture as well as Land
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Administration and Use. With respect to administration, all the places are organized under kebele administrations which are accountable for the wereda administration offices. The existing social service structures of the project area are given in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4: Existing social Services in the Project Affected Kebeles Public service Ebinat Wereda Farta Wereda Total Infrastructures Amistiya Ziha S. Total Medeb Gubda Jara Shikira S. Total School 3 2 5 4 5 9 14 Church 6 6 12 4 3 7 19 Veterinary service 1 2 3 1 1 2 5 Cooperatives 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 FTC 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 Kebele Agricultural Office 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 Health Post 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 Mosque - - - 2 - 2 2 MFI (ACSI) 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 Community Police post 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 Kebele Admin Office 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 EPLAU Office 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 Water Points-Functional 70 42 112 8 12 20 132 Water Points non-functional 3 17 20 22 18 40 60
a) Market Places The PAPs kebeles share common markets with the other neighboring kebeles. Hamusit, Selel, Maksegnit, and Alem Ber are market places that are found within or near to the rural settlements of the PAPs. These market centers are potentially growing to rural towns. Moreover, it is expected to absorb produces of livelihood restoration enterprises and also serve as sources of input supply. In addition there is a strong market linkage with intermediary and large markets in Debre Tabor, Ebinat, Wereta, Addis Zemen and Bahir Dar and other towns.
Regarding markets in the project area, the people of Jara Shikra and Amistya will be disconnected from the Melo Hamusit market and also the peoples of Jara Shikra and Medeb Gubda will be disconnected from Selel market centers and hence need establishment of boat transport facilities.
Community Based Organizations: Edir, Equb, Debo, Wenfel, Senbete (traditional religious associations) and others are the common traditional community based organizations in which the people become members on their own voluntary basis to support each other. There are also traditional irrigation user associations of pump irrigation. These CBOs are traditional group partnerships which help to share labor, leisure, spiritual ceremonies, and finance each other. Therefore, the CBOs can give evidences for justifying years long experiences of the PAPs to engage themselves in group based livelihood restoration businesses.
b) Gender Based Work Responsibility Gender is one of the crosscutting issues that should be mainstreamed in all developmental and community-related sectors and activities. Although the term ―gender‖ refers equally to both male and female, the focus herein is on female perspectives and on assessment of the parts they play in the division of labor as well as in decision making at different levels, including community and households. Data on the gender based work classification of the project affected people is collected from the focus group discussions held with men and women groups. Women in the area are the backbone of the family in terms of performing domestic duties such as cooking, housekeeping, nursing the children, the elderly and the sick, fetching water and fire wood, milking cows and purchasing items for home consumption like salt, coffee
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As shown in the table, females are mostly responsible for the preparation of food and drinks, water and fuel wood fetching, milking of cows. Moreover, the construction of dam and reservoir resulted in diminishing availability of fuel wood and dung fuel leading to more burdens on women and girls. Women FGD and KII reported that there is and will be more problems of biomass fuel scarcity. These all roles of women prove their ability to be involved in the proposed restoration enterprises. Table 4-5 gives gender based work responsibility.
Table 4-5: Gender Based Work responsibility Activities Male Responsibility Female Responsibility Plowing X Weaver X Gulgualo X X Weeding X X Crop harvesting X X Fuel Wood Collection X Fencing X Grain Mill X X Cloth Wash X X Traditional beverage preparation X Cattle Keeping X X Water Fetching X Food and drink preparation X Milking X
c) Financial Institutions Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) operates in Ebinat and Debre Tabor Towns. CBE has also satellite operational branch in camp site The payment of compensation money through the CBE made the bank more familiar to the people. Development Bank of Ethiopia is another public bank which is operating in Debire Tabor. There are also private banks in Debre Tabor Town namely; Awash International Bank, Abyssinia Bank, Hibret Bank, Dashen Bank, NIB Bank and Abay Bank. Moreover, Amhara Credit and Saving Institution /ACSI / operates in both Ebinat and Debre Tabor towns. ACSI has satellite offices in the rural kebeles to reach the needy farmers‘ and other rural inhabitants. There are also Saving and Credit Cooperatives established by farmer members in some of the affected kebeles to provide convenient financial intermediation services for the members. The availability of these different types of financial institutions will create a competitive and favorable environment for the livelihood restoration enterprises as the PAPs will be able to get loans to cover investment and operational costs.
d) Interrupted Social Services The project resulted in interrupting the people from using social services which they were using before the construction of the dam. Holly water is damaged while extracting construction material. The road access connecting to health service, cooperative institutions, agricultural input services, veterinary services, markets and churches of the Jara Shikira Kebele residents are already blocked by water. Similarly, the extensive foot path connection between Medeb Gubda and Amistya Kebeles are already blocked by the reservoir.. The PAPs are complaining that they are surrounded by water and the current socioeconomic connections will be entirely lost in the near future making them isolated. As the major cause is the loss of accessibility, it
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will be required to meet their demands through the construction of new rural road networks and water transport system. Table 4-6 shows interrupted social services due to construction of dam and reservoir.
Table 4-6: Interrupted Social Services Social Location of Reason for No Wereda Kebele Quantity Current Status Service social Service Interruption Holly For material 1 Farta Medeb Gubda Shallo 1 Ceased service water Mining
Constructed and Church project support For material 2 /Gubeda Farta Medeb Gubda Shallo 1 labor, sand Mining Georgis/ ,hollow block and transport service
Health Medeb Gubeda Presence of Ribb 3 Farta Jara Shikera 1 Interrupted center Kebele Reservoir Cooperative Medeb Gubeda 4 Farta Jara Shikera 1 Reservoir Interrupted institutions Kebele Agricultural Medeb Gubeda 5 Farta Jara Shikera 1 Reservoir Interrupted input service Kebele Medeb Gubeda 6 V. Service Farta Jara Shikera 1 Reservoir Interrupted Kebele Hamusit Jarashikera & Medeb Gubeda 7 Farta 1 Reservoir Interrupted Market Amistya Kebele Jara shikera 8 Selel Market Ebinat & Medeb Selel (Ebinat) 1 Reservoir Interrupted Gubda Due to the Coordinated Construction Amistya reservoir access efforts of the 9 Ebinat Amistya 1 of Church /Gebriel to sand is community and blocked, project going on Source: Focus Group Discussion
4.4 SOCIO ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAPS
The socio economic characteristics of the PAPs were collected from a total of 1,324 or 89.1% of the PAPs as the understanding of their demographic, social, and economic characteristics help to formulate livelihood restoration strategies and its implementation.
Gender Composition: In terms of gender composition, 67.5% of the PAHHs are male while the remaining 32.5% are female PAHHs (see Table 4-7 below).
Table 4-7: Distribution of PAHHs by Sex Ebinat Wereda Farta Wereda Sex Total Proportion (%) Amistya Ziha S. Total Jara Medeb Ayva S. Total Female 131 19 150 96 237 0 333 483 32.5% Male 288 45 333 171 495 4 670 1003 67.5% Total 419 64 483 267 732 4 1003 1486 100% Source: Socio Economy Survey
Age Composition: The identification of age category helps to identify old aged and young people who need special support in their livelihood restoration. 22 PAPs or 1.7% of the PAPs are aged between 10 -20yrs while 128 PAPs or 9.6% are aged over 70 years and both age categories require special support during implementation of the restoration plan. Summary of age category of the PAPS is given in Table 4-8.
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Table 4-8: Number of PAPs by Age Group and Kebele Distribution Ebinat Wereda Farta Wereda Age of the Medeb Jara Ayva Amistiya Ziha S. S. Total %age Land Holder Gubda Shikira Niva Kebele Kebele Total Total Kebele Kebele Kebele 0 - 4 5-9 10-14 2 - 2 1 1 2 4 0.3% 15-19 8 1 9 5 4 9 18 1.4% 20-24 11 1 12 11 9 20 32 2.4% 25-29 32 6 38 28 11 39 75 5.7% 30-34 38 7 45 56 28 84 127 9.6% 35-39 62 6 68 70 19 89 155 11.7% 40-44 69 8 77 81 31 112 188 14.2% 45-49 63 13 76 79 28 107 182 13.7% 50-54 39 5 44 76 43 119 162 12.2% 55-59 22 4 26 47 17 1 65 91 6.9% 60-64 17 2 19 51 22 1 74 93 7.0% 65-69 17 3 20 34 17 1 52 72 5.4% 70-74 18 4 22 30 8 38 60 4.5% 75+ 19 4 23 31 13 1 45 68 5.1% Total 417 64 481 600 251 4 855 1,336 100% Not Specified 2 2 132 16 148 150 10.7%
G. Total 419 64 483 732 267 4 1,003 1,486 Source: PAPs Survey
Language and Religion: All the PAPs are Amharas, majority being orthodox Christians followed by small number of Muslims.
Educational Status: The educational backgrounds of the project affected kebeles are composed of educated and uneducated persons. About 73% of the PAPs are Unable to read & write, followed by 12.6% of adult education. About 9.6% are elementary level i.e. from grade 1- 6 while the remaining 4.7% are more than grade 6. The educational status of the PAPs is given in Table 4-9.
Table 4-9: Educational Background of the PAPs Ebinat Wereda Farta Wereda Educational G. S. Medeb Jara Ayva S. % Levels Amistiya Ziha Total Total Gubda Shikira Niva Total 1-4 28 7 35 32 10 42 77 5.8% 5-6 17 2 19 25 7 32 51 3.8% 7-8 10 3 13 20 2 22 35 2.6% 9-10 15 3 18 5 1 6 24 1.8% 11-12 3 1 4 0 4 0.3% Adult Education 37 2 39 37 87 4 128 167 12.6% Unable to read & 307 46 353 475 141 616 969 73.0% write Total 417 64 481 594 248 4 846 1,327 100% Source: PAPs Survey
Marital Status: About 76.6% of the PAPs are married followed by 11.1% widows 8.8% single and 3.5% divorced. The detail description of marital status of the PAPs is given in the following table.
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Table 4-10: Marital Status of the PAPs Ebinat Wereda Farta Wereda Marital Status S. Medeb Jara Ayva S. Total %age Amistiya Ziha Total Gubda Shikira Niva Total Divorced 13 1 14 28 5 33 47 3.5%
Married 324 46 370 456 186 4 646 1016 76.6% Single 66 5 71 34 12 46 117 8.8%
Widow 14 12 26 76 45 121 147 11.1%
Total 417 64 481 594 248 4 846 1,327 100%
Occupation of the PAPs: The majority of the PAPs amounting to about 89% are engaged in farming activities. The remaining 11% are engaged in supplementary income generating activities on top of farming. These people engaged in different service, such as grain mills, local bar and restaurants, local shops. A detail description of the occupation of the PAPs is given in Table 4-11.
Table 4-11: Occupational Category of the PAPs Number of PAPs in Number of PAPs in Farta Ebinat Wereda Wereda No Occupation Total %age S. Medeb Jara Ayva S. Amistiya Ziha Total Gubda Shikira Niva Total 1 Barber 0 1 1 1 0.1%
2 Butique 1 1 0 1 0.1%
3 Café 4 4 0 4 0.3%
4 Carpenter 1 1 0 1 0.1%
5 Cart transport 4 4 0 4 0.3%
6 Cattle Trade 1 1 0 1 0.1%
7 Cotton Spinning 0 3 3 3 0.2%
8 Trade (Retail Trade) 0 11 11 11 0.8%
9 Daily Laborer 1 2 3 13 13 16 1.2%
10 Farming 358 54 412 522 239 4 765 1,177 88.7% Farming (Fruits and 11 1 1 1 0 1 0.1% Vegetables) 12 Grain Mill 1 1 5 5 6 0.5%
13 Grain Mill and Shop 0 1 1 1 0.1%
14 Trade (Grain Trade) 7 1 8 0 8 0.6%
15 Grocery 2 2 2 2 4 0.3%
16 Guard 2 2 1 1 2 4 0.3%
17 Hotel 1 1 1 1 2 0.2%
18 Hotel and Broker 1 1 0 1 0.1%
19 Land Renting Out 0 7 7 7 0.5%
20 Local Beverage 2 2 4 6 4 10 14 1.1%
21 Mixed (Farming and Grain Mill) 1 1 1 1 2 0.2%
22 Public Transport 0 1 1 1 0.1%
23 Unemployed 7 1 8 9 9 17 1.3%
24 Restaurant 1 1 1 1 2 0.2%
25 Retirement 0 2 1 3 3 0.2%
26 Shop 7 1 8 0 8 0.6%
27 Shop and Cart 1 1 0 1 0.1%
28 Student 14 1 15 6 2 8 23 1.7%
29 Tailor 1 1 1 1 2 0.2%
30 Weaving 0 0 1 1 1 0.1%
Sum 417 64 481 594 248 4 846 1,327 100%
Vulnerability Status: The result on vulnerability status is obtained from respondents themselves during the survey. There are many reasons which make the people Vulnerable as shown in Table 4.12. With respect to age, not all of the aged people are considered as
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Table 4-12: Vulnerability Status No Reason of Disability Age Category NN of PAHHs 1 Vulnerable (Unable to see) 45 - 75 11 2 Vulnerable (due to under age) 13 1 3 Vulnerable (due to Old age) 72 - 90 51 4 Vulnerable (Health Problem) 35 - 71 44 5 Physically unfit Oct-50 6 6 Mental Problem 60 1 7 Hearing Problem 50 1 Total 115
4.5 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS
The best approach to designing livelihood restoration interventions is direct consultation with the PAPs. On the basis of the Bank Policy, the affected people should be fully informed and closely consulted on livelihood restoration options. Consultation and Participation of PAPs in livelihood planning give them an opportunity to succeed in subsequent implementation. Livelihood restoration program which is planned and subject for implementation without consultation may lead to inappropriate formulation of LRP and thereby to eventual impoverishment. Moreover, without consultation, the people affected may not develop confidence over the programs and could lead to failures. Consultation takes different forms which create an opportunity for direct consultation with direct stakeholders namely the people affected & implementers and is conducted by holding public meetings, identifying focus groups, and key informants. To this end Public consultation, focus group discussions and key informant interviews made with the PAPs are discussed below.
a) Public Consultation PAPs are thoroughly consulted towards Livelihood Preferences at different places and time through group meetings to develop the basis of planning and share information about the plan and implementation of their own enterprises. The PAPs are informed about the plans and the rehabilitation measures anticipated in order to improve their livelihoods. Open discussion were made on the impact of the dam and reservoir.
The public consultations are conducted at different dates and places within most affected four kebeles (Jara Shikira, Medeb Gubda, Amistya and Ziha) that are found under the two project affected weredas of Farta and Ebinat. In the sessions, a total number of 1,519 households consisting of 73.2% male and 26.8% female have participated. The participation of women shows their concerns for the livelihood restoration plan. The number participants by venue and kebele are given in the table below.
Table 4-13: Number of Participants in Public Consultation Number of Participants S/N Wereda Kebele Place of Meeting Male Female Total 1 Farta Jara Shikira Mello Hamusit & Gilla /Warkaw/ 315 137 452 2 Farta Medeb Gubda Mello Hamusit 421 108 529 3 Ebinat Amistya Gebriale Church, kebele center 284 108 392 4 Ebinat Ziha FTC 92 54 146 Total 1,112 407 1,519 Percentage Share 73.2% 26.8% 100%
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The PAPs said the residential area of majorities of the PAPs is not displaced and have also got left over land from the project. However, the size of land they used to farm has reduced and they need support to regain their previous level of income. They underlined that their traditional way of farming cannot sufficiently restore their livelihoods unless and otherwise the use of new technology and farm practice that can sufficiently increase productivity vertically and the use of off farm and service providing activities and business areas are extensively promoted. They demand for the launching of special business plan for them which can generate better or at least maintain the level of income they used to attain before the impact of the project. Accordingly, they suggested business opportunities which are deemed to be feasible both in the project area and elsewhere.
In order to give solution for the problem, they suggested both land based and non-land based income restoration programs. Under the land based interventions, they suggested to intensify the existing agricultural practices through the use of improved seed and farming practices, introducing modern livestock farming including dairy and sheep/goat rearing, fattening, Apiculture, and poultry production. Under the non-land based interventions, they suggested to be involved in urban based manufacturing service activities, like wood manufacturing, transport services, hotel and restaurants, etc. Out of the different types of intervention preferences, they gave especial focus for dairy production by comparing productivity levels of local breed versus hybrid varieties. Based on the discussion on this issue, farmers express their interest for simply restoring their livelihood through modernizing their traditional practices.
Pic 4-1: Community consultation with PAPs Pic 4-2: Community consultation with PAHHs at At Jara Shikira Kebele Amistya kebele
The participants raised several kinds of inquiries with regard to the overall program. They explained that they cannot implement the program by their own financial resources as they have limitations for financing the preferred business. Furthermore, they stated that Jara Shikira /Gilla/ is surrounded by three streams and due to the presence of the dam, access road which connects them with Hamusit, Debre Tabor Selel market and also Ebinat town will be interrupted and they will be blocked from communication and thus have demanded for the immediate construction of new access roads, bridges and marine transport services.
The participants stated that their key experience is agriculture while the available restoration plans are mainly non land based businesses due to the reduction of their land holdings. Since these sectors are new to them, they requested practical trainings and reliable assistances to be provided to them.
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Pic 4-3: Community consultation with PAPs at Ziha Pic 4-4: Community consultation with PAPs at Medeb Kebele (FTC) Gubeda Kebele
To facilitate the implementation of their preferences and to create conducive environment for future facilitation of the LRP, the people of Medeb Gubida Kebele and Amistya Kebele nominated and established three committees each, two in Jara Shikira Kebele and one in Ziha Kebele. The committees are established based on their cluster of residential vicinities. Each of the committee will provide required socio economic data and information regarding data related to each individual PAP, village and kebele levels. Besides, the committee of community representatives can serve as a focal point for consultations on the types of assistances proposed by the communities as well as for subsequent participation of the community in livelihood restoration plan and implementation.
b) Focus Group Discussion with Males A total of 12 focus group discussions were held in major affected kebeles of Jara Shikira, Medeb Gubda, Amistiya and Ziha. The consultation result shows that the idea of livelihood restoration program is very encouraging and should be implemented to the earliest possible time. The participants provided their own possible restoration strategies in the area of land based and non-land based strategies.
c) Focus Group Discussion with Women HHs
Consultative meetings were held with representatives of women affected households of Medeb Gubda and Amistiya kebeles. The agendas of the discussion were as follows:- How did the women have been using their land? (Renting out in cash or kind, Own- production? After the land expropriation, what special problems or challenges are women headed PAHH facing different from other PAPs? What do you women plan for your livelihood? What special kind of support or intervention do you women need?
With regard to the first agenda, the response is that female headed households have been using their land for renting to other male farmers on the basis of crop sharing (not in Birr). Mostly the agreements are to share one third of the total farm production whereas the remaining two third portions of crops is taken by the farmer. In many of the cases, female headed households give their lands for their children based on this established agreement. They mentioned that their livelihood was highly dependent on land either in crop production or on sources of animal feed/grazing land or crop residue/. In addition, they said, on average women headed PAPs own 5-6 cows. They sell mainly butter as a source of cash income.
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Regarding agenda 2, the results of the discussion is as follows; the female HH said the land situated near to Ribb River valley was highly productive and they used to get better yield compared to those situated outside the Ribb River plain. The Female HH have expressed their worries that losing such land will put them in a difficult situation as they may fail to feed themselves and their children. Few of the displaced female households rented land in areas adjacent to their previous residential area and resettled there by their own will. They reported that they face enormous problems in the locality as their livestock are either stolen by thieves or die owing to lack of feed since the communal grazing land is taken by the project. Those female headed PAHHs residing near the project camp site by renting in land also complained about the occurrence of disease mainly malaria and others.
As case story, the participants have cited the following cases.
One of the female household head (W/o Marie Tiruneh) previously had 4 oxen, 4 donkeys and 2 cows and out of these, 1 ox and 4 donkeys have taken by thief and the remaining 3 oxen and 2 cows were sold in fear of more theft. W/o Yenialem Bezabih, had 6 cattle, 11 goats and 5 sheep previously and from these 3, cattle and all sheep and goats are died. She then sold 2 cattle and left with only one. W/o Yebrie Addis, previously she had 4 oxen, 5 cows, 3 donkeys and 6 goats but now only 2 oxen and 2 cows are remaining, the others are died owing to lack of feed since the grazing land is taken by the project. With regard to compensation, most females have complaints although there is structural organization for addressing complaints related to compensation. The followings are a case in point raised;
W/o Dasash Melese is reported that her asset has accounted by the name of her
children without any evidence and her children have taken 1/3 of total
compensation although she complained.
W/o Mulu Assefaw had land adjacent to the river Ribb which was not compensated as the land was accounted for Ato Setegn Tesefaw. She reported during the discussion that she had appealed the case to the wereda court which has been going on for two and half years. Finally, however, the court decided in favour of Ato Setegn Tesefaw.
The participants from Amistiya stated that they are forced to dissolve their Edir owing to the displacement of many people from their previous residential area. The construction of the reservoir also denied them access to the Hamusit and Selel Market. Moreover since the area from which they used to collect dug for cooking is now occupied by the reservoir, purchasing of such item for cooking is entailing them additional cost burden. In general, female headed households said that have lost their own asset owing to lack of power and domination by their male counterpart.
As to Agenda 3 and 4, they said; aged women have already decided to give financial compensation they get to their children hoping that their children will support and take care of them, whereas others need livelihood restoration with financial and working place supports. In addition, they repeatedly asked about their young children that they require income generating works including working place or alternatively employment. The women headedPAHH finally requested training on how to use their financial compensation before they expended all.
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Pic 4-5 Consultations with Women Group of Pic 4-6: Consultations with Women Group of Amistiya Kebele Medeb Gubda Kebele
d) Focus Group Discussion with Vulnerable PAPS FGD were made with vulnerable PAPs that included those aged (>70 yrs), disabled, sick and others. They stated that they used to rent their lands with the arrangement of sharing the produce with their counterpart. Those who have still some land left over want to maintain such practice even though the benefit they get is going to diminish significantly. Others who totally lost their land will continue to purchase food crops from the market until the compensation money is exhausted. The FGD participants also indicated that while they used to pass their time by looking after cattle prior to the advent of the project, presently they are confined to their home as the grazing place is now occupied by water. Similarly, they stated that they are no more able to go to Hamusit market place to pass their time owing to the barrier created by the reservoir water. Moreover, they complained that their properties and assets are often robbed by others since they cannot protect themselves. This group reported that they cannot be involved in income generating activities like the young people and hence require appropriate program which takes their status into consideration.
Regarding their futures, they stated that many of their family members have moved to other places and as an alternative, they will shelter themselves in churches and monasteries. They stated that the construction of Saint Gebriel Church is interrupted since many people have left their places as well as due to the difficulties of extracting sand from the river. Therefore, they demand the government to collect them in one center and to assist them to live.
Pic 4-7: Consultation with Elders Pic 4-8: Saint Gebriel Church whose Construction is Interrupted
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e) Key Informant Discussions
Key Informants were identified and requested to reflect their views regarding the effects of the project either on existing infrastructures or necessitating the establishment of new infrastructures as well as on the issues of the restoration plans. The implementation of the Rib Dam and reservoir has caused several effects on the livelihood of the residents. Its impact on infrastructures is twofold: displacing users from the already existing infrastructures to more distant residential area and interrupting access to existing infrastructures.
They mentioned the following issues. Since the reservoir has created a deep artificial lake, the peoples of Medeb Gubda cannot easily communicate with the peoples of Amistya and Jara Shikira. Their previous social bondage is already interrupted and hence they cannot share funeral ceremonies, wedding ceremonies, market places, etc. They expect establishment of water transport system immediately.
The ―Selel‖ livestock market located in Ebinat Wereda can no more be accessed by the peoples of Medeb Gubda and Jara Shikira because the reservoir already has blocked the road leading to the area. So, it is better to facilitate the establishment of cattle market in the emerging town called Melo Hamusit on the left side of the reservoir.
The farmers who have farm lands on the other side of the Melo River cannot easily manage and effectively use their land as the back water from the reservoir expands to the lower altitude sides of tributaries and free movement to the plots will be interrupted. Hence, the respondents believe construction of bridges is very essential both on Melo and Rib Rivers in Melo Hamusit area.
The reservoir may cover a wider area and the sides of the water body might cause or create excessive infestation of water borne diseases. Hence, the operational capacity of the health posts shall be enhanced which may include the allocation of sufficient medication, bed nets, examination tools & laboratory supplies, as well as enhancing the capacity of nurses and technicians.
The schools in Gubda and Sedy villages might be affected as the height of the Dam is increased. Moreover, children, persons with mental problems and also livestock might be endangered as there is no protective fence from the river. Accordingly, it would be essential if the surroundings of the reservoir are protected from free access by a fence or planting protective trees, shrubs and/or hedges.
The other key problem is that the road from the project site to Debre Tabor has no bridge at Melo River. Because of this vehicles are reluctant to provide both public and freight transport and hence in the near future the PAPs who will be engaged in producing highly perishable products may face market accessibility problem. Therefore, they recommend the construction of a new bridge on Melo River.
f) Consultation with Relocated PAPs in Ebinat Town
The major issues discussed include the followings but not limited to: They have mentioned that their main problem is that, there is no water and electric supplis. About 13 PAPs require land leveling and construction of flood protection and drainage system as their land area is subject to flooding during rainy season. Even though it was promised to transport their belongings from the project affected kebeles to Ebinat at town, transportation service is not given. Those who got land near Kidanemihret church received only 240 M2 contrary to others who received 250 M2 each. There is lack of clay soil for their house construction.
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The representative from the municipality stated that the water supply will be given solutions in the near future whereas the electric supply is beyond the capacity of the wereda as it is the responsibility of Ethiopian electric utility. The PAPs are allowed to take construction soil at the rate of Birr 100 by reducing from the current normal rate of Birr 250 as part of Municipalities support system of the PAPs. Transportation service will be arranged to move their properties form their original rural residential places.
Pic 4-9: Relocation site at Ebinat town (1) Pic 4-10: Relocation site at Ebinat town (2)
g) Consultation with Relocated PAPs in Debre Tabor Town
The points of discussion focus on livelihood restoration business area, current activities and problems encountered during relocation. Relocated PAHHs were listed business areas that can be handled by them mainly; dairy production, Poultry, sheep and goat rearing, animal fattening, wood work, apiculture, retail trade, café & restaurant, Bajaj and Taxi. They requested to get working place and facilitate finance for them to start the works. They also requested to get infrastructural service such as electricity, water, flood drainage, feeder road, plan and deed map etc. They specifically mentioned that they want the house plan as fast as possible to make collateral and take loan from ACSI.
Pic 4-11: Consultation with relocated PAHHs at Melo Hamusit
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5. CONSULTATIONS WITH RELAVANT STAKEHOLDERS
5.1 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS FOR PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Planning and implementation of livelihood restoration task would be effectively implemented by the participation of all stakeholders. The major stakeholders that would contribute to the success of the implementation of the livelihood Restoration plan are identified at the federal, regional, zone, wereda and kebele levels. The current identification of stakeholders concentrates on public institutions whereas there are also NGOs and private organizations that would directly and indirectly contribute their share during the implementation of the livelihood restoration plan.
Federal Level stakeholders Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity World Bank Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Rib Dam and Reservoir Contractor( EWWCE) and consultant ( WWDSE) Federal Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Industries Development Agency Micro and Small Enterprises Development Bureau of Addis Ababa ( to share their best practices).
Regional Level stakeholders Regional Administration ENIDP Regional Project coordination Office Rural Land Administration and Use Bureau Cooperatives Promotion Agency Technique, Vocational and Enterprises Development Bureau Bureau of Agriculture & Natural Resources Youth and Sport Commission Women and Children‘s Bureau Bureau of Trade, Industry and Market Development Amhara Credit and Saving Institute
Woreda Level Stakeholders (both Ebnat & Ferta Weredas) Administration Council Offices Rural Land Administration and Use Offices Cooperatives Promotion Agency Offices Technique, Vocational and Enterprises Development Offices Bureau of Agriculture & Natural Resources Offices Youth and sport Commission Offices Women and Children‘s Offices
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Amhara Credit and Saving Institute branch office Office of Trade, Industry and Market Development Office of Justice Municipalities of Ebinat and Debre Tabor Town City Administration of Debire Tabor (Respective Bodies)
Site Level Stakeholders
Kebele Administration offices Project Affected Persons Extension Workers of Kebele Office of Agriculture Extension Workers of Kebele Office of LAU Extension Workers of Kebele Cooperative Promotion Extension Workers of Kebele Technic, Vocational and Enterprise Development Extension Workers of Kebele Health
Other stakeholders
There will be National and International NGOs, private organizations and business enterprises who can be potential stakeholders. Among them is ORDA, Amhara Development Association (ADA).
Consultations and discussions were made with these major stakeholders on their role and involvement in the development and implementation of Restoration plan as briefly presented below
5.2 FEDERAL LEVEL CONSULTATION
5.2.1 Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
The Ministry is responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of the assignment, facilitation of the work process, providing materials and documents, handling issues and problems that may arise during the implementation of the livelihood restoration.
Accordingly several discussions were held with the Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project coordination of the MOWIE. The PCO advised to accomplish the task in accordance with the terms of reference and accelerated schedule (i.e. within 21 months instead of 24months) before closing of the ENDIP. The project office has already provided required data and information to the consultant. As part of the facilitation task, the office wrote a letter of cooperation to the different federal, regional and wereda level stakeholders. The PCO introduced the consultant‘s staffs with the regional and wereda stakeholders. Moreover, the PCO took the team to the Ribb Dam Construction camp site and advised WWDSE, EWWCE the Rib dam and reservoir construction supervision consultant and contractor, respectively to collaborate with the team.
5.2.2 World Bank
WB is a major stakeholder as the financer of RIB phase I Irrigation and Drainage project construction including capacity building and operation. During the consultation the bank experts advised to strictly apply IDA/WB OP procedures in the preparation and implementation of the Restoration plans.
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5.2.3 Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Federal MOANN restructured and established rural employment generation and safety net program implementation led by a state minister. The role and responsibilities are to plan interventions to create employment for rural landless and unemployed people including youths and is relevant to the current assignment. These experiences are at the infant stage and suggest collaborating with them during course of the implementation.
5.2.4 Federal Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Industries Development Agency
Federal Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Industries Development Agency is one of the stakeholders directly involved in similar activities with this assignment, organizing people into different business enterprises, preparation of manuals and providing trainings on business enterprises and preparation of business plan. The agency has got cumulated practical work experience in the fields of value added activities that could serve for the livelihood restoration plan of the Ribb Dam and Ribb Reservoir Area. Relevant documents which serve as reference material are available in the agency. Similarly, the experts of the agency are believed to have experiences which can be shared for the project. This stakeholder could provide technical assistance to the materialization and success of the assignment.
The consultant made consultative discussions with the agency on many technical issues of the livelihood restoration plan. The discussion focuses mainly on issues that could serve as an experience to implement the plan. These are business plan strategies and policy issues, the procedures of preferences survey, lists of activities the PAPs could be engaged in, business plan preparation, and implementation of livelihood restoration plans.
The agency stated that the lists of profitable activities for the people are in the fields of agriculture and agro processing. The engagement of the PAPs specifically in agro processing sector could assist to effectively implement the livelihood restoration plan of the project. The agency has got reach practical experiences in the fields of value added activities through agro processing sector which is one of the proven business lines the farmers can operate profitably. Some of the lists of activities mentioned by the agency are fattening of cattle, production of poultry and eggs; sand extractions, Textile works, leather works; metallic works; wood work; tailoring works; local jewelry; processing and selling of potato, fruits& vegetables, fodder, rice, honey & butter, milk, tomato & mango juice.
The agency has expressed its readiness to be involved in the task. Furthermore, they believe that they can gain rich experiences that they could apply on similar other interventions. The agency will coordinate with similar wereda and regional level enterprises. It will also provide technical support and required materials for the success of the assignment.
5.2.5 Micro and Small Enterprises Development Bureau of Addis Ababa
The Micro and Small Enterprises Development Bureau of the city of Addis Ababa is identified as one of the stakeholders to get practical experience on rehabilitation of development affected people and on type and operation of profitable micro and small scale enterprises for the livelihood restoration plan. To this end the consultant has made consultation with bureau deputy head and other relevant departments.
There are rural sub urban areas of the city that are used for expansion and affect the livelihood of the farmers and other land holders. Besides, city development programs also affect urban residents of the city and in both cases, the interventions require restoration activities. In the past the compensation is however implemented without giving due consideration for their permanent livelihood aspects. Recognizing this deficiency, the city administration council decided to establish a project office that will be mandated to rehabilitate and provide support to
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On the other hand, it has got ample experiences in the creation of micro and small enterprises which have engaged several hundred thousands of the unemployed people. The bureau organizes these people into different micro and small enterprises. It also provides trainings for the members in collaboration with Addis Capital, Technique and Vocational Education Training (TVET), Trade and Industry, Inland Revenue, micro enterprises, and social affairs offices. TVET is responsible for the preparation of training manuals and provision of training to the trainers. All the training manuals are available in the TVET. Addis Capital provides machinery rentals and finance required for the preferred and approved projects. All the experiences gained by the agency in fields of project identification, organization and monitoring and evaluation of established enterprises would be shared for the implementation of Rib development and restoration plan.
There are many micro enterprise activities such as fattening, mushroom production, poultry, milking, dairy, fattening and backyard farming.
The enterprise provided to the consultants documents on micro and small scale enterprise development including ―Micro and Small Enterprises development Strategy support framework and implementation strategies‖. The strategy has got many components in it which can serve as support material to formulate the business plan of the livelihood restoration interventions.
The enterprise expressed its readiness to work with the MOWIE and the consultant to share its own experience and also to get experience on restoration plan as the Development and Implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plan in Rib will be the a new undertakings.
5.2.6 Construction Supervision Consultant and Contractor of Rib Dam and Reservoir
The construction supervision consultant (WWDSE) and the contractor (EWWCE) will be one of the stakeholders. They will be a good source of data on affected land and villages if not the number of PAPs. The expected participation from the office are supplying recorded documents relevant for the assignment, record of villages and houses of PAPs located within newly demarcated reservoir boundaries, providing working offices and rooms for the project staffs.
As per the discussion held with the project office, the dam height is 82 m and is at 1945.5masl and the PAPs found within the same height of the reservoir area need to be relocated. It is expected that the reservoir will be filled up to the height of 1930 in the 2016 coming rainy season. Therefore, the people residing within it should be relocated as soon as possible. The reservoir will be filled to its full optimum level in year 2017/2009 E.C. and all the needy PAPs have to be relocated ahead of time. Accordingly, the flooded area by the reservoir will increase to 1,300 ha. The actual figure will be available soon once final minimum, maximum reservoir level and buffer zone is demarcated. Therefore, the number of PAPs may increase as compared to the originally identified figure. The boundaries of the newly demarcated reservoir area as well as the number and lists of the additional PAPs (if any), and their socio- economic aspects should be identified during the course of the assignment. The project office has worried that, some PAPs are still living within the reservoir area and suggested to evacuate before the coming year as the reservoir is going to submerge these areas.
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Pic 5-1: Construction of the dam on Progress and reservoir partly stored water
5.3 REGIONAL LEVEL CONSULTATION
5.3.1 ENIDP Regional Project Coordination Office
The office is one of the regional stakeholders that have got regional responsibility for the project. The office will be involved in organizing and coordinating regional, zone and wereda level offices, and provide feedbacks, monitor and evaluate the work progress and assist the accomplishments of the project. It is expected that the office will assign contact person for frequent contact with the consultant.
Discussion was held with the regional project coordination office on the activities and issues of the development and implementation of livelihood restoration plans. The office appreciated the advantage of the current assignment in solving the livelihood restoration problem of the PAPs and promised to participate on the assignment and support the consultant specifically in mobilization of the regional stakeholders during implementation.
5.3.2 Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources
The economic basis for the livelihood of the PAPs had been agriculture and one of the major sectors for restoration activities is also agriculture. The major tasks expected from the offices towards the agriculture based economic activities are participation in the mobilization and awareness tasks of the people, involve in the identification of preferences, participation and providing required inputs for the preparation of business plans, participate in creation of awareness and technical skill trainings, participate in the implementation, M & E tasks.
Discussion was held with bureau head. It was indicated by the bureau head that the livelihood restoration of PAPs is one of the prime concerns of the region. The bureau has great attention for the effective implementation of the assignment as those affected households should be restored at permanent level. They will also follow-up the work progress and provides required assistance expected from them. They insisted that; to provide assistance and to participate in the task, the expected works from the bureau and other stakeholders should be defined and given to them. Finally, the bureau warns the consultant that there are many tasks handled by private national and international consultants that are not performed as per the scope of work, schedule and shouldn‘t be repeated on this task due to its high importance.
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5.3.3 Regional Bureau of Land Administration and Use
The project affected persons are rural farmers whose lands are under the administration of the Bureau of Rural Land Administration and Use. The bureau is recently more strongly mandated to take the responsibility of restoring the livelihood of the people affected by projects which directly coincides with the objectives of the current assignment. A work process entitled ―Alternative Livelihood Preparation and Sustainable Rehabilitation Work Process‖ is established under the bureau. This work process is therefore the direct stakeholder that will take part in Rib PAPs livelihood restoration plans and implementation. This structure is not established at the project weredas of Farta and Ebinat and at zone level yet whereas the given task is covered by the other departments of wereda and zonal offices of Rural Land Administration and Use.
The bureau and the new work process are expected to be involved in providing assistances towards awareness creation of the people, preference survey, preparation of business plan and training manuals, conduct trainings, organizing the people during implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
Discussion was made with the head of Regional Bureau of Rural Land Administration and Use in the presence of the Deputy Head of ―Alternative Livelihood Preparation and Sustainable Rehabilitation Work Process‖. It was explained that urban and rural development projects of the region used to displace and affect the people whereas adequate livelihood restoration works are not done so far. Their livelihoods are observed to reduce from their previous status and enter into the worsening stage. This fact is recognized by the regional government as a major gap and therefore has become a basis to establish a new work process.
The office has responsibility to formulate business plan studies as one components of its designated task for the identified alterative business sectors. In order to do this, the office has put in place a general livelihood restoration plan and specific organizational structures. Recognizing that livelihood restoration requires multispectral participation, they suggested offices such as Agriculture, Technique and vocational enterprises, and financial Institutions, Trade, Industry and Marketing to involve as stakeholders.
It was stated that the ―Alternative Livelihood Preparation and Sustainable Rehabilitation main Work Process‖ is newly established and thus has no experiences to share to the current assignment. However, it will work together with consultant and gain practical experiences from the assignment. The office confirmed that the assignment ―Development and Implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plan‖ directly supports the new task given to the work process (i.e. restoration of PAPs) in the region. The output of the assignment will be the first for the region in its kind and could be an exemplary for similar regional livelihood restoration plans. Realizing the benefits of the assignment, the office is ready to provide any assistance to the study team, consultant. They stressed that, failure to the current Rib Dam and reservoir PAPs Development and implementation of Restoration Plan will give bad implication to other planned and upcoming restoration interventions in the region. To this wend they vow to work closely with the consultant and other stakeholders in planning and implementation of livelihood restoration plans.
5.3.4 Regional Cooperatives Promotion Agency
The people could be organized under cooperatives and unions for the sake of mobilizing their resources to strengthen their capabilities. As formation of associations is part of the restoration process, participation of the CPA is mandatory. The formation and legalization of the business associations will be more fruitful with participation and lead role of CPA. Cooperative promotion offices are available at regional, zone and wereda levels. They are expected to advice on guidelines and criteria required to establish economic associations, provide training on the subject, responsible for organizing, legalizing, and monitoring and evaluation of cooperative societies.
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Discussion was held with the deputy head of regional cooperatives Promotion Agency of Amhara National Regional State. The aim of the discussion is to create awareness of the assignment ―Development and Implementation of Livelihood restoration Plan‖. Explanation of the objective of the assignment was given by the study team members. It was explained to the office that the final output of the project is to identify alternative livelihood restoration activities and to engage the PAPs in those different activities on the basis of the established criteria. The assignment requires the participation of concerned stakeholders which mainly involves CPA. Out of the alternatives that will be identified in the task, there could be economic activities that would be conducted by groups of the PAPs which require the formation of cooperatives and then unions. Therefore, the office was requested to provide its role by participation in the task.
The Agency stated that the current assignment is one of the components of the government development programs. The farmers affected by the project could be organized under cooperatives and unions for betterment though are not a must since their livelihood could also be restored on individual and group basis. Therefore, based on principle of voluntary organization, the Agency will make efforts to bring the PAPs into cooperatives and support them to be organized in, agricultural, off farm business, marketing and supplies activities. The first priority is to organize the PAPs of those in rural areas which are the focus of the current assignment. The agency operates as per the mandates given by proclamation of cooperatives discussed in section 3 above.
5.3.5 Regional Technique, Vocational and Enterprises Development Bureau
The implementation of livelihood restoration demands the preparation of training manuals and providing awareness creation, technical trainings and supports to the PAPs during implementation. The involvement of such institutions would contribute for the success of the assignment. The Technique, Vocational and Enterprises Development offices are available at regional, zone and wereda levels. They facilitate the establishment of groups in share capital associations and provide training for the people who are self-employed and for others who are organized in groups. The office identifies unemployed people, register, and provide training and assistances to them with the help of TVET colleges. Therefore, these regional bureau and the two wereda offices of Ebinat and Farta are considered as one of the major stakeholders.
It was confirmed in the consultative meetings that the bureau and the TVET colleges under the bureau will provide inputs in the area of training and capacitating the project affected people in restoring their livelihoods. It will also be involved in the identification of business sectors which could be profitable.
5.3.6 Bureau of Trade, Industry and Market Development
When the PAPs supported by the stakeholders implemented livelihood restoration plan which could be establishment of business enterprises, the Trade, Industry and market development Bureau including its woreda offices will assist in giving the PAPs trade and their establishments license, market information, facilitation and linkage to consumers. Therefore, the bureau has been identified as one of the stakeholders.
5.3.7 ANNS Bureau of Labour and Social Affair
There are PAHHs who are not able to prefer any kind of livelihood restoration business activities due to old age and physical weakness to work. Traditionally, they temporarily give their land to their children and on return they receive all round retirement services from their children. In case such old people lack confidence and satisfaction in the service they receive or not have children at all or around, they rent their land for nearby relatives or neighbors in kind or on cash basis whichever is convenient for their retirement period.
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However, the project has taken their land off permanently and the self-sufficient retirement system has ceased. During focus group discussion and preference survey, the elders and other vulnerable PAPs underlined that; they cannot involve restoration business due to their old age and disability. They reported that they have been using their compensation for basic consumption and when finished have nowhere to go. The consultant made a consultative meeting on the issue with the Social Security Promotion Main Process representatives of Bureau of Labor and Social Affair (BOLSA).
In the discussion the officers explained that, this is a serious problem and not well perceived yet. It must be critically reviewed and analyzed so that lessons can be drawn for other involuntary displacement and project Affected areas. In this regards, the bureau has a good experience of the safety net program.
The safety net program, which is supported by the World Bank as well has a kind of ―Direct Support Program‖ under which unable persons in the society (who don‘t have any asset base and not capable to work or sustain themselves due to age, disability or some kind of reasons) in a food insecure weredas are granted with some food grains and nutritive food items or cash without working on development of infrastructure and conservation activities. However, there is a complaint that the amount granted to such persons is not sufficient; yet, the project can use it as a bench mark.
The Bureau mentioned that, international experiences (IFPRI) show $1 in cash or equivalent amount for daily consumption of a person. Besides, some persons may not have the capability to care themselves and need care takers. The amount of expenditures required to hire care takers and cover other essentials is assumed to be $0.5 per day per person. Benchmarking on this international experience, an amount of $1.25 to $1.4 per day per person (which is equivalent with Birr 26 to Birr 29.3) might be taken as moderately sufficient amount of direct support for the retirement of an elder and disabled person covering all expenses including hired care takers.
The Bureau was asked on how it could be implemented and their possible support on the retirement interventions and explained that the bureau has branches up to zonal level. They are planning to extend it up to wereda level. They perceived that the issue is their main responsibility though capacity and experience lacks. However, they can take this project as a starting point and assist in this respect. They vowed to make assessments on possible ways of supporting the old and disabled persons with no family to help and has no leftover assets. In cooperation with other government institutions, can implement and administer such retirement resources. However, advised that; care should be taken during implementation so that those who have asset bases or supporting family members should not be covered under such kind of retirement programs as this will develop a kind of dependency syndrome and negatively affect sustainability of the overall restoration plan.
5.3.8 Amhara Credit and Saving Institution
The PAPs whose livelihoods are to be restored require financial resources for undertaking profitable economic activities in addition to the compensated money and government support. The source of finance for their undertakings will be identified which includes own sources, share capital and credit money. In order to facilitate the credit money, reliable source need to be identified and support the program. In this respect, the Amhara Credit and Saving Institution will participate in this program of livelihood restoration. This institution operates within the project areas and else in the rural parts of the region. By fulfilling legal requirements, the PAPs could take financial loan from the institution both in group or individual basis. ACSI can take part in providing credit; provide training for the effective use of the credit money, aware the
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The institute has got branches from region up to the wereda and in some kebele levels. Credit is provided with support of awareness in credit policy and process including, loan repayment, individual and group collateral, IR, etc in order to make them ready and use the borrowed money for productive purposes. Project ideas which includes business plan are a prerequisite for the beneficiaries. ACSI can give technical support in the formulation of business ideas to invest in profitable activities. The institution disclosed that it operates closely with the commercial bank and Development bank of Ethiopia and as such do not have loan disbursement problem.
5.4 WEREDA LEVEL CONSULTATION
5.4.1 Ebinat and Farta Wereda Administrations
The wereda Administrations facilitated consultation on the Restoration Plan. In Ebinat wereda representatives from different offices of the wereda participated in the discussion held within the administration office of the wereda. The participants are from the Wereda Administration Office, TVET, CPA, Municipality, and Agriculture. They stated that the program is very advantageous for the wereda and are ready to work with the consultant. It was mentioned that the PAPs have misused their compensation money by expending and buying luxurious items.
The representative from wereda TVET stated that the PAPs can be engaged in trade, urban agriculture, fattening, apiculture, and other manufacturing sectors. The office will work together with the consultant to capacitate the PAPs to make them involve in different restoration & development activities. As a constraint, there could be land shortages within the town and also in rural areas to effectively implement the livelihood restoration plan.
All felt that, the capacity of the PAPs in utilizing their financial resources in productive spheres is very low and have to be supported. There are economic sectors that can be profitable to the farmers. Few of the business enterprises are; fattening, apiculture, fishing, fruits and vegetables, poultry. Training shall be provided for the PAPs
The participant from the municipality stated that land is very scarce to be given for all of the PAPs that have revised their initial preferences and want to come to the town. However, the office will give them working land for those that are already relocated here if organized in groups. The municipality office gives land for associations organized in to business enterprises as a policy of employment creation. The office can also organize them under different associations; assist in pooling their capital and arrange credit in collaboration with other stakeholders.
The administration office of Farta wereda stated that separate and uncoordinated effort was taking to restore the livelihood of the PAPs and to save them from misusing their money. They have bought machine guns and houses in the towns at higher prices. They have also bought houses that are not legally registered. All the stakeholders in the meeting said that the livelihood restoration plan for the PAPs will sustain their life and of their dependents. Hence, all will work with the consultant in the implementation of the plan. The wereda office has assigned the vice head of the wereda to regularly meet with the consultant team.
Moreover, the wereda administration councils identified and listed wereda stakeholders who will involve in the development and implementation of restoration plan. Both weredas suggested to include office of Justice to the list of the stakeholders. The office will create awareness on the property laws, rural land& municipality land use laws, how to handle legal cases to be raised including grievances on replacement land, compensation and restoration interventions.
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During consultation with both werdas administrations and respective wereda stakeholders detail discussion were made for the need of establishing ‗‘LRP Development and Implementation Technical committee‘‘ at wereda and kebele level. As a result, the technical committees were formed at wereda and kebel levels. The roles and responsibilities of the technical committees were also discussed and elaborated well as presented in section 12 and detail working guidelines is presented in Appendix VI.
5.4.2 Land Administration and Use of Ebinat Wereda Office
As per the views of the office, rehabilitation is very important though considered late. Many of the PAPs have wasted their compensation money on different unplanned expenses. The office will work with these PAPs and with others that are not yet received compensation in order to restore them effectively. The office has made awareness creation on restoration activities. There are PAPs who preferred to settle within the town. There also additional PAPs that changed their original preferences and want to settle within the towns. However, it is a challenge to accept their revised individual requests due to scarcity of land in the town. There are people who received compensation but who are not relocated and still live within the reservoir area. There are additional people identified who require compensation and replacements land. The office will collaborate and work together with the consultant to resolve all these issues and other livelihood restoration interventions during implementation.
5.4.3 Land Administration and Use Office of Farta Wereda
Rural Land Administration and Use office is the major stakeholder and implementer of the interventions of PAPs. During discussion the office said that, the livelihood restoration task does not have clear implementation strategies especially with regard to who to implement. There are people who will be displaced and also people who will not be displaced but lose their land and property partly. Adequate work is not done in relocating the people of the reservoir area and the office will coordinate with the consultant and other stakeholders in planning an implementation of the livelihood restoration interventions. The office realized that; not all eligible persons are included whereas others who are not eligible also took compensation. There are also additional PAPs as a result of the increment of the reservoir level. Moreover, those displaced and compensated have knowledge limitation of using the compensation money wisely. In response to this the offices gave orientation and train the beneficiaries in collaboration with other respective stakeholders. The offices have collected data and information of the PAPs including their names and compensation taken.
5.4.4 TVED Office of Ebinat & Farta weredas
As discussed above the PAPs are on disadvantageous position in many aspects mainly due to absence of awareness and trainings. Being at the grass root level with PAPs, the involvement of Technique, Vocational and Enterprises Development Office of Ebinat and Farta weredas in awareness creation, training, technical support, preference assessment, business plan preparation and implementation will make the development and restoration plan highly fruitful. The TVED Offices of both weredas have shown their willingness and promised to streamline planning and implementation of the livelihood restoration include in their own regular work plan.
5.4.5 Ebinat and Debre Tabor Towns Municipalities
Both Ebinat and Debre Tabor towns Municipalities will be major stakeholders since some of the PAPs have been given land in the towns. In this respect, they are expected to issue land for business activities to individuals or groups. Moreover, they are involved in the planning and, recommendation of appropriate and profitable livelihood restoration activities, provide inputs for
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Note that similar consultations were made with all other wereda line office stakeholders listed under section 5.3 above. They all underlined the need for Development and Implementation of Restoration Plan for Rib dam and Reservoir PAPs and have indicated their commitment and willingness to participate.
5.5 SITE LEVEL STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION
5.5.1 Kebele Administration Offices
The kebele administrations of the displaced places as well as the host kebeles where the PAPs have already been moved or going to move are the potential stakeholders. They will be responsible for the supply of data and information, organizing and mobilizing the PAPs, supporting and facilitating the implementation of the Restoration Plan. They will be engaged in the creation of awareness to PAPs HHs regarding the livelihood restoration aspects through awareness received from the implementing stakeholders and the consultant. The five PAPs kebels are: Amistiya, Ziha, Jara Shikira, Medeb Gubda and Ayva Niva.
5.5.2 The Project Affected Persons
The project affected persons involves the affected persons who are dislocated from their previous residential area, farm and grazing lands. The study team made consultation with the PAPs as discussed above in section 4.
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6. PREFERENCE OF PAPS, LEVEL OF IMPACTS AND OTHER CRITERIAS FOR FORMULATION AND SELECTION OF LRP ENTRPRISES
6.1 PREFERENCE SURVEY OF PAPS
The survey was conducted by the field based social experts and also by locally recruited and trained enumerators using structured formats. The selection of enumerators was undertaken carefully in close collaboration with the technical committee members elected in each kebele. Prior to undertaking of the survey, all the enumerators are trained at the Ribb dam camp center. They are trained mainly on the scope and use of preference data base, awareness creation on the possible potential type of business enterprises, availability of input and potential market for the outputs, possibility of pulling own investment from compensation leftover etc. Following the training session, all the group members made pilot survey together so that they can acquire more practical lessons from each other under the supervision of the team of social experts. At the next stage, each of the assigned field staff of the consultant has mobilized the enumerators to different places of all Kebeles where the PAPs are found and closely supervised and validated the process and the collected data on spot.
The preference survey is conducted using a preference card system. Each of the PAPs were provided with a preference card formatted in Amharic language so that they can fill the form by themselves in consultation with the social field staffs, their friends and the enumerators, whichever is convenient for them. The survey included the following points;
Existing Address of the PAPs i.e. Kebele and village; Full name of the project affected household; Marital Status; Sex; Age; Family numbers with male & female categories, including the household and spouse; Educational level; Area of land affected and remained; Ability to be engaged in income restoration activities and limitations and vulnerability status that prevents from working; Types of preferred activities; Preferred working place; Financial resources allocated for the business; Previous Skill and work experience for the work; Educational background; Type of business i.e. private, and in group; and Signature of the HH and spouse (if possible); Date & signature.
Pic 6-1: PAPs after filling their preference cards Pic 6-2: PAP Preference survey at Ebinat town (1)
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All the team members had given a list of identified PAPs in each affected kebele that are expected to fill the preference cards. As discussed above the total actual recorded PAPs were 1,486. Table 6-1 shows the number of PAPs the team has been able to contact during the preference survey.
Table 6-1: Contacted and Uncontacted PAPs for preference survey Number of Contacted and Uncontacted PAPs During Preference Survey Wereda Kebele Contacted PAPs Uncontacted PAPs Total Amistiya 417 2 419 Ebinat Ziha 64 0 64 S. Total 481 2 483 Medeb Gubda 594 138 732 Jara Shikira 255 12 267 Farta Ayva Niva 4 0 4 S. Total 853 150 1,003 Total 1,334 152 1,486 Percentage Covered 90% 10% 100% Source: Summarised from the Preference Survey
As shown in Table 6-1 above of the total 1486 PAPs, 1,334 PPHH (90%) were contacted for preference survey whereas it was unable to contact a total of 159 PAPs (10%). The reasons for not able to get them during the survey is given in Table 6-2 provided below. About 147 PAPs were not available in their previous residential kebeles during preference survey and most of them are reported by the key informants and villagers they have left for search of income sources and some others for unknown reasons, and another 5 are imprisoned and not living in the area. The list and names of these uncontacted PAPs are given to, Kebeles, weredas and regional concerned offices. The team in collaboration with the kebeles and weredas will continue to try to get those uncontacted PAPs during implementation of the livelihood restoration plan.
Table 6-2: Reasons for Not Providing Preferences Number of Uncontacted PAPs by Previous Kebele No Category Amistiya Ziha Medeb Gubda Jara Shikira Ayva Niva Total 1 Not Available in the kebele 1 0 135 11 0 147 2 Imprisoned 1 0 3 1 0 5 Total 2 0 138 12 0 152
From the identified 1,486 PAHHs, about 125 have lost not only their farm lands but also their houses. About 144 another group of PAHHs have lost 100% of their farm lands and they are left only with their houses as shown in Appendix I.
The data base of PAPs preference for different livelihood enterprise is established by Name, Sex, kebele and woreda and will be used during implementation.
6.2 PREFERENCE OF THE PAPS FOR DIFFERENT LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION ENTERPRISE
The undertaking of preference survey followed a series of steps in order to get knowledge based wishes and thus the survey is preceded by successive training and awareness creation sessions. Therefore, adequate awareness creation program in the form of community consultation, focus group discussion and individual basis were provided. Besides, sufficient time was given to them to think about the types of businesses and also to discuss the matter with their families and friends. Even though following this step is time consuming and cumbersome, the consultant has followed this methodology for the sake of formulating the plan to the sole interest of the PAHHs under consideration. As a matter of fact, preferences do not remain constant and thus people with different reasons of their own make frequent changes on
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their preferred options making the preference survey endless. For this end, a cut of date is established to be the completion date of the preference card.
The preferred livelihood restoration strategies can be grouped under the general classification of agriculture related and non-agriculture related categories. The agriculture based strategies include cattle fattening, sheep/goat rearing and fattening, dairy, poultry, apiculture and intensification of existing crop production and about 56.2% of the persons preferred these options. The non-agriculture based strategies are also broadly classified under manufacturing, fishing, trade, transportation, hotels & tourism, and service components. In addition, mixed strategies are preferred by combining agricultural activities which combines any of agriculture based strategies, non-agriculture strategies or agriculture and non-agriculture strategies.
A total of about 61 types of business activities which can be summarized under reduced category are preferred by the PAPs. The summary of the preferred strategies are given in Table 6-3 and the details are provided in Appendix III.
Table 6-3: Distribution of PAPs by Type of Income Restoration Strategy Number of PAPs in Ebinat & Farta Wereda Sub Category Type of Livelihood Activity Medeb Jara Ayva %age Amistiya Ziha Total Gubda Shirka Niva Fattening 144 20 174 47 1 386 31.9 Sheep and Goat Rearing 4 5 2 5 16 1.3
Sheep and Goat Fattening 3 3 0.0
Agriculture Dairy 26 2 38 79 145 12.0
Related LRP Poultry 20 1 12 7 40 3.3
Apiculture 7 5 3 6 21 1.7
Crop Production 3 51 12 66 5.5
S. Total 207 36 280 156 1 680 56.2 Fishing LRP 7 7 0.6
Trade LRP (Cattle, retail & Grain) 88 10 138 39 1 276 22.8 Transportation Service LRP 1 2 9 5 17 1.4
Non Manufacturing LRP 22 10 5 37 3.1
Agriculture Hotels &Restaurants LRP 33 3 21 5 62 5.1
Based LRP Services LRP 20 5 48 10 1 84 6.9 Employment LRP 1 1 1 3 0.2
House construction 6 3 9 0.7
S. Total 172 21 233 67 2 495 40.9 Mixed Agriculture - LRP 3 8 2 13 1.1
Mixed- Agriculture & Non 16 1 17 1.4 Mixed LRP Agriculture LRP Mixed Non Agriculture – LRP 5 1 6 0.5
Sub Total 3 0 29 3 1 36 3.0 Total 382 57 542 226 4 1211 100
6.3 PREFERENCE FOR MODE OF ENGAGEMENT AND WORKING AREA
The modes of preferred engagement in the preferred strategies are individual, cooperative and groups. The majority of the PAHHs prefer to undertake the business individually whereas there are also significant number of HHs who preferred to form partnerships with others as shown in the following table.
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Table 6-4: Mode of Preferred Engagements Mode of Engagement by Kebele Grand Category %age Amistiya Ziha S.Total Medeb Gubda Jara Shikira Aynava S.Total Total Cooperative 10 10 8 0 0 8 18 1.5 Group 70 5 75 119 68 0 187 262 21.6 Private 302 52 354 415 158 4 577 931 76.9 Sub Total 382 57 439 542 226 4 772 1211 100.0 NA 37 7 44 190 41 0 231 275 Grand Total 419 64 483 732 267 4 1003 1486 100.0
The respondent PAPs were asked to tell their preferred working place for undertaking their preferred business activities. The PAPs who selected working area are 1,212 and this constitutes over 91.3% of the interviewed people. The preferred options are many and consist of places within and outside the project area. There are PAPs who have chosen outside their wereda boundaries since they have access to live in there. Their existing places are also among the preferred lists. Out of the overall choices, many of them preferred to conduct their business within the immediate nearest towns of Ebinat and Debre Tabor. The number of PAPs by list of preferred working places selected by the PAPs is shown in Table 6-5 below.
Table 6-5: Preferred Working Area Ebinat Wereda Fareta Preferred Medeb Jara Total %age Working Area Amistiya Ziha S.Total Aynava S.Total Gubda Shikira Addis Zemen 1 1 1 1 2 0.165 Debire Tabor 30 30 303 136 3 442 472 38.9 Ebinat 294 10 304 34 17 51 355 29.3 Ziha 7 44 51 3 1 4 55 4.5 Medeb Gubda 2 2 77 77 79 6.5 Gondar 1 1 2 2 3 0.2 Melo Hamusit 0 90 90 90 7.4 Jara Shikira 0 52 52 52 4.3 Libo Kemekem 0 1 1 1 0.1 Talida 0 1 1 1 0.1 Alem Ber 1 1 8 8 9 0.7 Ambo Meda 3 1 4 3 3 7 0.6 Amistiya 34 34 1 1 35 2.9 Ayva Niva 0 1 1 2 2 0.2 Bahir Dar 3 3 2 2 5 0.4 Boren Mesk 0 1 1 1 0.1 Chiliga 1 1 0 1 0.1 Woreta 6 1 7 18 17 35 42 3.5 Total 382 57 439 543 226 4 773 1212 100 Source: Preference survey
6.4 LIVELIHOODS RESTORATION BASED ON VALUATION OF LOST ASSETS
The compensation documents show that the annual income from crop production forgone by the project is first estimated and then multiplied by 10 in order to provide compensation which is equivalent to the loss of 10 years‘ income. The basis of compensation is therefore equivalent to the losses of income equivalent to 10 years crop income. On the other hand, the restoration plan is designed to make the PAPs able to generate or replace the annual lost income on sustainable basis rather than providing a lump sum figure such as that of the compensation fund. It rather focuses at securing the flow of annual income which the PAHHs have lost due to the project. The investment fund that will be provided for the people will guarantee the farmers to regain the annual lost income. Therefore, except some changes in the major income
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The annual applied rates are obtained from the compensation documents and calculated by dividing the total amount of compensation given to the PAPs by the area of affected farm lands including crop farm land and grazing land as shown in Table 6-6. Out of the established rates, the highest is adopted to represent the amount of income losses from project affected lands. On the basis of these grounds, the highest is Birr 27,378.29 /ha which is prevailed in the year 2014/15, and this rate is established to represent the annual forgone benefit from agricultural lands of Meher, traditional irrigation, grazing as well as the trees.
Therefore, the proposed livelihood plan should be more than a minimum bench mark to recover at least the forgone valuated farm assets having benefit of ETB 27,318.29/ha/yr. After effecting payments of compensations, the money has been expended and used by the PAPs for nonproductive and non-sustainable expenses as discussed above. In here simply we used the values of compensated assets as a bench mark; it is believed that the main benefits for PAPs will come not from compensation for asset loses but from the income restoration interventions and community development programs.
Hence, as a basis for formulation of the Restoration interventions; benefit for each PAPS should be minimum more than their current valuated assets. The annual forgone financial estimates of incomes from the lands as well as the established rates that served as base of income to be restored are given in the following table.
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Table 6-6: Annual Income Lost from farm & Grazing Lands Area of Agricultural Land in ha Total Compensation for Agricultural Lands in Birr Average Compensation for Unit Rate Year Meher Grazing Irrigation Total Grazing Irrigation Total Loss of one Year Income Meher Land for LRP Land land Area Area land Area Compensation (Birr/ha) 2007/08 31 - 30 2,872,253 - 2,872,253 9,419
2008/09 82 - 82 10,196,962 - 10,196,962 12,464
2009/10 33 - 33 4,365,923 - 4,365,923 13,355
2010/11 10 3 - 13 1,421,255 162,719 - 1,583,974 12,202
2011/12 24 24 3,786,851 755,963 4,542,814 19,158
2012/13 3 - 3 539,001 - 539,001 18,467
2013/14 78 1 79 19,655,453 690,861 20,346,314 25,717
2014/15 188 188 48,573,061 2,991,516 51,564,577 27,378 27,378
2015/16 356 86,115,680 6,332,005 2,132,688 94,580,373 26,602
Total 447 3 1 808 177,526,440 6,494,724 6,571,028 190,592,192 23,600
Source: Computed from Compensation documents
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6.5 LIVELIHOODS RESTORATION PLAN FORMULATION BASED ON DEGREE OF IMPACT
The degree and level of project impacts vary among PAPs. Therefore survey and assessment through public hearing were conducted to get level of impact of each PAPs
PAHHs were generating their livelihoods basically from land and assets created on land. Both livestock and crop farming activities as well as perennial crops and tree products of the mixed farming PAHHs were all based on land availability. Therefore, the identification of PAHHs by degree of effect shall use extent of land expropriated as key criteria. This task requires the availability of data on the total land holdings, expropriated holdings and unaffected land holding balance of the PAHHs.
The detail land holding data of each PAP was collected at field level in collaboration with the authorized wereda offices and zonal department of the BOLAU. The established lists of PAPs were created for the last several years since 2000. It was difficult to determine the degree of effect of the PAHHs only based on the available data. Therefore, the established data had to pass and be appraised through public hearings to avoid if not at least to minimize undesired errors. The joint efforts of the consultant and the two wereda offices as well as the Zonal Department of BOLAU together facilitated several public hearing stages at each of the affected kebeles. This procedure had taken long time to complete the data establishment and validation. Based on the established data, a percentage of the total expropriated landholding to the previous aggregate land holding of each PAP was computed to get the degree of effect on each PAHHs.
The data shows the degree of impact on each PAPs is different. However in order to simplify LRP formulation we categorized the impact level on 1,486 PAPs in to five categories each having an equal range of 20. The purpose of identification of each PAHH by the respective degree of effect is to allocate the required LRP support and resource to restore each PAPs the equitable amount lost to create their source of income and livelihood base. The amount of proposed scale of operation under each type of LRP enterprise proposed at each level of effect is estimated with an intention of equitably replacing the lost means of livelihoods from the income generated by each of the proposed LRP enterprises.
The detail data on categorization of degree of effect is summarized in the Table 6-7 below. About 346 (23.3%) PAPs are highly affected with some of them fully displaced and reallocated to towns. On the contrary about 287 (19.3%) are less affected losing less than 20% of their land and related assets. Moreover, the residential houses of about 126 PAPs were affected and compensation was paid. As discussed above a number of PAPs have been relocated to towns but yet there are some PAPs who are still there. The consultant is working with the local relevant implementing institutions to reallocate all those PAPs whose residential houses are displaced
The data base of PAPs by level of impact is established by Name, Sex, kebele and woreda and will be used during implementation.
Table 6-7: Summarized Report of PAPs Identified by Degree of Effect S/N Level Degree of Effect (%) Number of PAHHs Percentage Share 1 I 80-100 346 23.3% 2 II 60-80 253 17% 3 III 40-60 280 18.8% 4 IV 20-40 320 21.5% 5 V <20 287 19.3% Total 1,486 100%
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The survey, assessment and public hearing were also separately identified the degree of impact on the 115 vulnerable PAPs. About 24 Vulnerable PAPs were highly affected by losing 80-100% of their land and related assets. Similarly about 23 Vulnerable PAPs are less affected losing only less than 20% of their land and related assets as shown in table 6-8
The consultant has proposed only immediate LRP for vulnerable groups. Detail discussion were made during stakeholders workshop and agreed that BOLSA (Regional Bureau of Labor and social affairs) who has mandated responsibility to assess and formulate sustainable (long term) LRP in line with the government policy. The consultant and BOLUA will liaison with BOLSA to finalize the LRP for these groups.
Table 6-8: Shows level of impacts on Vulnerable PAPs Sex Percent of Impact level M F total 80-100 Fareta 4 11 15 Ebinat 5 4 9 Sum 9 15 24 60-80 Fareta 7 11 18 Ebinat 2 3 5 Sum 9 14 23
40-60 Fareta 4 8 12 Ebinat 6 3 9 Sum 10 11 21 20-40 Fareta 8 7 15 Ebinat 5 4 9 Sum 13 11 24 < 20 Fareta 8 5 13 Ebinat 5 5 10 Sum 13 10 23 Total Fareta 31 23 54 Ebinat 42 19 61 Total 73 42 115
6.6 OTHER SELECTION CRITERIA’S
Basically selection of the livelihood enterprises has been based on the preferences of the PAPs. However, adjustments are made using other selection criteria‘s in order to cope up with the objectives and goals of the Livelihood restoration plans. Other selection criteria used are:
a) Balanced Interventions: The LRP considered the balanced allocation of the business types and locations not to saturate the market with only limited products and diversify the investment. b) Marketing: Marketing is one of the key components applied for the types of projects to be proposed for the program. The basic idea of the types of the business are originated from project affected people themselves and the interventions are in the areas of agricultural production and service sectors. The produced goods and services should have sustainable market in order for the PAPs to benefit and therefore, the availability of markets is used as a criterion for selection of the livelihood enterprises. Detail on the market and value chain of the produce‘s is given in chapter 10.
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c) Gender sensitive: In spite of the traditional bias against women and gendered division of labor, which constrain their access to and control over key productive resources, women in Rib actively participate in economic activities including crop farming, cattle rearing, poultry, sheep and goat rearing. In selection of the restoration enterprise we will consider economic empowerment of women and select better attractive interventions for them. d) Accommodation of Vulnerable Groups: The plan gave especial emphasis to vulnerable groups so that they can equally benefit from the program. e) Skill and management capacity of the Beneficiaries: The skills of the PAPs are collected from themselves during the time of the survey. It was however found that they do have agricultural backgrounds and capacity building is required while implementing the plan. Despite their preference, the consulting team has been helping the PAPs to avoid or change business ventures requiring special skills and management during selection of the enterprises. For example there are PAPs who preferred to buy transport bus, recruit driver and enter in the transport service, others want to establish hotel in the towns, build real estate in the towns. However, the team have has made efforts to make them aware of the special skill and management requirement and encouraged them to change their preference. The efforts will continue to make them aware on profitable and sustainable enterprises without drifting long from their interest. f) Availability of labor: The family size of the PAPs is collected classified into their gender groups. This assisted to prepare the plan in accordance to labor demand of the interventions. g) Capacity of implementing institutions: The institutions that will support the implementation of the plan are identified to the levels of their responsibility areas. h) Availability of finance: Availability and source of financing is identified and this serves as one of the criteria applied for the preparation of the plan. i) Availability of inputs: The preferred interventions require inputs for undertaking their planned activities and to the extent possible, the availability of inputs for undertaking the preferred options are assessed. j) Risks and uncertainties: There are inherent risks and uncertainties in any development undertakings. Again despite their preference, the team has been advising the PAPs to avoid business enterprises with high risks and uncertainties.
6.7 FORMULATION OF THE LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLANS
Based on the above strategies livelihood restoration plans have been formulated to support income restoration and community development efforts of 1,486 PAPs. The main basis for formulation of the restoration plan is to enable PAPs not only to restore their income but also to improve their standard of living through a set of integrated strategies and assistance during implementation of the plan.
The plan has about six major components:
I. The income restoration and improvement component which directly targets PAPs II. Livelihood Restoration plans for vulnerable PAPs groups III. Alternative livelihood for family members (women and unemployed youth) IV. Physical and social infrastructure development component in the Project affected areas V. Training & capacity building of implementers, supporting institutions and PAPs VI. Operations, Monitoring & Evaluation systems
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In formulating the income restoration and community development plan, we have taken into account a number of basic principles and criteria‘s including the following major ones: The objective conditions of different categories of PAPs in terms of physical fitness and previous experience, Interests/ preferences of PAPs as discussed above, needs and constraints of PAPs and their family members, The views and concerns of local stakeholders discussed during consultations; Availability of resource potentials especially land as well as existing and forthcoming economic, employment and market opportunities in the project affected areas, The presence of relevant implementing stakeholders Analysis of economic, financial, socio-cultural viability in proposing strategies and income generating schemes as well as providing different options and choices; Detail analysis for each type of livelihood restoration enterprises is presented in part II below.
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PART II: LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN
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7. PROPOSED LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION ENTERPRISES
The livelihood restoration plan of the Ribb PAHH is formulated based on the degree of effect that the project has created on the livelihood of each household taking the percentage of land holding expropriated by the project as generic criteria. Accordingly, PAHHs are categorized under 5 different levels of effect. The first and second groups of PAHHs are those who have lost about 80 to 100 percent and 60 to 80 percent of their land holdings, the basic means of their livelihoods. The third, fourth and fifth groups of PAHHs are those who have lost 40 to 60, 20 to 40 and below 20 percent of their land holdings, respectively. The first and second groups of PAHHs have either lost their total holdings or left with a very small fraction of land. It can be simply assumed that they cannot sustain or restore their previous level of income in their remaining holdings and need to relocate their income sources. Accordingly, except some exceptional cases, PAHHs under the first and second category are expected to extensively engage and establish their enterprises in urban areas and kebele centers. The rest groups of PAHHs will be restored basically using their remaining landholdings as a major asset and kebele centers as the case may be necessary.
7.1 TYPES OF ENTERPRISES AND GROUPING OF PAPS
There are a total of 1,486 PAHHs who are affected by the project off which about 1,371 are planned to be engaged in income restoration plans. Furthermore, there are a total five PAPs who are imprisoned. These people will be assisted through their families and are included in the restoration. There are also PAHHs who are temporarily not available in the kebeles but assumed to come back any time during the implementation of the program. About 875 PAHHs most of whom have significant remaining resource base, land holding are planned to be restored their livelihoods by introducing different LRP enterprises including enhancing their productivity on the remaining plots and also through introduction of supplementary income from intensified rural based regular off farm activities. The types of rural based livelihood enterprises and number of PAPs to be involved are depicted in Table 7-1
Table 7-1: Rural Based Livelihood Restoration No Intervention N of PAPs I Rural-Based Interventions for PAPs who are not Displaced 1 Improved Forage Seed Production 13 2 Improved Wheat Seed Multiplication 29 3 Fish 35 4 Apiculture 60 5 Poultry 85 6 Dairy 222 7 Shoats rearing 144 8 Shoats Fattening 62 9 Cattle Fattening 216 10 Cattle Trade 7 11 Grain Trade 2 Sum 875
The second group is PAPs most of whom have lost 60 per cent and above of their landholdings (1st and 2nd level degree of effect) and need to relocate their future economic activities in urban areas. In this group about 496 PAPs prefer to establish their income generating activities in nearby towns and about 78 of them are already reallocated to live in Ebinat and Debre Tabor towns. Taking the socioeconomic features of towns in to consideration the types of enterprises proposed for the activities in towns are given in Table 7-2.
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Table 7-2: Urban Based Livelihood Restoration Number of Already Relocated in Towns No Intervention PAPs Ebinat Farta Total 1 Local goods Transport 20 3 6 9 2 Hollow Block 13 4 8 12 3 Bajaj and Taxi 6 3 3 6 4 Wood and Metal work 18 1 1 5 Retail trade 11 2 2 6 Dairy 102 5 13 18 7 Poultry 141 1 5 6 8 Fattening 134 7 10 17 9 Grain Trade 10 1 1 10 Shoat Fattening 22 1 1 11 Shoat Rearing 16 0 12 Cattle Trade 3 1 1 S. Total 496 24 50 74
The rest 115 PAPs have identified themselves they are incapable to be engaged in income generation activities and hence classified as vulnerable. This group of PAHHs didn‘t give any preferences due to their old age, health and physical problems. Because they have reported as incapable to run income generating activities by themselves, the assignment is given for BOLSA to look for a sustaining LRP of this vulnerable group of PAHHs. For this group of the PAHHs, social security system is proposed as an alternative. The detail features of vulnerable PAHHs is shown in Table 7-3
Table 7-3: Number of Vulnerable Groups for social security No Reason of Disability Age Category NN of PAHHs 1 Vulnerable (Unable to see) 45-75 11 2 Vulnerable (due to under age) 13 1 3 Vulnerable (due to Old age) 72-90 51 4 Vulnerable (Health Problem) 35-71 44 5 Physically unfit 10-65 6 6 Hearing Problem 50 1 7 Mental Problem 60 1 Total 115
7.2 RURAL BASED LIVELIHOOD ENTERPRISES
7.2.1 Cattle Fattening
Cattle fattening aims at fattening of oxen/bulls which are presumably one of the most traded animals in the region and wereda. Cattle fattening could be an important and feasible income generating scheme in restoring the income levels of the project affected people. The existing experience of the community confirms that cattle fattening activity can best be performed by the PAPs. With regard to marketing aspects, the major identified consumers are residents in big towns nearby such as Debire Tabor, Bahir Dar, Gondar, universities & colleges (Debre Tabor, Gondar and Bahir Dar universities), hospitals, training institutions, military and police camps, etc. who purchase the animals in good volumes directly or meat from local butchers on contract basis.
Cattle fattening will have both initial investment and annual operational costs. Initial investment cost includes costs that will be required for establishment of working centers, construction of
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MoWIE, ENIDP GIRDC G fattening sheds, cattle trough, and purchase of cattle to be fattened. The major operational inputs required for the fattening purpose are fodder, labour and veterinary services.
The total number of PAPs who would be involved in the rural based fattening enterprise is 216. Cattle fattening is an activity which can be performed both by male and female. Out of the total number of 216 PAHHs who will be involved in the task, 28 are female and 188 are male. While implementing the plan of intervention, the responsible bodies will give special assistance to female households. Similar assistance will also be given for male people included in the program.
Fattening can be conducted in three rounds per year and the period of time to complete one round is 4 months. Taking into account the number of annual fattening rounds and initial and operational costs, it is estimated that an average of 2 oxen per PAHH are required and therefore, a total of 444 oxen are required for all of the rural based fattening enterprises of PAPs during the first round fattening period. The estimated initial investment cost is about M Birr 4.45 Million which consists of M Birr 4.15 fixed asset and M Birr 0.3 operating investment costs. The estimated annual benefit of the PAP is estimated at Birr 21,416. The flows of basic costs and expected benefits from the enterprises are given in Table 7-4.
Table 7-4: Estimated Costs and Benefit for Fattening Enterprises Unit Total No Description Unit Quantity Price Cost Number of PAHHs N 216 I Initial Investment Cost 1 Total Bull /Oxen/ N 444 7,425 3,296,700 1.1 [60-80) % for 1 PAP 4 Oxen for each N 4 7,425 29,700 1.2 [40-60) % for 76 PAPs 3 Oxen for each N 228 7,425 1,692,900 1.3 [20-40) % for 73 PAPs 2 Oxen for each N 146 7,425 1,084,050 1.4 <20) % for 66 PAPs 1 Oxen for each N 66 7,425 490,050 2 Construction of Fattening House M2 7,573 100 757,310 3 Materials 3.1 Jerrican N 432 25 10,800 3.2 Plastic Material for feeding N 216 20 4,320 3.3 plastic Material for Drinking N 216 20 4,320 3.4 Transportation of cattle and materials % 2% 81,469 S. Total 4,154,919 II Annual Cost 1 Fodder 1.1 Hay Kg 23,308 3 69,925 1.2 Wheat Bran (Furishka) Kg 10,344 2 20,689 2 Medicine 2.1 Internal Parasites Medicine Lump sum 216 5.731 1,238 2.1 External Parasite Medicine Lump sum 216 10 2,160 3 Water Lump sum 10,927 4 Labor Birr/4month 216 800 172,800 Depreciation (@10%) of House and 5 %/4 month 2.50% 19,419 Material Costs S. Total 297,157 Total Cost 4,452,076 III Benefit 1 Number of Cattle N 444 2 4 months Gross Income Birr/4month 13,500 5,994,000 IV Net Income per season Birr/4month 1,541,924 Net Annual Income 4,625,773 Birr/PAP/Yr 21,416
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7.2.2 Sheep and Goat Fattening
Sheep and goat fattening is one of the economic activities that serve as an important off farm source of income for rural farmers. Sheep and goat are used for their meat and skin. The meat is preferred in the surrounding urban areas specifically in hotels, restaurants and private household levels and can be specifically supplied to large towns like Debre Tabor, Bahir Dar, Gondar, universities & colleges (Debra Tabor, Gondar and Bahir Dar universities), hospitals, training institutions, military and police camps directly or through contract butchers. The enterprise of sheep and goat fattening could generate a lot of income and it will be an important and feasible income generating schemes in restoring the income levels of the project affected people. The regional and wereda level Livestock and Fishery Development offices will be responsible to assist the PAPs in providing advice for selecting the types of breeds, purchase of inputs, construction of standard fattening sheds and associated establishments.
Sheep and goat fattening is an activity which can be performed both by male and female. Out of the total number of 62 PAHHs who will be involved in the rural based sheep fattening activities, 18 are female and 44 are male. Fattening can be conducted in three rounds per year and the period of time to complete one round is about 4 months. It is estimated from the cost and benefit streams of these rounds that, on average, about 12 sheep and goat are required for each PAP. Sheep and goat fattening will have both initial investment and annual operational costs. Initial investment cost includes costs that will be required for establishment of working places, construction of sheds and troughs, purchase of sheep/goats to be fattened. The major operational inputs required are fodder, plastic made material for feeding and drinking purposes, health services. The total initial fixed asset and operational costs will be MBirr 0.84 and MBirr 0.24, respectively. This enterprise is expected to generate an average net benefit of Birr 19,995.95 per PAP annually. The estimated cost and benefit of the fattening enterprise is given in Table 7-5.
Table 7-5: Estimated Costs and Benefits for Sheep/goats Fattening Enterprises Unit of Unit Total No Description Quantity Measurements PRICE Cost Number of PAHHs N 62 I Initial Investment Cost 1 Total Shoat in Number N 745 896 667,520 [40-60) % for 31 PAPs 14 Shoat for 1.3 434 896 388,864 each [20-40) % for 21 PAPs 11 Shoat for 1.4 231 896 206,976 each 1.5 <20) % for 10 PAPs 8 Shoat for each 80 896 71,680 2 Construction of Fattening House M2 2,980 50 149,000 3 Materials 3.1 Jerrican N 120 30 3,600 3.2 Plastic Material for feeding N 120 30 3,600 3.3 plastic Material for Drinking N 120 30 3,600 Transportation of sheep /goats and 3.4 % 1.4% 11,606 materials S.Total 838,926 II Annual Cost 1 Fodder 1.1 Hay Kg 30,500 4 122,001 1.2 Wheat Bran (Furishka) Kg 10,196 4 40,786 2 Medicine 2.1 Internal Parasites Lump sum 745 3.1 2,310 2.1 External Parasite Lump sum 745 10 7,450 3 Water Lump sum 14,008 4 Labor Birr/4month 62 800 49,600
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Unit of Unit Total No Description Quantity Measurements PRICE Cost Depreciation (@10%) of House and 5 %/4 month 2.50% 4,033 Material Costs S.Total 240,187 Total Cost 1,079,113 III Benefit 1 Number of shoats N 745 2 4 months income Birr/4month 2,200 1,639,000 4 Net Income per Season Birr 559,887 V Net Anual Income Birr 1,679,660 Birr/PAP/Yr 19,995.95
7.2.3 Sheep/Goat Rearing
The farmers have got reach experiences in the field of sheep and goat rearing. Sheep/goat rearing is commonly practiced in rural areas as off-farm activity and will be an important and feasible income generating schemes in restoring the project affected people. The regional and wereda level livestock and Fishery Development Offices will be responsible to assist the PAPs in providing advice towards selection of input types, purchase of inputs and other technical matters. This shoat rearing activity will be undertaken by 144 PAPs, off which 41 are females and the rest are males.
The average number of sheep/goats that will be required by every PAP shall be 19. They can make a value chain by supplying to the sheep and goat fatting PAPs and to small farmers in the weredas and the region. Sheep and goat rearing will have both initial fixed asset investment and operational costs. Initial investment cost includes costs that will be required for establishment of working places, construction of sheds, purchase of sheep and goats and other materials. The total initial fixed asset investment cost is estimated at MBirr 2.86 while initial operational cost is estimated at MBirr 0.78. The annual average benefit of this group is estimated at Birr 32,352.08 per PAP. The cost and benefit estimates of this enterprise are given in table 7-6.
Table 7-6: Total Cost and Benefit for Sheep/Goat Rearing Enterprises Unit of Unit No Description Quantity Total Cost Measurements PRICE Number of PAHHs N 144 I Initial Investment Cost 1 Total Sheep/goat N 2,717 817.68 2,221,637 [40-60) % for 32 PAPs 23 Shoat for 1.1 N 736 817.68 601,812 each 1.2 [20-40) % for 63 PAPs 19 Shoat for each N 1,197 817.68 978,763 1.3 <20) % for 49 PAPs 16 Shoat for each N 784 817.68 641,061 2 Construction of rearing House M2 11,125 50 556,264 3 Materials 3.1 Jerrican N 288 35 10,080 3.2 Plastic Material for feeding N 288 30 8,640 3.3 plastic Material for Drinking N 288 30 8,640 3.4 Transportation of shoats materials % 2% 54,754.60 S. Total 2,860,015 II Annual Cost 1 Fodder 1.1 Hay Kg 111,253 4 445,011 1.2 Wheat Bran (Furishka) Kg 41,720 4 166,879 2 Medicine
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Unit of Unit No Description Quantity Total Cost Measurements PRICE 2.1 Internal Parasites Lump sum 2,791 5 13,955 2.1 External Parasite Lump sum 2663 2.5 6,658 3 Water Lump sum 55,636 4 Labor Birr/4month 144 200 28,800.00 Depreciation (@10%) of House and 5 % 10.00% 58,362.36 Material Costs S. Total 775,301 Total Cost 3,635,315 III Benefit 1 Annual production for sale Sheep/goat 5,434 2 Total Annual Gross Income Birr 1,000 5,434,000 IV Net Annual Income 4,658,699 Birr/PAP/yr 32,352.08
7.2.4 Dairy and by-products
Dairy products mainly milk and butter are amongst the most produced and traded items in the area. Both male and female farmers have got rich experience in the field and can manage the activity easily. The local dairy cow breeds, despite their strong capabilities of adopting harsh conditions, are less productive. It is very difficult to generate sufficient amount of income by using few breeds of local dairy cows. Therefore, improved varieties are recommended for this intervention.
The regional and wereda level Livestock and Fishery Development Offices will be responsible to provide technical advice for the PAPs. Major activities include facilitation and provision of overall technical supports including breed selection and breeding services, feed supply, veterinary services and sanitation, prepare movement places for animals outside their sheds; deliver milk to the market; replace half of them every 5 years and half from grown calves; and maintain production management and competency.
There are a total of 222 PAPs (76 female and 146 male) that will be involved in this enterprise and based on their degree of effect each of the PAPs will own 1 to 2 dairy cows and a total of 291 cows are required. Note shall be taken that this group of enterprises will be undertaken by PAPs who are left with some crop farm lands and shall continue with their mixed farming. Initial investment cost includes costs that will be required for establishment of working places, construction of sheds, purchase of cows and materials & equipment. The major annual inputs required for the task are supply of dairy cows, fodder and veterinary services. As can be seen in the table below, the total initial investment and operational costs of the enterprise are estimated at MBirr 9.63 and MBirr 1.98, respectively while the annual benefit is Birr 34,344.45 per PAP.
Table 7-7: Estimated Total Cost and Benefit for Dairy Cows Enterprises Unit No Description Unit Quantity Total Cost Price Number of PAHHs N 222
I Initial Investment Cost
1.1 Required Land M2 8,760
1.2 Cattle shed construction M2 2,304 100 230,400 1.3 Fodder store M2 438 200 87,600 1.4 Purchase of cows with calves with transportation N 291 28,900 8,409,900 1.4.2 [60-80) % for 1 PAPs 3 Dairy Cow for each or relocated N 3 28,892 86,676 1.3 [40-60) % for 67 PAPs 2 Dairy Cow for each N 134 28,900 3,872,600 1.4 [20-40) % for 76 PAPs 1 Dairy Cow for each N 76 28,900 2,196,400
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Unit No Description Unit Quantity Total Cost Price 1.5 <20) % for 78 PAPs 1 Dairy Cow for each N 78 28,900 2,254,200 1.5 Milking Materials -
1.5.1 Milking Vessel N 222 24.98 5,545 1.5.2 25 Lit Milk container (Bidoni) N 222 2,899.55 643,700 1.5.3 Aluminum Pot (for boiling water) N 222 309.95 68,810 1.5.4 Bucket (for water) N 222 49.95 11,090 1.5.5 Washing basin N 222 209.95 46,610 1.5.6 Milk purification N 222 29.98 6,655 1.5.7 Towel (for cleaning / drying breasts) N 222 29.98 6,655 1.5.8 Rope Meter 584 25.00 14,600 1.6 Water supply 100,000
S. Total 9,631,565
1 Annual Operational Costs
1.1 Water consumption Lump sum 49,280
1.2 Balanced fodder Qt 4492.8 148.83 668,662 1.3 Hay Kg 864000 1.29 1,114,925 1.4 Veterinary Services Lump sum 25,000
1.5 Artificial insemination Lump sum 3,000
1.6 Labor Birr/month 73 200 14,600 1.7 Depreciation (@10%) of House and Material Costs % 10% 103,066
S. Total 1,978,533
Total Cost 11,610,098
II Annual Benefit
2.1 lactation Period days/year 300
2.2 Milk production lit/day/cow 10 873,000
2.5 Gross Income Birr/lit 11 9,603,000
2.6 Annual cost Birr 1,978,533
2.7 Net Income Birr 7,624,467
Birr/PAP/yr 34,344.45
7.2.5 Poultry
Poultry production and marketing are carried out throughout the region and the project area. Both men and women PAPs have shown their interest to be engaged in rearing of egg layers. Poultry production is operated under controlled environment or in-house rearing. The local breeds have a laying potential of 60 to 70 eggs per annum while the exotic breeds which are proposed for livelihood intervention have up to 280 eggs per annum. The current suppliers are Andasa and Kombolcha poultry centers in the region and Bishofitu area. The product can be delivered to the nearby local markets including hotels and restaurants in Debre Tabor, Ebinat, Addis Zemen, and also Bhair Dar and Gondar towns. Above all there will be huge demand from Debre Tablor, Bahir Dar, Gondar, universities & colleges, hospitals, training institutions, military and police camps. Livestock and Fish Development offices will be responsible to provide technical advice towards every aspects of the production process.
There will be 85 PAPs (consisting of 28 female and 57 male) this rural based poultry enterprise. Based on their degree of effect which ranges from third to fifth levels of effect, the number of layers per PAP will conversely range from 50 to 75 or a total of 5,635 egg layers will have a capacity to replace the lost income from agricultural lands.
Initial investment cost that are required for poultry production are costs associated with establishment of working places, construction of poultry hoses, purchase of egg-poultries and different supplies. The major operational inputs required to start the enterprise are purchase of
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MoWIE, ENIDP GIRDC G local or improved poultry varieties, fodder, clean water, medicines, and disinfectant, different materials for drinking, feeding and laying, training and technical assistance required for the task. The total initial fixed asset investment fund amounts to MBirr 1.03. The initial operational cost required to begin the enterprise amounts to nearly MBirr 0.2 while the estimated annual benefit is Birr 27,612 per PAP. The anticipated cost and benefit flow can be referred in Table 7- 8.
Table 7-8: Estimated Cost and Benefits for Poultry Enterprises Investment Unit No Required Input Unit Quantity Total Fund Price Required Number of PAHHs N 85
1 Number of Poultries N 5,635 51.10 287,959 287,959 1.1 [80-100] % for 2 PAPs 110 Poultry each N 220 51.10 11,242 11,242 1.1 [40-60) % for 39 PAPs 75 Poultry for each N 2,925 51.10 149,473 149,473 1.2 [20-40) % for 29 PAPs 60 Poultry for each N 1,740 51.10 88,917 88,917 1.3 <20) % for 15 PAPs 50 Poultry for each N 750 51.10 38,326 38,326 2 Shades and Housing
2.1 Required land M2 5,635
2.2 Poultry House M2 1,142 250.00 285,592 285,592 2.3 Fodder and materials store M2 915 144.57 132,244 132,244 2.4 Houses for sick poultry M2 229 144.57 33,061 33,061 2.5 Houses for egg production M2 1,102 144.57 159,276 159,276 3 Materials N -
3.1 Feeding Materials N 302 19.91 6,014 6,014 3.2 Drinking Materials N 302 19.91 6,014 6,014 3.3 Egg laying 308 14.38 4,428 4,428 3.4 egg Collection N 220 10.08 2,220 2,220 3.5 Foker Meter 202 25.00 5,062 5,062 3.6 Rake N 117 43.22 5,062 5,062 3.7 Carpet N 110 34.57 3,806 3,806 3.8 Office M2 302 199.52 60,255 60,255 3.9 Fence Lump sum 2,745 2,745
3.10 Boots Shoes Pair 85 348.44 29,655 29,655 3.11 Tuta N 85 42.39 3,607 3,607 S.Total 739,041 739,041
4 Annual Cost
4.1 Balanced Feed Qt 615 110.00 67,613 33,807 4.2 Medicines and disinfectant Lump sum 52,500 26,250
4.3 Saw dust (Segatura) Sack 307 12.00 3,688 1,844 4.4 Water consumption Month 12 5,635 67,620 33,810 4.5 Labor Birr/month 85 200.00 204,000 102,000 Depreciation (@10%) of House and 4.6 % 10% 136,935.36 Material Costs 4.7 Running and Transportation cost at Lump sum 15,591 7,796
S.Total 547,948 205,506
Total Cost 1,574,948 1,232,507
II Annual Benefit -
1 Total Annual egg Production egg/30days 20 1,352,400
2 Gross Income from poultry Birr/egg 2.90 3,921,960
3 Annual Profit Birr 2,347,012
4 Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 27,611.90
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7.2.6 Apicultures
The improved smallholder apiculture production system tends to have fewer hives, but with larger colony sizes kept in traditional hives. The smallholder improved apiculture production system involves either transitional or frame hives or both but, with a limited number of colonies. This system strives for maximum output, highest productivity and highest quality honey. The apiculture improvement intervention intended for the restoration of PAPs involves promoting the frame hive honey production system. Among the resources required for apiculture development, honeybee colonies, honeybee flora, climate, water and labor (Human resource) are the major ones.
Plants which have benefits to the honeybees and stingless bees in terms of supply of nectar and pollen are commonly referred to as honeybee flora or bee forage are adequately available in the project area for sustainable production of honey products.
The community consultation and project area observation results revealed that the beneficiaries have adequate experience in traditional beekeeping activities. They are using honey products for different purposes out of which mainly used for local beverage preparation. It is also considered as one of the traditional medicines. The product has got ample market opportunities everywhere in the country. Depending on the volume of the honey and wax products; it can be exported to neighboring countries including Middle East and Gulf countries. The bee keepers need to organize themselves in apiculture cooperative to collect and market their product. The cooperative could link with other potential honey producing cooperatives in the region, zone or wereda to supply reasonable volume of exportable products to meet the export demand. Regional and wereda level Livestock and Fish Development offices will be responsible in providing technical advice for the PAPs.
Beeswax, which is another primary hive product, is also a good source of income for the beekeepers. Therefore the producers shall separate beeswax from honey and sell both of the items separately.
The honey producer/marketing cooperatives or groups of affected people can produce larger quantities of table honey as they facilitate 2-3 harvests in a season. The honey combs with wired frames provide the ability to extract honey using a centrifuge without breaking the comb. The comb can be given back to the colony quickly, allowing it to be refilled quickly. Different references and experiences in the country depicts that the yield from frame hives is reported to range from 20-72 kg per hive per year. Honey can be harvested in two periods of the year. These are from October to December and from May to June. The former is the major honey harvesting or honey flow period. This is because nectariferous and pollen bearing plants are flowering copiously and a lot of honey can be produced by honeybee colonies during this season. The latter is known as the minor honey flow period. It follows the short rainy season when only a few melliferous plants are supplying food to the bees.
The number of PAPs that will be engaged in the Apiculture will be 60 consisting of 16 female and 44 male. The magnitude of investment and benefit streams of the activity are estimated and the result shows that income from 15 beehives per PAP will restore the lost agricultural income. Therefore, a total of 901 beehives together with required facilities will be required as an initial investment of the program.
The initial investment cost of Apiculture is development and establishment of working places, improved beehives, bee clones, materials & equipment. The major annual operational costs will be supply of wax, feeds, vegetables and technical support. The total initial investment and operational costs amounts to MBirr 2.9 and MBirr 0.4, respectively.
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It is estimated that there will be substantial amount of profit amounting to Birr 35,422 per PAP from the undertaking of the business if it is managed properly. In addition to the direct benefits given in terms of the sale of honey, the by-products can serve for different purposes mainly for cooking and heating. The estimated cost and benefit of the enterprise is given in Table 7-9.
Table 7-9: Estimated Cost and Benefits for Apiculture Enterprises Unit No Required Inputs Unit Quantity Total Price N of PAPs N 60 1 Initial Investment Cost 60 1 Required land M2 14,400 2 Modern Beehives (15 Beehives/PAP) N 901 1,100 991,100 1.1 [80-100] % for 14 PAPs 24 Beehives for each N 336 1,100 369,600 1.2 [60-80) % for 6 PAPs 19 Beehives for each N 114 1,100 125,400 1.3 [40-60) % for 8 PAPs 15 Beehives for each N 120 1,100 132,000 1.4 [20-40) % for 25 PAPs 11 Beehives for each N 275 1,100 302,500 1.5 <20) % for 7 PAPs 8 Beehives for each N 56 1,100 61,600 3 Bee Colony Colony 901 600 540,600 4 Framed Wire Kg 450.5 200 90,100 5 Fork N 60 80 4,800 6 Plastic Container N 360 40 14,400 7 Beehive Chisel N 60 65 3,900 8 Smoking Device N 60 140 8,400 9 Purified wax Kg 3,604 120 432,480 10 Tuta N 60 300 18,000 11 Eyeglass N 60 120 7,200 12 Glove Pair 60 80 4,800 13 Boots Shoes Pair 60 120 7,200 14 Queen Protection N 901 80 72,080 15 Beehive sitter N 901 150 135,150 16 Brush N 60 65 3,900 17 Iron pot N 60 300 18,000 18 material for wax N 60 4,500 270,000 19 Honey Purification devise N 60 3,800 228,000 Lump 20 Bees shelter 36,000 sum S.Total 2,886,110 Annual Cost Lump 1 additional fodder 108,501 sum Lump 2 miscellaneous expenses 18,402 sum 3 Depreciation (@10%) Investment Costs % 10.00% 288,611.00 S.Total 415,514 Total Cost 3,301,624 II Annual Benefit Total Annual honey Production kg/year 30 901 27,030 wax production kg/year 3 901 2,703 Total Gross Income (honey) Birr/kg 75 2,027,250 Total Gross Income (Wax) Birr/kg 190 513,570 Gross Income Birr 2,540,820 Net Income 2,125,306 Birr/PAP/yr 35,422
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7.2.7 Improved Wheat Seed Multiplication
Seed Production is one of the livelihood restoration enterprises which will have a capacity to restore the livelihoods of the PAPs. PAHHs that are categorized under the 4th and 5th level of effects do have some amount of unaffected farm lands. These HHs are deemed to continue their farming practices focusing on high cash income generating products. Accordingly about 29 PAPs who are under the above categories are expected to be involved in seed (wheat) multiplication activities where they will use about 20 ha of their remaining land for this activity. Wheat is one of the dominant cereals in the project areas that gives opportunity for seed producers and have a good market demands. Improved seed production and supply is one of the business areas in providing reliable improved seeds for growers under close supervision of regional and/or seed agencies to maintain the quality of the product. Improved Seed production and processing involves quality seed production, seed cleaning, grading, chemical treatment, packing and labeling. In the near future certified seed demand remains higher. The wheat improved seed marketing could be chained through contractual arrangement with agencies or farmers service cooperatives. The regional and wereda level offices of Agriculture and ARARI will be responsible to assist the farmers in providing technical support.
The extent to which these households can restore their livelihoods is estimated from the cost and benefit streams of their planned cultivated area. The major inputs which are considered in the estimation of production of seed crops are fertilizer, improved seeds, oxen and labor. By applying these inputs, it is estimated that the farmers can obtain higher yield of seed crops which increases annually and reach at its optimum provided that better management is provided. The total initial investment cost is estimated to be about MBirr 0.24 required for the purchase and delivery of inputs. It is also assumed that there will be substantial amount of profit amounting to Birr 30,496.57 per PAP from the undertaking of the business if it is managed properly. The input requirement and financial performance of the wheat seed multiplication enterprises is given in Table 7-10.
Table 7-10: Cost and Benefit from 20.1 ha of Improved Seed Multiplication Enterprise Number of PAHHs 29 Total Total cost Total input S/N Rate Price Birr Proposed input Description per ha requirement kg/ha /kg area, Ha cost (Birr/ha) (Qt) (Birr) 1 Input Cost
1.1 Basic wheat seed 150 25 3,750 30.19 113,213 1.2 Fertilizer - -
1.3 NPS 100 15 1,500 20.13 30,195 1.4 Urea 161 14 2,174 32.4 43,742 1.5 Pesticide 2 250 375 20.1 0.3 7,547 Packing bags (25 Kg 120 bags/ 7 Birr/bag 840 2412 16,884 1.6 each) ha 1.7 Canvas for threshing 689.65 Birr for each PAP 20,000
1.8 Others (Labor, Oxen, etc.) 478.567662 9,619.21
Total Cost 241,200
Flow of Benefits Items Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 2 Yield Qt/Ha 28 32 32 32 32 32 3 Total production in Qt 562.8 643.2 643.2 643.2 643.2 643.2 4 Sales Price (Birr/Qt) 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 5 Gross Return 1,125,600 1,286,400 1,286,400 1,286,400 1,286,400 1,286,400 6 Net Return 884,400 1,286,400 1,286,400 1,286,400 1,286,400 1,286,400 7 Birr/Ha 44,000 64,000 64,000 64,000 64,000 64,000 Birr/PAP/YR 30,496.57 44,358.62 44,358.62 44,358.62 44,358.62 44,358.62
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7.2.8 Forage Seed Multiplication
Despite the high potential of livestock rearing in the wereda, there is poor experience of improved green fodder production. Most of the LRP enterprises are envisaged to be engaged in livestock subsector and hence there will be a big rise in demand for improved feed. PAHHs who do have some plots of land unaffected by the project are expected to be engaged in multiplying improved forage seed to meet the supply gap. Accordingly, about 13 PAPs will be involved over an area of 13 ha. The production of improved forage seed will have important contribution to generate household income and restore their livelihood. In addition, it serves to supply quality seed for forage grower (Rhodes grass), to establish strong and reliable business network with dairy and fattening enterprises. In order to implement the program, the regional and wereda level offices of Agriculture and ARARI will be responsible to assist the farmers in providing the inputs and following up of the production process. The total initial investment cost is estimated to be about MBirr 0.13 required for the purchase and delivery of inputs. It is also assumed that there will be substantial amount of profit amounting to Birr 70,000 per PAP from the undertaking of this business if it is managed properly. The input requirement and financial performance of the forage seed multiplication enterprises is given in Table 7-11.
Table 7-11: Cost and Benefit from 13 ha of Improved Forage Seed Multiplication Enterprise Number of PAHHs 13 Total cost Total input S/N Price birr Proposed Total input Description Rate kg/ha per ha requirement /kg Area, (Ha) costs (Birr) (Birr/ha) (Qt) 1 Input Cost 1.1 Basic Rhode seed 10 600 6,000 1.3 7,800 1.2 Fertilizer - - 1.3 Urea 100 14 1,400 13 18,200 1.4 Pesticide 2.5 250 625 32.5 20,313 13 Packing bags (25 Kg 500 7.876 3938 6500 Bags 51,194 1.5 each) bags/ ha Birr/bag Others (Labor, Oxen, 2500 32,500 1.6 implements, ) Total Initial Investment Cost 130,007 2 Flow of Benefits 2.1 Items Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 2.2 Yield qt/ha 4 5 6 6 6 6 2.3 tot production, qt 52 65 78 78 78 78 2.4 Birr/qt 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 2.5 Gross Return 1,040,000 1,300,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 2.6 Net Return 909,994 1,300,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 2.7 Birr/ha 70,000 100,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 2.8 Birr/PAP 70,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
7.2.9 Fishery Production
The traditional skills of all of the PAHH are in the field of agriculture and as such there is no fishing experience. Therefore, the proposed fishery enterprise will be conducted by training PAPs on fish catch, handling, and marketing. The PAPs have to be organized in to fishing groups, associations or cooperatives. The main inputs of fishing include fishing boats, fishing nets, fish processing, storage, and transport facilities. The fish collected to a center at a dock shall be packed for storage and transportation. The cooling system and the transportation facilities determine the quality of the fish and finally the level of income the PAHHs can generate out of it. The Livestock and Fishery Resources Development Agency, Regional Fish and Aquatic Life Research Center, Cooperatives Promotion Agency, TVET, Trade, Industry & Market Development offices will be responsible for successful implementation of this enterprise.
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The fish product will have local markets in Gondar, Bahir Dar, and surrounding Zonal towns like Debire Tabor, Woldia, and wereda towns like Ebinat, Addis Zemen, Nefas Mewucha, etc.
The productive potential of the reservoir is roughly assumed by researchers to be 86 tons of fish per annum. Omitting the two months reproductive period, it is estimated that the PAHHs can continuously catch about 287 kg of fish every day. This entails each boat with 5 nets can catch about 143.5 kg per day and 28.7 kg by each net. The cooperative is envisaged to collect the fish catch of the members and processes about 70 percent of the fish for better sale and the rest will be sold without any processing. The price of the processed fish is about 35 birr per kilogram and that of unprocessed one is about 10 birr per kilogram. Accordingly, the daily, monthly and annual sales revenue flows from sales of fish is projected and given in the table below. The number of PAPs is 35 whereas they are expected to get annual net benefit income of Birr 48,702 per PAP.
Fishing Activity, though its basic operational cost is dominated only by labor and fuel, it requires a large sum of money during its initial entry which is estimated at MBirr 5.0. In addition, a total of MBirr 66 would be required to cover the operational cost of year 1. The important assets that need an investment outlay to entry as well as estimated annual operational cost are given in Table 7-12.
Table 7-12: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Fishing Enterprise No Required Input Unit Quantity Unit Price Total Number of PAHHs NN 35
1 Initial Investment Items
1.1 House Construction LS 1 2,000,000
1.2 Fish Transport Vehicle (with Deep Freezer) LS 1 2,000,000
1.3 Power Connection LS 500,000
1.4 Boat (Metal) N 2 41,000 82,000 1.5 Motor (Yamha) 25 HP N 2 110,000 220,000 1.6 Fishing Net N 40 3,500 140,000 1.7 Needle for Net maintenance) N 10 40 400 1.8 Fish Collection Box N 10 200 2,000 1.9 Knives N 10 50 500 1.10 Tables N 4 1,200 4,800 1.11 Deep Freezer N 4 13,000 52,000 Sub Total 5,001,700
2 Operational Cost
2.1 Variable Cost Items
2.1.1 Fuel Lt 7,200 17 122,400 2.1.2 Lubricants Lt 20 100 2,000 Sub Total 124,400
2.2 Fixed Cost Items
2.2.1 Telephone LS 12 50 600 2.2.2 Utilities Month 12 3,000 36,000 2.2.3 Tax LS 2,000
2.2.4 Depreciation (@10%) of House and Material Costs 10% 500,170
Sub Total 538,770
Total Operating Expenses 663,170
Total Cost 5,664,870
Revenue
1 Sales of Unprocessed Fish (30%) Kg 25,830 10 258,300 2 Sales of Processed Fish (70%) Kg 60,270 35 2,109,450 Annual Revenue 2,367,750
Annual Profit 1,704,580
Birr/PAP/yr 48,702
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7.2.10 Local Grain Trade
The major activity of the business is collecting grain crops from producer /middle men/ and selling for consumers and manufacturer‘s by considering profit margin. The required inputs to run the business are availability of transport and grain storage. The prerequisites to start the business are: Identifying potential market places (Points of purchase and sales), getting license from Trade and Industry Office, financial arrangements, preparing optimum size storage by constructing, renting or buying, purchase of grain crops, and fulfill required standards. With regard to marketing aspect, there is a growing demand for food crops, especially for grain crops specifically in view of urbanization and rural urban migration which creates excessive demand for food crops. In order to implement the program, the Regional and Wereda Agricultural office and Trade, Industry and Marketing office will be responsible to assist the PAPs on every technical matter.
Grain trade will have both initial and annual operation costs. The initial investment cost will be required to begin the work and includes arrangement of working places and grain stocks. The number of PAPs who would be involved in the local grain trading is 2. As indicated in the table presented below, the total initial investment cost is estimated to be about MBirr 0.17. About 83 quintals of grain will be required for each PAP that could be used for two months. With this initial investment, the business is expected to generate a per capita net profit of Birr 25,274.67 per annum. The benefit of the business comes from the sale margin of traded grains to the market. Many kinds of grains will be marketed in this operation whereas for the sake of presentation, a single purchase and selling price is applied to compute the estimated gross income.
The required amount of initial investment cost and the benefits expected from the enterprise are given in Table 7-13.
Table 7-13: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Grain Trade Enterprise No Required Input Unit Quantity Unit Cost (Birr) Total (Birr) Number of PAHHs N 2
I Initial Investment Items
1 [60-80) % for 2 PAPs 75 Qt for each N 2 75,293 150,586 2 working Place (Down Payment for one year) M2 32 40 1,280 3 Sack N 170 10 1,700 4 Chemical for pest control Lump sum 8,953
5 Grain crop purchase (83qt/PAP) Qt 170 900 153,000 6 Transportation Qt 170 30 5,100 S. Total 170,033
6 Operational Cost 417
Total 170,451
II Revenue
1 Grain crop Qt 170 1,300 221,000 2 Net Profit (Birr/ 3 month) Birr 50,549
3 Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 25,274.67
7.2.11 Cattle Trading
The activity is composed of buying and selling of cattle and sheep/goats by transporting from one place to the other. The major activities of the business include getting trade license, selection of purchase place and destination route, preparation of barn for staying animal for short period, preparation of animal feed, hiring guard/Keepers, making financial arrangement and arrangement of transport facilities for long distance transactions. There is excessive demand for livestock products, and live animals, especially cattle and sheep/goat arising from
76 Rib Dam PASPs; Development & Implementation of LRP LRP, Preparation Report
MoWIE, ENIDP GIRDC G rural urban migration, socioeconomic development and urban expansion. Therefore, the activity is expected to generate sufficient amount of income to restore livelihoods. It is identified that the Responsible Offices to implement the program are mainly Livestock and Fish Resources Development Office, and Trade, Industry and Market Development Office.
The initial investment fund required to begin the work includes mainly arrangement of working places, supplies and livestock purchases. About 7 PAHHs will be involved in cattle trading and an average of 11 cattle per PAP will be required for the first round activity of initial investment. The total initial investment cost is estimated to be about MBirr 0.55. Similarly, an investment of total MBirr 0.24 will be required to cover operational costs for the first cycle and then revolves over the successive rounds of trade cycles. The benefit of the business comes from the sale of cattle in the market. The estimated cost and benefit flows of this enterprise are given in Table 7- 14.
Table 7-14: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Cattle Trade Enterprise Unit Cost Total No Required Input Unit Quantity Quantity (Birr) (Birr) Number of PAHHs N 7
I Initial Investment Items
1 Temporary Barn N 7 5,000 35,000 2 Warehouse N 7 4,000 28,000 3 Cattle Purchase Cost (12/PAP) N 78 6,200 483,600
3.2 [60-80) % for 4 PAPs 12 Cattle for each N 48 6,200 297,600 3.2 [40-60) % for 3 PAPs 10 Cattle for each N 30 6,200 186,000 Sub total 546,600 546,600
II Operational Cost
Variable Cost Items
1 Water for Animal M3 3250 3 9,750
2 Animal feed Qt 325 150 48,750 3 Mobile card LS 7,700.00
4 Wage PD 168 141.67 23,800.00 5 Transport Cost LS 312 150 46,800 Sub total 136,800 136,800
Fixed Cost Items
1 Working Place Rental Fee M2 975 100 97,500 2 Depreciation (for Barn and Warehouse) 10% 6,300
Sub total 103,800 103,800
4 months Cost 240,600
Total Cost 787,200 787,200
III Revenue Sources
1 Sales cattle N 78 7,000 546,000 2 Animal Manure Qt 72 30 2,160 Total 548,160
IV Annual Profit Birr 307,560
Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 43,937
7.2.12 Project Related Employment as Additional Opportunity
Job creation is one of the programs that could be considered when the dam becomes operational. According to MOWIE, EWWCE, WWDSE, Rib dam and reservoir, irrigation and drainage operation actual organizational structure and the type and number of positions are not yet established. However, the consultant WWDSE informed us the anticipated required types of work positions, the number of manpower in each position, qualification required for the task and monthly amount of salary for each of positions. The creation of employment opportunity for the
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affected people will assist them in restoring their livelihoods and also can be considered as part of an initiative to create a sense of ownership of the Ribb project.
At this stage we cannot assign specific PAPs (even if they show interest) to these vacancies since civil service procedure allows employment on equal opportunity and competitive basis. Therefore it will be open to any PAPs interested when time comes and considered as additional opportunity for livelihood restoration plan. The proposed employment opportunity is given in Table 7-15.
Table 7-15: Employment Opportunity for the PAP Required Monthly Salary No Job Title Qualification NN Birr/Month/Employ Total Birr/Month 1 Technical Operator 3 12th grade and above 2,000 6,000 2 Guards 20 Have relevant experience 900 18,000 3 Cleaners 2 10th grade and above 1,050 2,100 4 Radio Operator 1 12th grade and above 900 900 Total 26 4,850 27,000
Source: RDP site office
7.3 URBAN BASED LRP FOR PAPS INCLUDING RELOCATED PAPS
7.3.1 Local Goods Transportation Service
There will be 20 PAPs consisting of 8 female and 12 male who would be involved in Local Goods Transportation Service Enterprise. The center of the business is Debire Tabor and Ebinat towns and serves the surrounding zonal and wereda towns of the region. The responsible office to implement this business is the Road and Transport Bureau.
The activity will have both initial and annual operation costs. The initial investment cost will be required mainly for the purchases of Vehicles. One goods transport truck/Isuzu is required for 5 PAPs and therefore, 4 vehicles are required for the 20 PAHHs. The total initial investment cost of the program required for the purchase of the vehicles is estimated to be about MBr 4.5 and operational cost of the initial period is nearly MBirr 0.3. The benefit of the business comes from transporting service of local goods to the surrounding areas. Estimated cost and benefits of the enterprise is given in Table 7-16.
Table 7-16: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Local Goods Transport Enterprise Unit Cost Annual case Initial Investment No Required Input Unit Quantity (Birr) Total (Birr) Requirement Number of PAHHs N 20
Number of PAPs per Vehicle PAPs 5
N of Vehicles 4
1 Initial Investment Items
1.1 Purchase of vehicle N 4 1,127,888 4,511,552 4,511,552
Sub Total 4,511,552 4,511,552
2 Operational Cost
2.1 Variable Cost Items
2.1.1 Per diem Days 240 350 336,000 28,000 2.1.2 Fuel Lt 128,000 14 1,792,000 149,333 2.1.3 Lubricant Lt 76 100 7,600 633 2.1.4 Tyres N 48 8,000 384,000
Sub Total 2,519,600 177,967
2.2 Fixed Cost Items
2.2.1 Salary (Permanent Labor) Months 12 1,300 62,400 5,200
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Unit Cost Annual case Initial Investment No Required Input Unit Quantity (Birr) Total (Birr) Requirement 2.2.2 Depreciation LS 451,155.19
Operation and Maintenance 2.2.3 (Reserved based on Months 12 6,081 72,976.80 6,081 assumptions) 2.2.4 Utilities Months 12 3,200 38,400 3,200 2.2.5 Insurance Months 12 8,000 96,000 96,000 2.2.6 Tax LS 30,000.00
Sub Total 750,932 110,481
3 Annual Operating Cost 3,270,532 288,448
Total Operating Cost 3,270,532 4,800,000
Revenue Sources
Freight Goods Loaded Ton 322,000 4 4,830,000
Total 4,830,000
Annual Profit Birr 1,559,468
4Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 77,973
7.3.2 Hollow Block Production
Hollow Block Production is associated with the construction industry. The enterprise will be established by arranging manufacturing plant, working places and required production inputs. In addition, consistent supply of water and power are required for smooth operation of the enterprise. As there would be many buildings which use HB for the construction of business and residential houses, the enterprise will have market within its working places of the two towns. Responsible Offices to provide technical assistance for the PAPs are town Investment Office, Town Municipality & Trade, Industry and Market Development office. There are 13 PAHHs (3 female and 10 male) are expected to be engaged in this enterprise and the center of the business will be located at Debire Tabor and Ebinat towns.
The initial investment cost will be required for the arrangement of working places and purchase of materials. About 4 PAHHs will have one Hollow Block Production enterprise and thus, a total of 3 will be required for the 13 PAPs. The total initial investment cost of the program required to start the enterprises is estimated at MBr 0.2 while fund required for operational costs during the initial period amounts to MBirr 1.13. It is expected that a PAP could get annual benefit of about Birr 30,495. The estimated cost and benefit of the urban based hollow block enterprise is given in Table 7-17.
Table 7-17: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Hollow Block Enterprise Unit Unit of S.N Description Quantity Cost Total (Birr) Measure (Birr) Number of PAPs N 13 N of HCB 3 I Initial Investment Items 1 working Place (Down Payment for 3 months) M2 300 250 75,000 2.1 HB machine with three types of molds N 3 35,900 107,700 2.2 Wooden Panels' N 21 15 315 2.3 Water Tank/5ዐዐዐ Lt/ N 3 4,000 12,000 2.4 Sieve N 6 500 3,000 2.5 Measuring Box N 3 500 1,500 2.6 Spade N 13 120 1,560 2.7 Bucket N 13 100 1,300 2.8 Trowel N 13 50 650
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Unit Unit of S.N Description Quantity Cost Total (Birr) Measure (Birr) 2.9 Meter N 6 33 198 Sub Total 203,223 2 Operational Cost 2.1 Variable Cost Items 2.1.1 Cement Qt 117 250 29,250 2.1.2 Sand M3 2,525 120 303,000 2.1.3 Red Ash " 3,790 88 333,520 2.1.4 Gravel 00 " 562 300 168,600 2.1.5 Gravel 01 " 280 300 84,000 2.1.6 Power Month 12 21 252 2.1.7 Water Supply " 12 10 120 2.1.8 Daily Laborer " 12 100 1200 Sub Total 919,942 2.2 Fixed Cost Items 2.2.1 Salary N 13 13000 169,000 2.2.2 Utilities LS 14,998 2.2.4 Tax LS 9,000 2.2.5 Depreciation in 10% Birr 20,322 Sub Total LS 213,320 Total Operational cost LS 1,133,262 Total Cost 1,336,485 3 Revenue 3.1 Sale of HB (20 cm Size) N 2,700 6 16,200 3.2 Sale of HB (15 cm Size) N 216,000 5 1,080,000 3.3 Sale of HB (10 cm Size) N 72,000 6 432,000 3.4 Sale of Wasted Red Ash and Gravels Qt 60 25 1,500 Total Birr 1,529,700 4 Annual Profit Birr 396,438 Annual Profit in Birr/PAP Birr 30,495
7.3.3 Bajaj and Taxi Transportation Service
The PAPs that will be involved in this enterprise are six. It is estimated that income from one Bajaj is required for each PAP and thus, a total of six will be required for the six PAPs. The total initial investment cost of the program required during year 1 for the purchase of the vehicles is about MBirr 0.82. Apart from that, Birr 23,448 will be required to cover operation cost of the business. The benefit of the business comes from the transporting of people within Debre Tabor and Ebinat towns. As per the figures given in the table below, the level of net benefit is about Birr 43,095 per PAHH. Responsible Office for providing technical assistance for the PAPs is Road and Transport authority.
Estimated initial investment, annual operational cost and the benefits of the enterprise are given in Table 7-18
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Table 7-18: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Town Transportation Enterprises Unit Initial Unit of Total S/N Required Input Quantity Cost Investment Measure (Birr) (Birr) Requirement Number of PAPs Nr 6
1 Initial Investment Items
1.1 working Place -
1.2 Driving License LS 36,000 36,000
1.3 Purchase Bajaj N 6 130,092 780,552 780,552 Total 816,552 816,552
2 Operational Cost
2.1 Fuel Lt 9,744 16.5 160,776 13,398 2.2 Oil Lt 60 110 6,600 550 2.3 Operation & Maintenance LS 6,000 500
Sub Total 173,376 14,448
2.2 Fixed Cost Items
2.2.1 Salary Months 12 9,000 108,000 9,000 2.2.2 Tax LS 3,000
2.2.3 Depreciation Cost at 10% Birr 78,055
2.2.4 Bollo LS 600
sub total 189,055 9,000
Total Monthly cost
Total Operating Cost 362,431 840,000
II Revenue
1 Transport Service Charge Passengers 310,500 2 621,000 2 Total 621,000
3 Annual Profit Birr 258,569
4 Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 43,095
7.3.4 Wood and Metal Work
Wood and metal work is a type of activity which produces different wooden and metal products for the purpose of sale. Its objective is to serve as an Income generation for the project affected persons. It will be conducive for the PAPs to be engaged in this type of activities due to the availability of wood, timber products and metals in the market. The enterprise of wood and metal works will begin by fulfilling standard materials, equipment and labor. About 18 PAPs will be involved in this enterprise by owning 1 enterprise for 3 PAPs and thus, 6 enterprises are required for the program.
The center of the business will be located at Debire Tabor and Ebinat towns and serve the customers of the towns and anywhere else. With respect to marketing, there is excessive demand for wood and metal products associated with the urban development that leads to use more wooden and metal products. Besides, NGOs and different institutions which require wooden products are expected to be participants in creating markets for the products.
Among the allied offices, responsible Offices to provide training in order to capacitate them in the fields of wood and metallic works are Technical and Vocational Training centers. The initial investment cost that will be required to begin the work includes arrangement of working places and purchase of materials. The total initial investment cost of the program is estimated to be about 1 Million Birr while operational cost of the initial period is estimated at MBirr 2 including costs required for purchase of variable operational costs such as timber, varnish. The cost and benefit estimates of the enterprise are given in Table 7-18.
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Table 7-19: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Wood/Metal Work Enterprises Unit of Unit Cost Total Initial No Required Input Quantity Measure (Birr) (Birr) Investment Number of PAPs N 18
Number of enterprise N 6
I Initial Investment Items
1 working Place (Advance Payment) M2 1,200 350 420,000 420,000 2 Machine N 6 73,800 442,800 442,800 3 Saw N 24 350 8,400 8,400 4 Rasp for wood N 12 2500 30,000 30,000 5 Driler Set 6 3500 21,000 21,000 6 Power point Gigso N 6 6,500 39,000 39,000 Grinder N 6 4,000 24,000 24,000 Morsa N 60 150 9,000 9,000 Total 994,200 994,200
II Operational Cost
1 Variable Cost Items
1.1 Daily labourers (Wage) N 30 70 504,000 63,000 1.2 Local timber /Cordiya) N 12,000 210 2,520,000 840,000 1.3 Australia timber N 9,000 300 2,700,000 900,000 1.4 Nails of different size Kg 843 35 29,505 9,835 1.5 Colla Kg 240 80 19,200 6,400 1.6 Varnish Kg 300 120 36,000 12,000 1.7 Paint Gallon 120 200 24,000 8,000 1.8 Electric (Power and Light Supply) KW 73,950 0.4 29,580 2,465 1.9 Wage PD 4,320 70 302,400 37,800 Sub Total 6,164,685 1,879,500
2 Fixed Cost Items
2.1 Labor (Salary) N 18 4,500 972,000 121,500 2.2 Depreciation 10% 60,120
2.3 Utilities Months 12 3200 38,400 4,800 2.4 Tax LS 30,000.00
Sub Total 1,032,120 126,300
Total Cost 7,196,805 3,000,000
V Benefit
1 Table N 1,440 1,000.0 1,440,000
2 Combined desk N 2,400 1,200.0 2,880,000
3 Chair N 1,200 700.0 840,000
4 Buffie N 120 18,000.0 2,160,000
5 Door N 288 4,000.0 1,152,000
Total 8,472,000
Annual Profit Birr 1,275,195
Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 70,844
7.3.5 Retail Trade
Retail trade is an activity of selling mainly industrial and agricultural goods and services to customers by purchasing from the producers and whole sellers. The retail market is full of completion and requires careful consideration.
The total initial investment and annual operating costs required at the initial period is estimated to be about MBirr 0.15.
In this enterprise, a total number of 11 PAPs (6 female and 5 male) will be involved. It is estimated that each PAPs will require one shop for each of them and thus, a total of 11 shops
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MoWIE, ENIDP GIRDC G will be required for the PAPs. The befit of the business comes from the sale of traded items. As per the estimates, the level of net benefit is about MBirr 36,577.27 per PAP. For this enterprise, Trade and Industry Office is the major stakeholder to provide technical assistance for the PAPs. The estimated cost and benefit of the enterprise are given in Table 7-20.
Table 7-20: Estimated Cost and Benefit of Urban- Based Retail Shop Enterprises Purchase Price Selling Price No Required Input Unit Quantity Unit Total Unit Total Price (Birr) Price (Birr) Number of PAPs N 11 I Cost Estimates 1 Initial Investment Cost 1.1 working Place - - 1.2 Working Shop Required N 11 146.36 1610 1.3 House rent M2 132 167 22044 - 1.4 Shelf N 2 4,600 9200 - 1.5 Table Weight Measurement N 11 900 9900 - 1.6 Floating Weight Measurement N 11 120 1320 - 1.7 Refrigerator N 11 9,600 105600 - 1.8 Trade License 3850 - sub total 153,524 - - Transaction Volume for single 2 - - round 2.1 Sugar Quintal 22 1,800 39,600 1,924 42,328 25 lit 2.2 Oil 44 500 22,000 560 24,640 Jerrica 2.3 Coffee Kg 550 95 52,250 105 57,750 2.4 Rice Lg 550 13 7,150 15 8,250 2.5 Macaroni Kg 550 19 10,450 21 11,550 2.6 Grind Lentil Kg 550 20 11,000 22 12,100 2.7 Field Peas Flour (Shiro) Kg 550 28 15,400 32 17,600 2.8 wheat Floor Kg 550 15 8,250 16 8,800 2.9 Onion Kg 330 8 2,640 9 2,970 2.10 Beverages Box 132 160 21,120 185 24,420 2.11 Bottled Water Bottled 66 95 6,270 110 7,260 2.12 Different types of goods 22,000 55,000 3 Other Costs 3.1 Electricity 550 - 3.2 Miscellaneous Items 1151 - 3.3 Depreciation 10% 12,602 Subtotal of costs and sales 232,433 272,668 Total Cost 385,957 II Benefit Flow 1 Rounds 10 10 2 Annual Cost 2,324,330 3 Annual Sale 2,726,680 Annual Profit Birr 402,350 Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 36,577.27
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7.3.6 Dairy and by-products - Urban
There will be 102 PAPs consisting of 45 female and 57 male who will be engaged in dairy enterprises 2 dairy cows are required for one PAP and therefore, 346 cows are needed for urban based dairy enterprises of the PAPs. The total initial investment cost of urban dairy enterprise is estimated at MBirr 10.83 and MBirr 3.04 will be required to cover operational costs. The types of inputs and costs are related with dairy enterprise given for the rural livelihood part whereas the difference is requirement of electrical and water supply connections for the urban side. The annual benefit from the enterprise is estimated at Birr 82,181 per PAHH. The total cost and benefit of the enterprise could be referred in Table 7-21.
Table 7-21: Total Cost and Benefit for Urban-Based Dairy Cows Enterprise Unit No Description Unit Quantity Total Cost Price Number of PAHHs N 102
I Initial Investment Cost
1.1 Required Land M2 10350
1.2 Cattle shed construction M2 2760 101 278,760 1.3 Fodder store M2 517.5 200 103,500 1.4 Purchase of cows with calves with transportation N 346 28,900 9,999,400 1.4.1 [80-100) % for 45 PAPs 4 Dairy Cow for each N 180 28,892 5,200,560 1.4.2 [60-80) % for 54 PAPs 3 Dairy Cow for each or relocated N 162 28,892 4,680,504 1.4.3 [20-40) % for 2 PAPs 1 Dairy Cow for each N 2 28,892 57,784 1.4.4 <20) % for 2 PAPs 1 Dairy Cow for each N 2 28,892 57,784 1.5 Milking Materials -
1.5.1 Milking Vessel N 102 20 2,040 1.5.2 25 Lit Milk container (Bidoni) N 102 2,800 285,600 1.5.3 Aluminum Pot (for boiling water) N 102 300 30,600 1.5.4 Bucket (for water) N 102 40 4,080 1.5.5 Washing basin N 102 200 20,400 1.5.6 Milk purification N 102 25 2,550 1.5.7 Towel (for cleaning / drying breasts) N 102 25 2,550 1.5.8 Rope Meter 690 25 17,250 1.6 Water supply 87,600
S. Total 10,834,330
1 Annual Operational Costs
1.1 Water consumption Lump sum 103,468
1.2 Balanced fodder Qt 5,444 100 544,440 1.3 Hay Kg 1,047,000 2.17 2,273,655 1.4 Veterinary Services Lump sum 24,377
1.5 Artificial insemination Lump sum 2,883
1.6 Labor Birr/month 86 200 17,200 1.7 Depreciation (@10%) of House and Material Costs % 10% 69,550
S. Total 3,035,573
Total Cost 13,869,903
II Annual Benefit
2.1 lactation Period days/year 300
2.2 Milk production lit/day/cow 10 1,038,000 2.5 Gross Income Birr/lit 11 11,418,000 2.6 Annual cost Birr 3,035,573
2.7 Net Income Birr 8,382,427
Birr/PAP/yr 82,181
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7.3.7 Poultry -urban
Poultry enables the PAHHs to restore their livelihoods and the enterprise will be relocated in the two towns namely Ebinat and Debre Tabor. It is assumed that 141 PAPs consisting of 81 female and 61 male will participate in this enterprise and each of them require 5 poultries and thus, 14,695 layers are required to successfully restore these PAHHs. The cost and benefit streams are similar to rural based poultry enterprises and the difference is in the items of electricity and water supply facilities. Initial fixed asset investment costs are estimated to sum up at MBirr 2.84 and the operational budget requirement reaches MBirr 0.37 whereas net annual income of Birr 47,803 is expected to be obtained by every PAHH. The estimated flows of costs and benefits are shown in Table 7-22
Table 7-22: Total Cost and Benefit for Urban- Based Poultry Enterprise Unit Fund No Required Input Unit Quantity Total Price Required Number of PAHHs N 141
1 Number of Poultries N 14695 51.102 750,942 750,942 1.1 [80-100] % for 88 PAPs 110 Poultry each N 9680 51.102 494,666 494,666 1.2 [60-80) % for 52 PAPs 95 Poultry each N 4940 51.102 252,443 252,443 1.3 [40-60) % for 1 PAPs 75 Poultry each 75 51.102 3,833 3,833 2 Shades and Housing
2.1 Required land M2 14,695
2.2 Poultry House M2 2,924 253.37 740,906 740,906 2.3 Fodder and materials store M2 2,339 150 350,907 350,907 2.4 Houses for sick poultry M2 585 150 87,727 87,727 2.5 Houses for egg production M2 239 150 35,912 35,912 3 Materials N
3.1 Feeding Materials N 734 19.909 14,613 14,613 3.2 Drinking Materials N 734 19.909 14,613 14,613 3.3 Egg laying N 734 14.378 10,554 10,554 3.4 egg Collection tray N 564 10.084 5,683 5,683 3.5 Foker Meter 487 25 12,178 12,178 3.6 Rake N 282 43.217 12,178 12,178 3.7 Carpet N 282 34.573 9,742 9,742 3.8 Office
3.9 Fence Lump sum 742,000 742,000
3.10 Boots Shoes Pair 141 337.62 47,605 47,605 3.11 Tuta N 141 39.72 5,601 5,601 S. Total 2,090,218 2,090,218
4 Annual Cost
4.1 Balanced fodder Qt 4,386 110 482,497 241,248 4.23 medicines and disinfectant Lump sum 14,840 7,420
4.3 Saw dust (Sega Tura) sack 2,193 12 26,318 13,159 4.4 Electric and water consumption month 12 14,695 176,340 88,170 4.5 Running Cost including transportation % 5% 42,146 21,073
Depreciation (@10%) of House and 4.6 % 10% 209,022 Material Costs Sub total 951,162 371,070
Total Cost 3,792,322 3,212,230
II Annual Benefit -
1 Total Annual egg Production egg/30days 20 3,526,800
2 Gross Income from poultry Birr/egg 3 10,580,400
3 Annual Profit Birr 6,788,078
4 Annual Per Capita Profit Birr 47,803
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7.4 LRP FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS
There are a total of 115 vulnerable PAPs who require care and assistances for the restoration of their livelihoods. The major reasons for their vulnerability are due to impairments related to sight, health, physical, mental and old age problems. These PAPs used their land as a guarantee for their livelihoods. However, the project has taken their land off permanently and the source of their livelihoods has ceased. It is told specifically by the old aged group that it would be uncertain to depend on the assistance of others since they don‘t have dependable person that can stand to care them. The assets that could be given for them as livelihood restoration components could be used or be sold by others which they don‘t have a capacity to protect. Therefore, they gave the responsibilities to the government to care for their livelihoods.
The vulnerable groups are suggested to receive regular assistance and care from the government through the provision of direct support which can cover their basic needs including hired care takers. As it is discussed under the consultation part of the report, the consultant has made a consultative meeting on the issue of how to maintain their livelihoods with the Regional Bureau of Labor and Social Affair (BOLSA). It was suggested that support for covering the daily consumption requirement of persons could be provided on the basis of international experiences which is at the rate of $1 cash per persons. It was also suggested that the amount of expenditures required to hire care takers and cover other essentials is assumed to be $0.5 per day per person.
Taking into account the experience given above, the budget requirement that could be provided to the vulnerable groups as social security fund is estimated on the basis of their daily meal requirements and care takers which are estimated at the same rate of Birr 66/person for the daily meal and Birr 30/PAP for their care takers, the total daily requirement being Birr 66/PAP. Therefore, the total amount of annual budget which is proposed to be allotted for the vulnerable PAPs is estimated at MBirr 4. As per this estimate, one single PAP could receive Birr 35,040 per annum as a social security fund.
The total number of vulnerable groups, their age category, their total family number, and the amount of social security budget required for daily meat and care takers are given in Table 7- 23.
Table 7-23: Estimated Annual Budget requirements for the Vulnerable PAHHs Social Security Fund Age NN of Daily Meal Daily Care No Reason of Disability Total Annual Category PAHHs Rate takers Rate (Birr/day/PAP) Rate (Birr/day/PAP) (Birr/day/PAP) 1 Vulnerable (Unable to see) 11 66 30 96 385,440
2 Vulnerable (due to age) 88 66 30 96 3,083,520
3 Vulnerable (Health Problem) 8 66 30 96 280,320
4 Physically unfit 6 66 30 96 210,240
5 Mental Problem 1 66 30 96 35,040
6 Hearing Problem 1 66 30 96 35,040
Total 115 4,029,600
However, it might be too costly for the government to allocate such amount of budget every year. In the appraisal workshop of this LRP, it was understood that the BOLSA need to develop a best feasible LRP project for the vulnerable group of PAHHs. Accordingly, the Bureau of Labor and social Affair (BOLSA) would be responsible governmental office for the implementation of the program. The bureau has branches up to zonal level and is planning to extend it up to wereda level. The essential data are already transferred for the bureau and essential consultations are being provided to formulate a best fitting LRP project for the vulnerables.
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7.5 SUMMARY OF LRP INVESTMENT COST
The total investment cost for the livelihood restoration plan is Birr 79,159,857 which consists of Birr 56,167,858 initial investment and Birr 22,991,999 initial operational cost. The total cost is composed of Birr 67,939,382 for rural and urban based interventions, Birr 4,024,125 for vulnerable and Birr 7,196,351 contingencies. The Social Security Fund for Vulnerable which is about 4 Million Birr is only for the first year. The summary of investment cost for restoration plan of the PAPs is given in Table 7-24.
Table 7-24: Summary of Investment for Ribb PAPs livelihood restoration plan Initial Initial N of No Intervention Unit Quantity Investment Operational Total Cost PAPs Cost Cost I Rural-Based Interventions for PAPs who are not Displaced 1 Improved Forage Seed Production 13 Ha 13 130,007 130,007
2 Improved Wheat Seed Multiplication 29 Ha 20.1 241,200 241,200
3 Fish 35 Kg 86,100 5,001,700 663,170 5,664,870 4 Apiculture 60 B. Hives 901 2,886,110 415,514 3,301,624 5 Poultry 85 N 5,635 1,027,000 205,506 1,232,507 6 Dairy 222 N 291 9,631,565 1,978,533 11,610,098 7 Shoats rearing 144 N 2,717 2,860,015 775,301 3,635,315 8 Shoats Fattening 62 N 745 838,926 240,187 1,079,113 9 Cattle Fattening 216 N 444 4,154,919 297,157 4,452,076 10 Cattle Trade 7 N 78 546,600 240,600 787,200 11 Grain Trade 2 Qt 170 170,451 170,451
Sum 875 - 97,114 26,946,835 5,357,625 32,304,460 II Urban –Based Interventions for PAPs Relocated to Ebinat and Debre Tabor Towns 1 Local Goods Transport 20 Vehicles 4 4,511,552 288,448 4,800,000 2 Hollow Block 13 N of HBC 3 203,223 1,133,262 1,336,485 3 Bajaj and Taxi 6 Bajaj 6 816,552 23,448 840,000 4 Wood and Metal Work 18 Workshop 6 994,200 2,005,800 3,000,000 10 Retail Trade 11 N of PAPs 11 153,524 232,433 385,957 7 Grain Trade 10 Qt 10 833,453 833,453
5 Cattle Trade 3 N 42 287,400 125,400 412,800 6 Cattle Fattening 134 N 582 5,432,622 389,235 5,821,857 8 Shoat Fattening 22 Shoat 404 453,011 124,161 577,172 9 Shoat Rearing 16 Shoat 409 429,632 115,430 545,062 11 Dairy 102 Cows 346 10,834,330 3,035,573 13,869,903 12 Poultry 141 Poultries 14,695 2,841,160 371,070 3,212,230 Sum 496 16,514 26,957,206 8,677,713 35,634,919 Sub Total 1,371 53,904,041 14,035,338 67,939,379
III Social Security Fund for Vulnerable
1 Vulnerable (Unable to see) 11 Birr/yr 35,040 385,440 - 385,440 2 Vulnerable (due to under age) 1 Birr/yr 35,041 35,041 - 35,041 3 Vulnerable (due to Old age) 87 Birr/yr 35,040 3,048,480 - 3,048,480 4 Vulnerable (Health Problem) 8 Birr/yr 35,040 280,320 - 280,320 5 Physically unfit 6 Birr/yr 35,040 210,240 - 210,240 6 Mental Problem 1 Birr/yr 35,040 35,040 - 35,040 7 Hearing Problem 1 Birr/yr 35,040 35,040 - 35,040 Sub Total 115 4,029,601 - 4,029,601
G. Total 1,486 57,727,572 14,241,403 71,968,975
Contingency (10%) 5,772,757 1,424,140 7,196,898
G. Total 63,500,329 15,665,543 79,165,873
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8. ALTERNATIVE LRP FOR FAMILY MEMBERS
8.1 GENERAL
As discussed above the total PAPs are 1,486 of whom 1,003 are male HH and 483 are female HH both covered under the main restoration plan. The total population affected including all family members of the PAHHs is about 8,366 consisting of 4,250 male and 4,116 female family members. It is assumed that about 1,638 are in the working age group (both young boys & girls). Therefore, this alternative livelihood restoration plan is targeted to include the 986 females who are the spouse of the PAHHs and 1,638 youth family members of the PAPs.
During focus group discussion with the female and youths it has been made clear that, the Ribb Dam and reservoir impacts have indirectly extended to the whole family members especially women and youths. Cognizant of the impacts; alternative livelihood restoration plans have been proposed for both women and youth family members. The government has recently developed strategies for rural employment creation and established an implementing main department as a state minster under Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The interventions proposed in here can also be linked and supported under this program
8.2 ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN FOR WOMEN GROUPS
The traditional women and gendered division of labor limited their access to and control over the land being (key productive resources) in contrary to their male counterpart. Despite this, women actively participate in economic activities including farming, cattle rearing and petty trade. Having a sole burden for household activities women is responsible for ensuring sustainable household food security including making available and preparation of food, fuel wood, dung and crop residues to prepare the food, fetching water, for household consumption, nursing children. Despite these effort made by women the project has made significant impacts on female HH members by depriving off these resources. Therefore, restoration plan is required to ease their burden and able to support their family.
As discussed above, women will participate and benefit from the proposed main livelihood restoration plan. Therefore, this alternative livelihood restoration plan is additional and intended to strengthen the livelihoods and wellbeing of women and their families. We are proposing the women-specific interventions based on the understanding of the multiple role of women and their heavy work load and responsibilities in terms of the provision of basic needs for their families and responsibility vested on them.
Based on consultation with PAPs, especially the FGDs conducted with women, we have identified the following alternative livelihood restoration plan for women groups which are briefly described below
8.2.1 Alternative energy supply
Animal dung and wood fuel, crop residues are the main source of household energy. As discussed above it is the responsibility of the women and young girls to collect the fuel energy. The reservoir area was used to serve as private crop farming and grazing land for the large number of livestock resources of the community and there were sufficient animal dung that were available for collection by the women and young girls. However, with inundation of the grazing areas associated livestock dung and crop residues resources are lost resulting in reducing the energy resources. This is one of the significant negative impacts resulted in increasing the burden on women and children calling for mitigation.
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Fuel saving stoves can provide multi-dimensional benefits for women and their households. The benefits include: time-and-labor saving, health and environmental protection, and above all, savings on domestic energy expenditure. Purchased cooking fuel is now an important component of household budget and the need to economize on fuel expenditure is obvious. At present very few households among Rib PAPs have improved and fuel saving stoves. Accordingly, we are proposing the promotion of the popular fuel saving and convenient stove and also mitad known as ‗Mirte‘ for the PAPs who are not relocated to the two towns.
The stoves will be distributed to interested and eligible households on the basis of access to interest-free loan for the purchase of the stoves. Thus, a small credit line amounting to Birr 303,000 will be established as a component of the community development budget. All project- affected households will be eligible for the credit and stoves can also be delivered in phases. For vulnerable households the stoves will be distributed free of charge and shall constitute part of the special support measures for such groups.
The delivery of the stoves can be out-sourced to a service provider as a package in order to take advantage of bulk transportation and installation of the stoves or else given responsibility to supply to local cooperatives. Alternatively, with support from the implementing agency interested PAPs and local technicians can be recruited and trained to provide the necessary services to PAPs on a sustainable basis. Estimated cost for fuel saving technologies is given in Table 8-1 below.
Moreover, appropriate and alternative fuel energy sources like solar, biogas, shall be planed for house hold and other domestic consumptions
Table 8-1: Estimated Cost for Fuel saving Stoves Unit Rate Fuel Saving Stove Total Cost (Birr) Beneficiary (Birr/stove) No Kebele HH Mirt Mirt Mirt Gonzie Total Gonzie Gonzie Total Midija Midija Midija 1 Ziha 64 64 64 128 8,320 5,760 14,080 2 Amestya 401 401 401 802 52,130 36,090 88,220 3 Medeb 665 665 665 1,330 130 90 86,450 59,850 146,300 4 Jara Shikira 243 243 243 486 31,590 21,870 53,460 5 Ayva Niva 4 4.00 4.00 8.00 520 360 880 Total 1,377 1,377 1,377 2,754 179,010 123,930 302,940
8.2.2 “Baltina” Enterprise
―Baltina‖ is preparation of spices, food items and ingredients which are extensively used for the preparation of traditional foods. Women shall be organized in to multipurpose Baltina enterprise and can primarily involve in traditional food value adding practices with local products such as pulses, red pepper, barley oats, vegetables, spices, etc. These good standard food items can be directly sold or through contract arrangement, to surrounding town like Debre Tabor, Woreta, Bahir Dar, Gondar, Universities, colleges, Hospitals, Military and police camps, super markets..etc. Moreover, they can be even exported to Ethiopian Diasporas in Middle East, Africa, Europe and North America. They can sell to exporters or middle men which can supply to exporters in Addis Ababa.
Women and young girls can be organized in to rural micro and small scale enterprises and facilitated to produce the different Balitna products.
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As a matter of promotion the Bureau of Trade, Industry and Marketing has to support in standardizing the product, quality assured, certified, licensed under sole trade mark (Say Rib Balitna of Gondar), packed in 05, 1, 2 or even 5 kilos as found appropriate.
8.2.3 Women cottage enterprise
Women and young girls in most part of Ethiopia traditionally prepare different types of, handicrafts, household items, and ornamentals on their spare time or while nursing children, herding animals, guarding crops from wild animal or theft…etc mostly for own household use and local markets. They prepare from local raw materials such as grass, hides and skin, wood, bamboos, ropes, etc.
The possible cottage enterprise works can be: handicrafts, cultural weavers, traditional close tailing, traditional sweeter, cultural cloth decoration, house furniture‘s from wood, bamboo and skin, ornamentals from chele, shaele and rope, clay pots. Gift articles from Bronze and silver, traditional musical instruments etc.
These days, due to encouragement by the government and promotion of markets there is a potential for selling beyond local market. Urban inhabitants, tourists and international residents have become more interested in these traditional products. The products can be sold through middle traders to towns like Debre Tabor, Gondar, Bahir Dar, Addis Ababa and other large towns. Moreover, there are traders who have started to export to North America, Middle East and Europe for Ethiopian Diasporas and even to be bought by other international customers.
8.2.4 Multipurpose Rural Women Community centre
As described earlier this agribusiness targeted on the supply of most basic consumer products, Sugar, salty, food items, educational materials, food, hygiene and sanitation items, soft drinks local restaurant‘s, etc. One each in five kebeles has to be established. The kebele administrations have to support in getting working space and construction of houses, store, furniture and procurement of equipment‘s (weighing scale-big size, weighing scale-small size), etc. Once operational, women can run the center in shifts to have time for household management and other activities.
8.2.5 Establishment of Women Saving and Credit Cooperatives
Women income generating schemes have to be strengthened by robust institutional or organizational support mechanism to insure effective operation and sustainability. Finance is one of the most important inputs required but also the most critical constraint for women to establish and operate income generating businesses. Therefore it is important to avoid reliance on limited sources like government, credit from MFIs, etc. Moreover, the above proposed income generating schemes will require immediate and reliable source of finance. Experience shows that, there are a number of women SACCOs which have been established throughout the country including in rural areas and operate successfully with support from the government.
The SACCO will be established in accordance with the laws and regulations governing the establishment and operation of cooperative societies. The organizing and capacity building process will be supported and facilitated by the CPO and other relevant government agency. At least 4 SACCOs has to be established in the four major PAPs Kebels by pooling whatever small saving of its members to ensure sense of ownership and sustainability. Moreover, initial support is required in the form of seed money/revolving fund amounting to at least ETB 625,000 for each SACCO or a total of MBirr2.5 for the 4 SACCOs.
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8.3 ALTERNATIVE LRP FOR UNEMPLOYED YOUTH
Data collected in the project area depicts that, rural youth will be one of the most important sources of skilled and unskilled labour sources for the production activities of the above proposed restoration enterprises for the PAPs. When fully operational the restoration enterprises can employee their youth family members and a significant number of outside family labors.
Moreover, rural unemployed and under employed youth in the five PAPs kebeles have to be organized in to again at least 4 Rural youth multipurpose enterprise who can actively participate in the production, services and related areas that support themselves in particular and the community at large. Some of the activities that have significant potentials and opportunities include the following:
8.3.1 Catchment Treatment and plantations
Community hills and other area required conservation can be given to youth for rehabilitating gullies, stream bank reshaping and stabilization, cut of drain construction, hillside terrace and trench construction, artificial waterway construction, bund stabilization activities and plantation on these areas under Area Closure. In the closure area and the degraded catchments, the youth can use for different income generating agri-business activities like; seedling Plantation, trees plantation, different types of forage crops for cut and carry and sell to the surrounding PAPs enterprise. This has been practiced successfully in Tigray region
8.3.2 .Fishery Development
As per the assessment conducted within the project affected kebeles, the youth wants to participate in fishery development and requested the study team in application letter. After formation of artificial lake the youth can be organized in to fishery cooperatives and involve in fish catching and selling in collaboration with the Fishery PAPs group proposed above. All technical specifications discussed and recommended for the main PAPs above are also applicable here.
8.3.3 Cart Transportation
The successful implementation of the livelihood restoration plan depends partly on the availability of rural roads which links project affected kebeles into major linking roads to marketing centers. As an immediate intervention, it is planned to use the available road infrastructure for facilitating the proposed interventions which employ the youths whereas it is also proposed to construct new rural roads which links unconnected kebeles with main roads. As per the assessment of the project area, there is a road which links Ziha and Agamoy Kebeles and another road which connects the town of Ebinat and Amstya Kebele. In these two places, cart transportation specifically for transporting agricultural products, goods and people are required which can be owned and operated by unemployed youth. There is movement of goods and people in these places and markets are available for the services. The youth have to get in loan initial capita money to buy the cart and horse/mule/donkey as appropriate.
8.3.4 Boat Transportation
As proposed under infrastructure section Boat transportation will be established in order to link the local people separated by the reservoir lake. The youth can be organized under cooperatives and take the responsibility of the transportation system owning at least 4 boats two in each side of the reservoir. The operational cost components include both skilled and unskilled labor including boat ―captain‖ (i.e. youths), fuel, oil, and maintenance costs.
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There are a number of boat transport models to consider and should be chosen based on the depth and distance to be covered. The Lake Tana Transport Enterprise itself produces a number of boat models in its own workshop located at the Gorgora port of Lake Tana. Some of the models based on size are 6 meters, 7ms, 8meters, 13 meters, and 18 meters long. As the size increases, the type of the motor power and other associated costs also vary. The type of fuel preferred (benzene or diesel) also affects the design of the boats.
A 6-meter boat which is used to transport 15-17 persons require a 25 HP motor to move and the investment cost required is about Birr 128,000 and 120,000 respectively. If the size goes up by 1 meter (7 meter), then the cost will be about Birr 175,000 for the boat and 120,000 for the motor. This type of boat can accommodate 20 to 22 persons. Based on the experience of the boat transport on Lake Tana, the current average fee is birr 0.58 per person per kilo meter. The service fee per person per kilometer charged is small because the total distance covered is relatively longer and hence the total revenue collected is sufficiently large. As the distance traveled increases, the rate decreases and vice versa. Accordingly, if the single trip distance (cross section of the reservoir) is estimated to 1 kilometer, at a service charge rated at birr 5.00, the 6-meter boat can generate about Birr 85/trip. The 7-meter boat can generate about Birr 122. If it is assumed that the boat works 4 round trips (8 kilometers) per day and 25 days per month, the annual gross revenue generated can be estimated to MBirr 0.82 for a 6 meters‘ boat and MBirr1.1 for a 7 meters‘ model.
It is estimated that, a total of 40 youth for the total of 4 boat services will own the enterprise and each of the 40 youth members could get about Birr 27,000 from 7 meters and Birr 21,000 from 6 meters boat annually. The level of income mainly depends on the frequency of the trips and the number of youth members of boat transportation. The Lake Tana Transport enterprise promised to give supports to youth in boat manufacturing, dock design and construction. They can also assist the youth in training on the operation and maintenance of boats as well as on safety matters.
The estimated initial investment as well as operating costs together with the amount of annual revenue is shown in Table 8-2
Table 8-2: Estimated Cost and Revenue of 4 boat enterprise Unit Cost Total S/N Description Quantity 6 Meters 7 Meters 6 Meters 7 Meters Number of Youth 40
I Investment
Boat 4 128,000 175,000 512,000 700,000
Motor 4 120,000 120,000 480,000 480,000
Duck Construction - -
Total 295,000 992,000 1,180,000
II Operation - -
2.1 Variable Cost 17,195 17,246 68,778 68,982
2.1.1 Fuel (Lit) - -
Covered KM per Day 8 8 32 32
Covered KM per Annum 1,251 1,251 5,004 5,004
Fuel Consumption Per KM 0.5 0.5 2 2
Volume of Fuel 626 626 2,504 2,504 Consumed/Year Average Price of Fuel 16 16 64 64 (Birr/Lt) Annual Fuel Consumption 10,137 10,137 40,548 40,548 (Birr) 2.1.2 Oil Consumption Per KM 0.04 0.04 0 0
Volume of Oil Consumed/Year 50 50 200 200
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Unit Cost Total S/N Description Quantity 6 Meters 7 Meters 6 Meters 7 Meters Average Price of Oil (Birr/Lt) 100 101 400 404
Annual Oil Consumption (Birr) 5,006 5,056 20,024 20,224
2.2 Fixed Cost 25,440 26,850 101,760 107,400
2.2.1 Labor (1,500 Birr/Annum) 18,000 18,000 72,000 72,000
2.2.2 Depreciation 7,440.00 8,850.00 29,760 35,400
Total of Operation Expenditure 42,635 44,096 170,538 176,382
III Revenue - -
Load Capacity 17 22 68 88
Service Per Person 5 5 5 5 (Birr/Person) Daily Trips 8 8 32 32
· Daily Revenue (Birr) 680 880 2,720 3,520
Number of Days per Month 25 25 25 25
Expected Revenue (Birr per 17,000 22,000 68,000 88,000 Month) Annual Revenue 204,000 264,000 816,000 1,056,000
Net Income 161,365 219,904 645,462 879,618
Birr/PAP 20,400 26,400.0
8.3.5 Youth Micro and Small Scale Enterprise (MSSE)
Youth can be organized in groups to MSSE enterprise to work on different activities such as preparation of local construction materials( stones and gravels) to sell to Ebinat and Debre Tabor towns, clay mud block to sell to rural house contractors, hides and collection plus preparation of local leather products like shoe, house hold furniture‘s, preparation of local carpets etc.
8.3.6 Employment within the Regions and other Industrial parks
The country‘s economy is growing in double digit over the last decade with the anticipation that manufacturing will progressively take over the current Agricultural lead economy in the near future. In this respect, the government has planned to establish over 12 Industrial parks throughout the country in GTP 2. The 2 of them are in ANNS, Kombolicha and Bahir Dar towns. Each Industrial park requires tens of thousands of labor force. For example the recently inaugurated Hawassa Industrial park at full development will require about 60,000 employed labors. Therefore, BOLAU in collaboration with Regional Investment Commission has to arrange employment in these parks for the youth in Ribb project affected Kebles. It is expected each factory will train the labor on its own specific production aspects.
8.3.7 Establishment of Youths’ Saving and Credit Cooperatives
Similarly it is proposed to establish Youth saving and credit Cooperatives in order to make available financial resources for the youth enterprises. Here again the SACCO will be established in accordance with the laws and regulations governing the establishment and operation of cooperative societies. The organizing and capacity building process will be supported and facilitated by the CPO and other relevant government agency.
At least 4 SACCOs has to be established in the four Major PAPs Kebels by pooling whatever small saving of its members can deposit to ensure sense of ownership and sustainability. Moreover, initial support is required in the form of seed money/revolving at least Birr 325,000 for each SACCOs.
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8.4 COST FOR WOMEN AND YOUTH INCOME GENERATION ENTERPRISE
Initial investment support for Women and Youth Income generation Enterprise will be ETB 7,888,034 as shown in Table 8-3.
Table 8-3: Initial Cost Estimates of alternative livelihood enterprises for women & Youth S.N Types of Enterprise Initial Investment Cost (Birr) For women
1 Fuel saving Stoves & Mitads 302,940 2 Baltina 360,000 3 Hand crafts 290,000 4 Multipurpose Women Enterprise 650,000 5 Women SACCO 2,500,000 Sub Total 4,102,940
For Youth
1 Youth Catchment treatment group 120,000 2 Youth Fishery cooperative 280,000 Rural Youth Cart transportation 3 110,000 group 4 Boat transportation 1,180,000 5 Youth Employment ( for training ) 78,000 6 Youth SACCO 1,300,000 Sub Total 3,068,000
Total 7,170,940
Contingency (10%) 717,094 Grand Total 7,888,034
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9. ESTABLISHEMNT AND IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES
9.1 GENERAL
The livelihood restoration program is going to be implemented largely within the rural area where basic education, primary health care, roads, safe water and sanitation are underdeveloped. The development of these services helps greatly to effectively implement the plan and will make the proposed livelihood Restoration plan sustainable. During census survey, male and female focus group discussion, key informant interviews, consultation with kebele administration, underlined the need for improving the existing and establishment of new physical and social infrastructures. In response to these requirements, the following infrastructural interventions have been proposed.
9.2 CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL CONNECTION ROADS
Almost all of travel and transport activities within the project affected kebeles are made by traditional means. The principal carriers are human beings and pack animals. The peoples of Medeb Gubda and Jara Shikira of Farta wereda addressed that because of the artificial lake created by the Ribb Dam, the walking roads which used to connect the two kebeles with each other and peoples of Amistya and Selel Markets are blocked. Hence, their previous social bondages are interrupted, and they fear for lack of market for their products and livestock. The results of the focus group discussions made with the selected informants in the two affected kebeles showed that the people expected a new road and bridge infrastructures.
On the basis of discussion made with the community and kebele administrations it is proposed construction of rural road to connect Jara Shikira kebele with the road from Debire Tabor to Ebinat via Medeb Gubda Kebele. Bridges and culverts shall also be constructed so that peoples of the affected kebeles can easily cross the tributary rivers in the upstream. The major rivers on which bridge shall be constructed include the Hamus Wonz River, the Melo River, and the Rib River. According to information obtained from the BORT, the bridge on the Melo River is already designed and construction is expected to take place in the coming year. It is proposed to construct roads that link kebele to kebele and to the main villageroad under regional URAP fund and technical support. However, the PAHHs living in Jara Shikira kebele, specifically the Gilla subkebele in which majority of the PAPs of the kebele are found were encircled by the reservoir, the Ribb River and the ―Hamus Wonz‖ River.Their previous access to most services through Melo Hamusit is already blocked. Hence, they need an alternative wayout to connect with other areas. To respond this request, an alternative connection road of 11.5 km with a bridge of 25 meters is already designed. Apart from this a connection bridge on the ―Hamus Wonz‖ river is very essential to continue the previous linkage with the peoples of Amistiya and Selel.
9.3 SCHOOL UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION
As discussed in part I above there are primary schools in all the affected kebels. However, following the fill of the reservoir, and the relocation of many PAPs at the kebele centers, there might be a rapid rise in the number of students in the coming few years. This will lead excessive class room load and difficulty for smooth learning. In order to facilitate an increased access to schools it is proposed to upgrade and rehabilitate the existing schools. The elementary schools have to be rehabilitated and one has to be promoted to secondary school up to grade 10 level to avoid students to go far to Ebant and Debre Tabor towns. Education bureau has to take the lead in the rehabilitation and upgrading of the schools.
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9.4 UPGRADING THE HEALTH POST TO HEALTH CENTRE
One of the expected project impact will be worsening of malaria epidemic and other water borne diseases. On the other hand healthy persons and productivity are highly required for effective implementation of the Livelihood intervention plans. To this end, developing preventive control capacity of this water born and other infectious disease is very important. Therefore, we propose upgrading the existing health post to health center. In this respect the health center should be capacitated in medical equipment‘s, materials, medicine, and health professionals. Mobile health care system shall also be introduced. Midwifery and family planning aspects should be given due consideration in upgrading of the health center. Bureau of Health has to take responsibility to handle these interventions.
9.5 ESTABLISHMENT OF MARKET CENTRE
During focus group discussion the community expressed their worry to lose access to the market found on the other side of the river due to the formation of Reservoir Lake. Moreover, with implementation of the proposed LRP and local economic improvement establishment a market center to accommodate the increased community demand and supply transaction is essential. The place for the market centers would be selected in consultation with the communities, kebeles and wereda bureau of trade, industry and marketing.
9.6 UPGRADING FTC AND REGULAR TRAINING IN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT
Upgrading the FTC for use in regular training of the PAPs in technical, business and property management, marketing, financial management & accounting etc. will enable sustainability of the livelihood restoration enterprises. FTC shall be upgraded in classes, logistics and others for in-service training of PAPs by kebele, wereda and regional implementing bodies.
9.7 UPGRADING VETERINARY SERVICE
Livestock production has a key economic role in the project affected area. Moreover, livestock fattening, dairy, sheep and goat fattening have been recommended as means of livelihood restoration plan. The existing animal health infrastructure is inadequate to provide clinical and preventive service to the level required. There are animal health posts in the PAPs kebels but inadequately staffed and ill equipped despite the high requirement from the community side. Therefore we propose upgrading the veterinary service including mobile veterinary system. Bureau of Livestock and Fishery is responsible for implementation and running of this intervention.
9.8 REHABILITATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW POTABLE WATER SUPPLY
Clean, safe, adequate and accessible supply of potable water combined with proper sanitation, is a basic necessity and an essential component of health care and there by productivity. Many of the diseases affecting the rural communities can be drastically reduced by availing potable water.
There are a number of water points in PAPs Kebeles. However most of them are not functional. Moreover there are communities who do not have clean water supply points. In addition, the emergence of new rural towns like Melo Hamusit attracts huge number of residents and resettles, which in its turn rapidly raised the demand for potable water and sufficient sanitation problem. Therefore, we propose not only the rehabilitation of non-functional water points burt also the construction of new water supply system for each village at the kebele centers by assessing the required potential yield and acceptable quality. Bureau of Water and Irrigation will be responsible for designing and implementation of the water supply system through funding from National One WASH under Rural WASH program.
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9.9 CONSTRUCTION OF DOCK FOR BOATS TRANSPORTATION
The FGDs made with selected representatives of the PAPs and the kebele leaders revealed that the foot track which had been used to connect the affected kebeles (Amistiya, Jara Shikira and Medeb Gubda) to each other are blocked by the reservoir. To maintain the socio-cultural and economic ties of the people, the informants proposed the boat transport service on the reservoir lake. In this regard consultation was made with the Lake Tana Marine Transport Enterprise at Bahir Dar. The enterprise explained that the basic investment for lake transport is; dock construction, boats and motor. We proposed in section above boat transport as one of income generation enterprise for the rural unemployed youth. In here we recommend the government to construct small dock as part of infrastructure.
9.10 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
The government has planned to cover rural area under the ongoing universal Rural Electrification program. The community and the proposed livelihood restoration intervention require power. Using generators will make both establishment and running cost high. There is a national grid within the dam camp which can be enhanced and provided to the community. Therefore ANNS shall liaison with federal Universal Rural electrification project to give priority. There is a conducive environment since the Universal Rural electrification project is under the MOWIE who coordinates and owns the Ribb PAPs development and implementation of the livelihood restoration plan at federal level. Summary of responsible implementing stakeholders is given in Table 9-1 below
Table 9-1: summary of social infrastructures and responsible implementing stakeholders S.N Type of Infrastructure Responsible stakeholders 1 Construction of Rural Connection roads RRA URAP 2 School upgrading and rehabilitation BOE 3 Upgrading the health post to Health center BOH 4 Establishment of market center BOTIM, Kebeles Upgrading FTC and regular training in 5 BOANR enterprise management 6 Upgrading Veterinary service BOLF Rehabilitations and Construction of 7 BOWI One WASH drinking water supply Construction of Dock for Boats 8 RTA Transportation 9 Rural electrification Rural Electrification project
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10. MARKETING AND VALUE CHAIN FOR THE LRP PRODCUTS
10.1 GENERAL
The marketing system may be defined as a chain, all the way from the farm gate to the consumer, involving the physical exchange of products and inputs, the implementation of rules and regulations governing quality standards, and the exchange of information and marketing. The national marketing strategy is formulated with a focus on creating an effectively functioning marketing system, raising efficiency, and remove constraints impeding the liquidity of marketing activity. The comprehensive strategy includes the integrated and well-coordinated implementation of the key strategies viz., Establishing and strengthening the input demand forecasting capability and procedure; Organizing the marketing system, which is based on quality standards; Establishing a market information system; Expanding infrastructure; Undertaking a vigorous market promotion activity; Increasing capacity of agricultural product marketing; Ensuring the prevalence of marketing rules and regulation, and Building financial capacity and insurance coverage. These strategies have been under successive and integrated implementation in the region. These days all the major towns have access to all weather roads, mobile and internet services, growing establishment of storage and transportation facilities, institutional arrangement and capacity building expanding options on financial intermediations, etc. are all encouraging efforts to the successful implementation of the market strategy.
10.2 THE LIVESTOCK MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN
In this discussion, the ―Livestock Value Chain‖ concept deals with all essential attributes of fattening, rearing and trading of live cattle and shoats. The Ethiopian livestock value chains have developed over the years into a series of complex constituents involving various actors that include producers, collectors, small private and cooperative fatteners, various middlemen (including brokers), livestock trading cooperatives, individual traders and exporters. Some of the meat and live animal exporters in the country collect animals through their own purchasing agents assigned to major livestock markets and other small and large scale traders. For live animal trade, purchase agents of exporters in turn collect animals either from collectors, small traders, livestock trading cooperatives, farmer groups, or directly from producers; who then have the option of selling their animals to the collectors in their village, small traders, and livestock trading cooperatives. Some farmers also form groups and supply animals to the market. Other than the domestic channel, foreign national live animal exporters-importers collect animals directly from the collectors in most of the livestock markets using licensed Ethiopian traders.
The market in ANS more or less resembles the national features. Though the producers are almost all mixed farmers, they do own lots of livestock and supply to the market. Live animal collected by local traders and collectors most often used for domestic consumption either through abattoirs, butchers, consumer groups or individual households. Large size public and private institutions are also major buyers of live animals. A significant size is also directly exported to the neighbouring Sudan both through the formal and informal routes. Earlier, there had been a meat processing plant in Gondar which was one major buyer of live animals. Ashraf Group was also another expected meat exporter. However, both are non-functional and hence the system is not supported by such large meat processing and exporting companies.
The general feature of the value chain for live animal trading is shown below. It shall be perceived that most of the actors in the chain don‘t have reliable, sustaining and institutionalized relations. Most relationships are casual and change often to suit the situation and the actors. There is no way of backward linkage in the region where the buyers or consumers do support the producers by supplying the required kinds of inputs. The value chain map of livestock marketing in ANS is given in Figure 10-1
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Figure 10-1 : Value Chain Map of Livestock Marketing in ANNS Direct Actors
Exporters
Collecting Breeders (Ranches, Distributors Traders Wholesale Breeder Farms, rs Enterprises) Butchers
Feed Institutional Manufacturers Consumers Input Producer Suppliers s Small Holder Household Farmers Coops Consumers
Fattening Veterinary Live Farms Service Animal Slaughter Traders Houses
Service Providers
Respective Federal Bodies Transporters Financial Municipalities EPCO Intermediaries Insurance
Major Enabling Environment/Supports and Facilitations
Professional City/Town BOA Respective Zone, Wereda, and BOLAU BOTIMD BOTVED ARARI Associations Kebele Level Bodies Administrations LFRDA
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Producers: As the ANS is dominantly highland and characterized by mixed farming system, the livestock rearing activity is described as the rearing of cattle, sheep and goats or any of these categories. The producers are dominantly located in rural areas where access to market, infrastructure, and pricing information is difficult and often impossible to come up with. Hence pricing received by the producers, when they go to market, is either the recent historical price or not the best price they could obtain if they had access to better and more timely information. It is basically dependent upon the bargaining power and cash needs of the producer. The bulk collection of fattened animals is not significant and usually only few producers fatten animals in their backyards to fetch better price from their added value in the production system. The majority of the producers sell their animals without cautious improvement in their quality. They are scattered, small in herd size (most of them go to market with only one or two animals).
Collectors: These important market agents collect animals, usually from remote locations and gather animals to the larger towns where they can have sufficient buyers. They are mostly independent operators who use their local knowledge and social relationships, family, and friends to collect animals from small rural markets and also rural villages. They sell their herd not only to final consumers but they are also important sources for big and small-scale traders as well as institutional buyers. They are usually constrained by regional and central market information, financial capacity and required market facilities and infrastructures. Basically, the benefits of these collectors are generated from the limited market information and infrastructural access of producers and cannot be dependable source of information for producers. Efforts have been made to design and implement dependable information dissemination mechanisms and yet it needs to be further developed to create significant levels of trust and cooperation among producers and other market actors in remote areas. Collectors may also operate as agents for exporters and traders usually on a fixed-fee or commission basis.
Live animal exporters: Live animal export in the country is carried out by several legal live livestock traders and exporters operating throughout Ethiopia. Exporters buy mostly from collectors, small scale fatteners and also directly from producers. The primary export markets for live animals of the country are Somalia, Djibouti, Somaliland, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and Sudan. In most cases importers abroad visit Ethiopia to buy the animals and check the quality. The live animal of the country are also smuggled to Djibouti, Somaliland, Kenya and Sudan through informal channels.
The livestock exporters at country level basically focus at lowlanders and feedlots as they can get producers and collectors in relatively larger size compared with the highland areas like ANS. One of the major livestock export routes of ANS is the route to Sudan which is done in both legal (licensed) and illegal (unlicensed) ways. Exported animals from the region almost all end up in Sudan for consumption or for further export to Egypt and other countries in the Gulf. Exporters collect animals from secondary markets (from big and small traders, livestock collectors and producers). Because of the fact that smallholder producers do have little bargaining power, and access to foreign market information, the exporters mostly get advantage of the power of producers leave only a small share of the export sales price. The cooperative effort of the producers to enhance their bargaining power is very small. Efforts need to be mobilized and coordinated to establish, strengthen and engage livestock marketing cooperatives of producers and collectors so that the bargaining power and the share of producers from the export sales can be sufficiently enhanced.
Abattoirs/Butchers; There are about nine abattoirs in the country. However, some of them are non-operational. The old Gondar Meat Factory has ceased operations long ago. The recently established Abergele and Ashraf Meat processing plants were expected to help the livestock market value chain of the region. However, they remained non-operational yet. The main abattoir services that are consistently serving are those established by municipalities. They give only animal health examination and slaughter services of cattle. The butchers select using their
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Accordingly, enhancing the capacity of these abattoirs to further meat processing and export levels may also facilitate the live animal market system and enhance the efficiency of the chain for the benefit of producers and fatteners.
Fatteners: Fattening activities in the ANS are carried out basically by the producers themselves in their backyards in small numbers. The most common fattening activities are made on old oxen and non-fertile cows. Similarly, shoat fattening is basically carried out on castrated male shots and also non-fertile female ones.
Most of the fatteners are solely engaged in ox fattening dominated by old oxen which are retired from farming. In recent years, there have been emerging small and microenterprise actors who are consistently engaged on fattening activities. Though there appears a gradual enhancement, the dominant productions are 3 or 4 in a year, associated with the religious and cultural feasts like New Year, ―Meskel‖, Christmas and Easter. Fattening activity is most preferable for women initiatives as it can be run in the homesteads and backyards where women can easily manage it.
Because the scale of operation and the management system are not well developed and the bargaining power is scattered and weak, the fatteners mostly supply for local consumers and collectors at their nearby markets and remain victims of information asymmetry about prevailing big markets in the rest of the world. These deserve the necessity of organizing both the fatteners and producers. Accordingly, producers need to organize themselves in Fattened Livestock Marketing Cooperatives or Livestock Marketing Cooperatives not only to enhance their bargaining power but also to easily access financial and market infrastructures available in the system.
Consumers: The livestock product and live animal demand is huge in the domestic market. There are basically two major groups of consumers, institutional and household consumers. Institutional consumers are those who have a collective residence and feeding traditions and arrangements like universities and colleges, hospitals, prisons, training institutions, project camp sites and military camps etc. who purchase meat animals in bulk and have planned demand and purchasing capacity. Efforts need to be made by supporting institutions towards essential marketing arrangements including market contracts, to establish and sustain the market linkage, etc. between these actors.
The other group of consumes which predominates the institutional and export livestock demands is the household consumption of the residents of the region and neighbouring regions. Though it has an oscillating feature, the domestic demand can be projected and production plans can be geared towards catching this huge domestic demand. Because the domestic demand is huge, prices of live animals, meat and other products as well are getting remunerative prices even at the local markets is possible. Organizing producers in marketing cooperatives and also consumers in consumer cooperatives may facilitate the market operations, reduce transaction costs and end up at fair prices for both the producers and consumers.
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10.3 THE DAIRY PRODUCT MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN
In Ethiopia dairy product is channeled to the consumers through both formal and informal channels and its marketing and value chain has got a complex feature. Despite the small productivity of milk in ANS, the majority is consumed by the producers themselves. Using milk for sell is not common in rural parts of the region which has its own effect for poor improvement of its productivity. It is in recent decades that the urban and peri urban dairy farmers have been using milk for sale and a basic source of income generation. In aggregate, less than 5% of the milk produced in Ethiopia is sold in commercial markets. In ANS, this figure goes much below the national average. The recent report of CSA (2014/15) shows that the milk used for sale is only 0.46 percent and 0.44 percent at ANS and South Gondar (the project area) level. The dominant part is used just for local butter production and own consumption. This small supply proportion is aggressively challenged by the fast rise in the domestic demand created following population rise, urbanization, and income improvement in the majority of households. The use of dairy farming as a major livelihood option by the PAP might be a good opportunity for the region as they can be engaged at their full capacity, use best cross breeds and enhanced management to benefit from enhanced productivity and also contribute in filling the supply deficit of the market.
The Ethiopian dairy sector is growing and is receiving new investment, although the demand for investment exceeds the supply. Though it is limited in the urban and peri urban areas of the region, dairy value chain has a variety of entrepreneurial actors: smallholder and commercial producers, small and large processors, service and inputs providers, farmers‘ organizations, and cooperatives. A brief discussion of the key actors in the chain follows hereafter.
Producers: The producers in ANS and in the Project area are predominantly small holding rural farmers. Yet, in urban and peri urban areas, there are dairy farmers owning few number of cows basically used for commercial purposes. The producers sell most of their products for households on contractual basis. Some other producers also sell their milk produced for other whole sellers or processors who do have small processing equipment. Because of the fact that there is no consistent demand for the product, the producers face loss in some seasons, especially during fasting periods. Accordingly, they do have a keen need towards the development and sustainability of the VC of the product.
Dairy Cooperatives: The dairy business, especially the sale of raw milk in both the rural and urban parts of the region is basically started and enhanced due to the emergence of dairy cooperatives. Earlier, the primary dairy cooperatives used to collect milk from their farmers using some quality tests under cash basis and/or advance sales to be paid biweekly or monthly. The cooperatives use crème separators and other equipment to separate the milk from the fat and sell cow butter and milk separately. The common products sold by the cooperatives include cow butter, raw milk, yogurt, and cheese (Local). Moreover, the cooperatives have shown good starts in supplying dairy inputs including bull services, feed, dairy equipment like aluminum and plastic jugs, etc. Yet, because they can‘t process their product further, they mostly face demand fluctuation problems, especially during fasting seasons. Because of the fact that milk is highly perishable product and needs a serious curiosity in all of its management, individual producers may not afford to move their product from their farm to points of sale. To cop up with the challenge, the dairy farmers are expected to establish their own dairy cooperatives which can collect, manage and sell their product on their behalf. The cooperative shall be equipped with essential facilities and equipment including cool transport facilities to avoid any kind of loss and quality deterioration
Cooperative Unions: With a great ambition of processing milk products to the state of technology available to avoid losses due to perishability and seasonality of demand, the primary dairy cooperatives in the region have established their union. Unions are envisaged to
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Processors (Small and Large Scale): The dairy sector has been constrained by the absence of dairy processing plants in the region. Though there are small hand tools and power driven separators, the small processors are incapable to collect sufficient volume of milk from the producers. However, currently there is a large scale milk processing industry established around Bahir Dar (on the way to Andasa). This industry is expected to outreach more than 100 km and the PAPs who are going to use dairy farms as their main source of livelihood are envisaged to join the supply chain of the industry.
Collectors and Retailers: Though there are some milk collectors in few towns of the region, they are not well developed and not equipped to handle large product volume. The producers cannot rely upon them to enhance their scale of operations. However, they are playing great roles in collecting small quantities of output from the producers and retail it to final consumers and sometimes to business consumers.
Consumers (Domestic, Business and Institutional): Dairy consumers can broadly be categorized as domestic (household) consumers, Business Consumers and Institutional Consumers. ―Domestic consumers” are those who buy milk for household consumption. They use either own production or purchase milk from producers and retailers in small volume (most commonly half or one litter a day) on cash as well as on contractual market basis. The “Business Consumers” are those individuals or entities who buy milk and milk products for resale and profit making purpose. Under this category, cafes, restaurants, hotels, etc. can be grouped. The other major consumer category is the “Institutional Consumer” category. Under this category, the buyers like universities, hospitals, project camps, training centers, Military and police camps, etc. which need consistent supply of milk in large volume. However, all of these consumer categories suffer from inconsistent supply and hence they need the efficiency and sustainability of the dairy value chain system. A case in point worth mentioning here is the unmet milk demand of Debire Tabor University. During the consultative meeting made with the South Gondar Zone Livestock and Fish Resources Development A/Office, it was understood that the office was unable to organize the producers to supply sufficient milk produce for the university.
The actors in the chain, the service providers and the key stakeholders who create an enabling environment along with the private sector initiatives shall mobilize and integrate efforts for the success of the dairy value chain development in general and the successful implementation of LRP in particular.
As discussed above there are several thousands of dairy milk which at time may be more surplus than the local market requirement. Therefore we propose BOLAU and Regional and zonal Investment Agency to promote to private enterprise the potential of the supply to establish dairy industry in Debera Tabor or Werata. The Value Chain Map of Dairy Marketing in ANS is given in Figure 10-2
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Figure 10-2: Value Chain Map of Dairy Marketing in ANNS
Producers Collectors &
Breed Supply Retailors Smallholder Dairy Business Farmers AI Service Consumers Dairy Cooperatives Rural Dairy Cooperatives Unions Household Feed Supply Input Producers Consumers Supply Veterinary Urban & Whole Sellers Institutional Services Periurban Large Scale Consumers Processors Equipment & Medium Retailers
Machineries
Small Scale Processors Service Providers Financial Municipalities Insurance EPCO Respective Federal Bodies Transporters Intermediaries
Enabling Environment/Major Supports and Facilitations
BOLAU City/Town Professional Administrations ARARI BOA LFRDA BOTIMD BOTVED Associations Respective Zone, Wereda, and Kebele Level Bodies
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10.4 THE HONEY MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN
Honey is a commodity with high potential for income generation and market expansion. At the producer level, the value chain intervention approach shall be adopted to enhance production and productivity focusing on producer capacity building through training, facilitation and exposure for improved productivity and quality management, as well as the transfer of more productive technologies.
At the ANS level in general and the project site in particular (especially the Amistiya kebele) are well known for the best quality of honey produced. The production activity is carried out in different ways: 1) the majority of bee keepers use traditional beehives and management at their backyards; 2) a considerable number of youth groups and women groups take some plot of land which is communally owned and establish modern bee hives, which is dominantly carried out in closed areas adequately covered with vegetation and grass; 3) another group which resembles the first is the use of modern and traditional beehives in the backyards. In all of these ways, there are farmers who do have good affinity and production experience.
Though the product is very important as source of cash including foreign currency, it is constrained by several problems. This includes sever lack of modern beehives, bee colonies, tools and facilities, extensive and negligent use of chemicals for pesticide control, product adulteration, etc. Above all, lack of sufficient supply of land which is properly managed for bee keeping at kebele level is hindering the beekeepers from expanding their apiculture farm.
The BOA, especially the LFRD agency along with their stakeholders may need to work hard to enhance the input supply capacity of the subsector including working space, beehives, bee colony, honey extractors, wax molds, and so on.
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Figure 10-3: Value Chain Map of Honey Marketing in ANS
Honey Cooperative Exporters Colony Supply Producers Union
Foreign Beehives Traditional Honey Consumers Supplementary Beehives Cooperatives Feed Supply Domestic Household Consumers Modern Whole Sellers Equipment and Beehives Materials Collectors & Business Retailors Consumers Retailers
Service Providers EPCO Financial Municipalities Transporters Intermediaries Insurance Respective Federal Bodies
Enabling Environment/Major Supports and Facilitations
ARARI BOLAU City/Town BOA BOTIMD Professional Administrations LFRDA BOTVED Associations
Respective Zone, Wereda, and Kebele Level Bodies
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The honey value chain in the region has a variety of entrepreneurial actors: producers, individual collectors, retailors, whole sellers, apiculture cooperatives, service and inputs providers, cooperative unions, exporters and the consumers. A brief discussion of the key actors in the chain follows hereafter.
Producers: Bee keepers in the region basically use two kinds of hives (the traditional and modern) for beekeeping and honey production. Most of the farmers produce the traditional hives by themselves from local materials and its price is cheaper. The modern hive on the other hand is manufactured by furniture manufacturers. It is dominantly manufactured from wood and its price is now a days higher to the level it prevents new entrants. The producers use honey basically for sales and they domestically consume only a few proportion of it. The materials they use for harvesting, storing and transporting, etc. of honey are traditional and usually deteriorate the quality of the honey.
Cooperatives: Beekeepers in most weredas of the region which are identified as honey shed areas already have established primary apiculture cooperatives known as ―Bee and Products Development and Marketing Primary Cooperatives‖ which collect honey products of members, basically honey and comb‖ to create bulk and then sales it either through a cooperative union, wholesalers or directly to final consumers. The cooperative honey market system has been playing great roles not only in collecting and selling honey products but also in adding value to the product like labeling, weighing, packaging. In addition, they also serve the beekeepers by supplying inputs and adequate handling equipment for the purpose of enhancing the quality of the product.
Unions: The primary apiculture cooperatives of the western part of the region have established Zembaba Bee and Bee Products Development and Marketing Cooperatives Union. The union has been playing great roles in building the capacity of its affiliates and the beekeepers. It mobilizes technical and financial resources to enhance productivity of beekeepers and volume of marketable honey products. It provides business loans, honey containers and storing materials, honey extractors, and other essential inputs. The union searches domestic and international markets for the product and sells by creating bulk, packing, labeling and grading. Among others, the union has made significant impact by solving the market problems of smallholder beekeepers and Beekeepers cooperatives as it has made good progress in supplying honey for the central and foreign market. The producers can confidentially produce without much fear of market problems now. The big problem prevailing in the area is lack of sufficient supply that can catch the domestic and the foreign markets and quality problems, basically it is not lack of output market. The PAPs who are interested and committed to be engaged in beekeeping shall be organized in cooperatives and marketing groups to join the more efficient market system. Respective bodies shall deliver essential services for the success of their engagement.
Collectors and Retailers: Another important group of actors is the collectors of honey. These are individuals who are engaged in buying honey from producers in small units and create relatively better size. They are located at rural villages, towns and peri urban areas. They either resale the honey they collected for final consumers (serve as retailers) or supply it for whole sellers. Though these groups play important role in connecting the producers with markets, they are also blamed for adulteration and quality problems of the product. Most of them don‘t have license and difficult to control and manage. However, as they can enhance the efficiency of the system, they should be encouraged to be licensed, and supervised for their ethical values of operations.
Wholesalers: Wholesalers are actors who basically collect honey from small collectors and cooperatives to create bulk. Most of the wholesalers are located at Addis Ababa and they further process the honey, pack and label for sale both for domestic consumers and exporters.
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Some of the wholesalers are well organized and directly export their product for consumers abroad. Because they are situated at distant location from the producer, they are not easily accessible under the existing conditions.
Exporters: These entities are basically big enterprises or companies with essential facilities, knowledge and skill to sufficiently collect the honey they need from collectors, wholesalers, and cooperatives. They search business partners or clients in the rest of the world and established wider market linkages.
Consumers: The domestic consumers of honey products can be broadly grouped into business consumers, household consumers, and institutional consumers. These groups of consumers prefer to purchase honey directly from producers, if not from retailers and cooperatives. The other group of consumers is the foreign purchasers who use the product for household consumptions and other needs. All these groups of consumers play pivotal role in the enhancement and upgrading of honey value chain for the sustainable and benefit of the producer and other actors.
In sum, the honey marketing system has got two general features: 1) the traditional individual supply chain and 2) the cooperative supply chain. The first one is the dominant honey marketing system under which most of the traditional beekeepers sell their harvest to collecting traders in their nearby markets. The system is highly susceptible and characterized by severe adulteration made by several middle men and results on poor quality of honey for final consumers. This kind of value chain fetches lower price and hence discourages both producers and consumers. The cooperative supply system of honey is carried out by the bee keepers and their organizations and hence takes care for the quality and sustainable market for their product. Therefore, it is proposed that the PAPs involved in honey production organize in cooperatives and supply to their mother cooperatives at regional level
10.5 THE POULTRY MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN
Poultry production and marketing are carried out in all areas throughout the region and the project area. Although both broilers and layer breeds can potentially be reared, the former is currently difficult for many reasons including the managerial difficulty, breed behavior and supply inconsistency and others. Hence the PAPs are envisaged to be engaged in rearing of egg layers. Unlike in the case of cattle and shoats, poultry production is operated under controlled environment or in-house rearing and very careful handling of both broilers and layers.
Currently it can be concluded that both broiler and egg poultry breed can manageably supplied for the PAPs to meet their demand. The problem might be failure of farmers to arrange housing and associated infrastructures and managerial capabilities. Supply of prepared poultry feed is another bottleneck.
The poultry value chain of the region is still basically dominated by smallholder operators many of them are carried out by women and youth. Because of the peculiar production environment that require continuous access to water and, lighting and heating facilities, the commercial level of production operations are mainly carried out in urban and peri-urban locations with ease of access to these facilities. However, it can be adequately run in rural areas also by creating access to alternative power supply sources.
Because the product is highly perishable and associated with huge risk factors, actors are reluctant to enhance their engagement. Looking at an overview of the value chain actors of poultry value chain of the region, one can easily observe that it is dominated by smallholder producers, traders and consumers.
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Producers: Poultry producers of the region are dominantly smallholder farmers residing in rural areas with their local breed flocks. The local breeds have a laying potential of 60 to 70 eggs per annum while the exotic breeds do up to 280 eggs per annum. One of the challenges for the development of cross breeds or exotic breeds is that the society has poor poultry management traditions accustomed with the genetic potential of the local breeds to survive only with self- feeding in open air. This is not possible for exotic breeds which are voracious and requires consistent feeding and intensive care not only to survive but also to yield such a higher level of output.
The producers use egg laid in their small farms basically for two purposes: 1) to improve quality of their diet and 2) supplement their household income through frequent cash sales. Almost all the producers sell their egg collections basically for two groups of buyers: 1) the vast household consumers; 2) the local egg collection and retailing traders. Yet, urban and peri urban producers who keep relatively larger number of birds compared with the rural producers sell their egg collections for whole sellers.
In all the cases, the producers earn smaller proportion of the profit margin in the value chain and compared with the higher price that the ultimate consumers are paying.
Collectors: Egg collectors are small traders who make business by collecting eggs from producers at village levels, market gets, and on the way to markets. They also collect eggs from the center of small markets where producers sell their eggs. Most of the egg collectors resell the eggs for another retailers and wholesalers making good profit margins out of it.
Retailers: Most of the retailers of egg operate the business as subsidiary activity of their retail shops. Some others make it with broilers. They purchase the eggs from both producers and collectors and resell it for wholesalers and both business and household consumers. Most of the retailers consult each other in setting purchase and selling price of eggs and usually make larger profit markups.
Wholesalers: Wholesalers are businesspersons who purchase eggs relatively in larger numbers from collectors and small traders as well as urban and peri urban producers. They create strong market position by creating continuous and bulk supply for larger business consumers. They also sell their product for household consumers during peak demand periods like feasts of New Year, Christmas, Easter and fasting periods of Muslims, wedding seasons, etc. Yet, the wholesalers do sell their collections for other retailers who can easily access the final consumers to benefit from massive sells in short periods.
Consumers: The consumers of egg product can be broadly categorized as institutional consumers, business consumers, household consumers and exporters (not currently applicable due to excessive local demand). Because of rapid population growth, increasing need for quality diet, and creeping growth of poultry production, the supply of chicken meat and eggs in the region is far below the consumer demand and this is reflected by rapid rise of egg prices. The current consumer price of an egg in Debire Tabor and Bahir Dar town is about Birr 3.00 and Birr 3.50, respectively. It can be easily understood that, compared with other products, this consumer price is too high and unaffordable for both urban and rural poor majorities.
Attributed to its potential for rapid growth of production and income generation potential at the prevailing socioeconomic features, the majority of the PAPs is envisaged to be engaged and specialized in egg layers rearing and egg production. However, the egg value chain is not well developed and needs to be upgraded. The capacity of egg collecting, retailing and wholesaling traders shall be enhanced to create sustainable and large scale purchase capacity in both urban and rural production sites. Alternatively, producers shall organize poultry marketing
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In all the prevailing cases, the producers earn smaller proportion of profit margins in the value chain and compared with the higher price that the ultimate consumers are paying. Therefore, it needs an immediate upgrading intervention. The next figure depicts the prevailing brief features of egg supply chain (broken lines) and the proposed poultry marketing cooperative actors (solid lines) to upgrade the VC for the benefit of the envisaged egg producing farmers. The Value Chain Map of Poultry Marketing in ANS is provided in Figure 10-4
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Figure 10-4: The Value Chain Map of Poultry Marketing in ANS
Exporters
Breed Supply Producers (Local Layer Breeds, Poultry Cross Breed Layers, Foreign Marketing Feed, Water Exotic Layer Breeds) Consumers Cooperatives & Heat Supply
Veterinary Domestic Whole Supply Household Sellers Consumers Collectors Equipment & & Facility Business Retailors Consumers Supply Retailers
Service Providers
Financial Insurance Municipalities Transporters Intermediaries EPCO Respective Federal Bodies
Enabling Environment/Major Supports and Facilitations
BOLAU ARARI Professional BOA BOTVED City/Town LFRDA BOTIMD Associations Administrations
Respective Zone, Wereda, and Kebele Level Bodies
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In the effort to upgrade the poultry value chain, all of the key actors, service providers and enablers need to clearly understand and properly address the sensitive and risk factor issues of the sector. Among others, the main characteristics of poultry production that could have a direct link to adverse effects of risk are outlined below.
Poultry breed: The quality of poultry breed highly affects and therefore determines the quality and productivity of the birds reared. If the source of the day-old chicks is good and reliable, the performance of the birds will be good and viable. Thus the quality of any day old chick on the market is only as good as its breeding source. Gradually, the market for day old chicks and grown birds is awash with several dealers whose source may not be clearly identified. The most reliable breeders are owned by the government enterprises located at Kombolcha and Bishoftu which don‘t have their own distribution networks. At the prevailing set of sources and networks, the BOA will remain responsible to create access for the producers.
Poultry rearing facility: Another uncompromised issue in the commercial poultry farm is the establishment of housing facility which must meet minimum standard in terms of holding capacity to avoid over congestion, good ventilation, light and temperature regulation, etc. Therefore, aspects such as use of coffee husks, access to reliable source of power, heating accessories, and charcoal, etc. are vital.
Feeding: Poultry producers must buy all the feeds required for the birds as the production activity is carried out indoors. The issue of poor quality and adulterated feeds, inconsistent supply and consistent rise of feed prices are all the concerns of the producers to determine their level of farm operations.
Drugs and hygiene conditions: Producers must not only carry out vaccination against particular diseases such as new castle and chickenpox as may be recommended but also must ensure good hygienic conditions that call for high level of cleanliness and, careful sourcing and handling of feeds and drugs, etc. Any lag on timely vaccination or any compromised hygiene situation may result not only in high poultry mortality but also, in extreme cases, can wipe out the entire flock being reared. It must be white clear that poultry production activities can never be compromised at all. The producers, the input suppliers, the service providers and enablers as well as family members all must demonstrate real commitment and properly perform their roles. Of particular note is the fact that although poultry veterinary care services are available at the clinics of LFRDA, many producers may not be cautious and think the effect as if it is insignificant. This is very risky, unlike in other animal livestock enterprises, because any omission or inappropriate application of vet care in poultry production can have devastating consequences. The producers must be adequately oriented the essentiality of a professional veterinary care, regular performance evaluation of the flocks and recommendation on adjustments in feeding, temperature control, feed supplements, etc.
10.6 CROP SEED MARKET AND VALUE CHAIN
In the context of the LRP beneficiaries crop production cannot be continued as usual as their land is already expropriated. Therefore, crop production in their remaining balance of land can be feasible only if they produce seed crops not food crops. Accordingly, the farmers who are interested to continue with farming are expected to multiply maize and wheat seeds and also fodder crop seeds, especially roddes grass and trilucern grass. The marketing value chain of the crop farming activities of the PAPs is then can be generalized as seed value chain. Seed is a strategic product that attracts several actors in its value chain. Basic seed suppliers, seed multipliers (enterprises), producers, seed distributors, cooperatives, unions, and farmers are all major actors of the value chain. Along with others, the key actors of the chain are discussed in brief as follows.
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Producers: Almost all the farmers in the project affected area have no skill, knowledge and experience in seed multiplication of high yielding crop varieties. Because a considerable amount of their land is expropriated, their remaining land should be used for seed production as the high value of improved seed can compensate the lost yield due to the expropriation. Among others, 3 types of crops maize, wheat and roddus grass are selected. The farmers may obtain the basic seed either from ARARI, or public seed enterprises and multiply it to the seed quality standards of the BOA. Because they are new for the activity and it needs a careful operational procedure, respective service providers and enablers shall integrate their efforts to push the farmers up to the level of success.
Cooperatives: The farmers who multiplied wheat and maize shall get quality certificate before they disburse to others and then can supply either to unions, or primary cooperatives to supply for crop producer farmers. Once they are certified, the producers can simply join the prevailing wheat and maize seed value chain where seed enterprises and cooperatives operate the distribution and access to the final user, the farmers. On the other hand, grass seed producers are also new and they need intensive follow-up and support to be successful producers. The grass seed producers do have two basic products the fodder and the seed. They are envisaged to supply their fodder produced for livestock keepers in the area. As there is a growing scarcity of feed, the livestock breading PAPs would benefit by purchasing the fodder for their livestock. Similarly, they can sell the grass seed they produced to other farmers in the kebeles or for office of agriculture, especially for LFRD office which can purchase the scarce grass seed for the purpose of expanding to other weredas and zones. This task definitely requires a strong coordination and integrative support. Because the food crop and fodder crop seed production have slightly different features, they are mapped distinctly as follows (Figure 10-5).
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Figure 10-5: Cereal Seed Marketing Value Chain (Wheat & Seed)
Basic Seed Supply Seed Producers' Cooperatives Producers (Wheat & Fertilizer and Maize Seed Pesticides Supply Production) Multipurpose Farmers cooperatives Farm Tools Supply Seed Enterprises Unions
Service Providers
Financial Profession Muli & Bi- Insurance Transporters Intermediaries ARARI al Lateral Organs, Association NGOs
Enabling Environment/Major Supports and Facilitations
City/Town BOLAU BOA LFRDA BOTIMD BOTVED Administrations
Respective Zone, Wereda, and Kebele Level Bodies
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In the existing chain, seed enterprises both public and private, dominantly supply high yielding cereal and pulse seed varieties to cooperative unions and primary cooperatives to be distributed to farmers. Specialized seed cooperatives also produce through their members and collect and pack their certified seed to be supplied for farmers directly or through cooperatives.
Feed Value Chain: In all types of livestock activities, the key problem is lack of sufficient and nutritive livestock feed. Consultation was made with the regional livestock feed development expert on the possible options and way forward to resolve this problem. It is understood that PAPs themselves can produce good quality grasses like roddus and trilucern grass species. Such species are highly productive and can be used for both source of cash and feed for own cattle feeding.
Because there is no experience of farmers in fodder production, both the innovative farmers who are interested to test production in small size and the government bodies (the Zonal Department of Livestock and Fish Resources Development Office) purchase such seed products from other distant areas at higher price. Most of the time, they remain in shortage of improved grass seed supply. All NGOs, bilateral and multilateral organizations are all in need of these varieties to augment their development programs. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a huge local market demand and attractive market price for the product where the farmers can sell their products on farm or village level. Yet, the farmers, the service providers and enablers all need to implement the following strategies to ensure sustained development of the chain:
a) Quality Product: the farmers should maintain the best level of product qualities of crops they are producing. b) Marketing Strategy: the demand for some products such as seed might be seasonal and may need extensive market promotion. Accordingly, the producers may fix advance sales or contractual arrangements to avoid risks of unexpected demand and price falls. c) Pricing Strategy: The farmers must make critical analysis on the nature of the product, the market demand and price trends. Whenever it is applicable, it makes confidence to fix contractual marketing system to avoid unexpected price fluctuations which will end up in income fluctuations. d) Market Promotion: Assisted with the coordination and integrative support of respective stakeholders, especially with the Agriculture, and Trade. Industry & Market Development Bureaus (for food crops), the plant quarantine and certification agency as well as the Wereda and Zonal Offices of Livestock and Fish Resources Development (for feed crops), the producers need to promote their products to create and attract sufficient market demand. e) Establish Distribution Channels: Because seed is highly perishable and has seasonal demand, the farmers need to establish an effective market channel. The product should be scheduled to be harvested in periods when there is less market competition and high market demand.
One of the challenges of seed production, apart from the lack of experience and perception problems, is basic seed supply. Research institutions (e.g. research centers of ARARI in the region) can supply these basic seeds. Their seed can also be obtained from private farms (Ato Bogale Kibret‘s Fodder development farm) around Dembecha town of West Gojam Zone and the Farmers around Koga irrigation project who are grass seed producers. Above all integration and coordination of service providers and enablers play pivotal role for success.
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Figure 10-6: A brief sketch of Fodder Crop Value Chain
Basic Seed Supply Seed Producers' Producers Cooperatives (Wheat & Maize Seed Production) Fertilizer and Pesticides Supply Multipurpose Farmers cooperatives
Seed Farm Tools Supply Enterprises Unions
Service Providers
Muli & Bi- Financial Professional Lateral Transporters Insurance ARARI Intermediaries Associations Organs, NGOs
Enabling Environment/Major Supports and Facilitations
City/Town BOTVED BOLAU LFRDA BOTIMD Administrations BOA
Respective Zone, Wereda, and Kebele Level Bodies
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10.7 GRAIN TRADE MARKETING
Agricultural commodities move in the marketing chain through different channels. The marketing channels are distinguished from each other on the basis of market functionaries involved in carrying the produce from the farmers to the ultimate consumers. Marketing system influences with value chain competitiveness that mainly require enabling actors to anticipate and meet buyers‘ demands; Identify and take advantage of market opportunities; and respond to changes in market demand or the competitive landscape
The local actors in grain marketing channels are local (village level and sub-Wereda level) assemblers (grain collectors); primary cooperatives, and their unions; wereda level assemblers and brokers which also include sub-regional suppliers; and rural retailers who buy from producers or assemblers and retail in local markets. It‘s expected that the beneficiaries of this intervention will play important role by being competent business actors in local marketing system of the project area. On the contrary the producers will have additional market outlet to sell their products with reasonable prices.
The identified grain traders will collect different marketable grains like wheat, maize, pulses, oil seeds and others from local market, door-to door collection from producers, and local assemblers to generate substantial profit to support and improve their livelihood.
The marketing network extends from producer to consumers through different grain trade actors such as retailers, agro-processing enterprises, cooperatives and institutions.
As demonstrated in Figure 10-7, grain traders group can operating as direct collector from the farmers, or purchase and store from village level assemblers and local level retailers those have direct business link with producers.
After collecting substantial amount of different grain, the grain traders group will hire laborers to clean, sort out and grading to supply good quality grain for customers. In order to meet market demand and facilitate the marketing system, the concerned stakeholders and the livelihood restoration project planned to support the grain traders group by facilitating the financial resource; technical supports through business extension and accessing standard storage facilities.
The marketable good grains will be directly sold to consumers or (with contractual agreements) they can supply to Universities, college, hospital and for urban consumers‘ cooperatives.
The marketing chain of the grain trade intervention is as follows Figure 10-7
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Figure 10-7: Grain Marketing and value chain
Grain Grain source Available Facility Customers s Crop producers Village level Retailers Farmers assemblers Private investors
Financial support Transport Grain Trading facility Beneficiary Group
Agri-business Storage facility extension
Institutions Agro-processing Consumer Consumers Retailers Collages, University, enterprise cooperatives hospitals)
10.8 MARKETING AND VALUE CHAIN OF FISH
The fishery cooperative can make fish handling and marketing processes easier. The fishery cooperatives manage the interaction between fishers and fish buyers and negotiate prices. They collect fish at the fishing ground or landing points from members using motorized collection boats and deliver them to the main landing ports that are accessible to the buyers.
Fish is sold fresh or frozen, whole, gutted or filleted. At the reservoir site might sold fresh as whole fish, but if it is planned to be transported, initial processing may be done on site or in constructed house.
There could be several different buyers around the Rib Dam reservoir including private fish traders, restaurant owners and private household consumers in nearby town. The potential of the reservoir having at least about 287 kg/day will encourage the fishery cooperative to make term contractual agreements to sell fish to fish marketing enterprise supporting with cold room facility for a specified period.
The fishery cooperative will have fish processing and storage facilities at the landing sites and jetties for loading and unloading their fishing boats. These facilities increase or maintain the quality of the fishes to get higher price. Moreover, the cooperative will own proper working environment to manage hygienic fish catching and marketing business.
As demonstrated in Figure 10-8., the marketing network extends from fisheries to end users or consumers through limited middle business partners or directly supplying to consumers. It is mentioned earlier that the fish product will be available for marketing into forms in whole fish which take a share of about 30% of the marketable fishes and the remaining 70% fishes will be processed, packed, graded and supplied.
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The marketing activities can be undertaken on site where the fishes are collected from boats; and further transported to suitable market centres or supplied to private traders and institutions from cooperative cold room/vehicle.
More preferably, the marketing system shall be contractual basis to institutions or big traders with adequate capacity to purchase the anticipated amount of products. On the other, the fishes can be sold to communities around the project area and urban dwellers. As indicated in the marketing and value chain scheme, private traders with different capacity, populous institutions, restaurant owners and consumers are the potential customers in designed marketing system.
Moreover, the supporting institutions including livestock and fishery resource development agency/office; fishery and aquatic life research center; Industry, Trade and Market development offices; credit provider institutions will be involved in entire project implementation process by providing technical and financial supports for fishery cooperative. With tight supervision and follow up the beneficiaries able to stand alone to manage the production and marketing activities.
As indicated above, the fishery project business plan identified some of potential customers and business partners in which the private traders will supply all forms of fishes to direct consumers, fish shops centered in cities and Super markets mainly found in big cities like Gondar, Debre Tabor and Bahir Dar. Fish Marketing Value chain is shown below in Figure 10-8.
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Figure 10-8: Fish Marketing and value chain
Fishery Cooperative members
Fish processing facility On-site marketing (whole fish sell)
Livestock and Fishery and Fishery resource aquatic life development Offices
research center
Institutions Supporting
Financial support Institution
Trade, Industry & Market Development offices Wereda health Office
Private fish Restaurant Public Institutions Consumers
traders owners around project area
partnersCustomers & Potential business Potential
Fish selling shops Super markets at big city like Bahir Dar &
Gondar
Urban dwellers or consumers
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11. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED LRP
11.1 GENERAL
Environmental and social impact assessments (ESIA) of the proposed interventions were assessed from site observation, existing biophysical conditions, community and stakeholders consultations, KII, LRP features towards environment. Overall, the interventions aim at addressing current socioeconomic and environmental problems and mainly to restore and sustain the livelihood of the affected people. Most of the interventions are geared towards providing substantial social and socioeconomic benefits, through improved household incomes, which in turn would have significant indirect benefits on the standard of living, nutrition and social values, gender equity in the affected areas. The interventions have direct and indirect benefits to the environment and positive impacts on socio-economic conditions through practicing improved crop and forage productions, integrated livestock production, apiculture, poultry, social infrastructure development and environmentally sound off-farm enterprises.
The projects are designed carefully minimizing the socio-environmental adverse impacts through proper risk managements during planning and project implementation.
11.2 CROP AND FORAGE SEED DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES
11.2.1 Beneficial Impacts
The crop interventions are geared towards improving productivity, improving quality seed supply, food security and household incomes. Moreover there will be indirect benefits of improved health and well-being among the participating farmers.
The farmers are already endeavoring to diversify crops, use improved seeds, and use of manures at crop fields, however, under existing circumstances, they are constrained with lack of improved seeds to get higher yield. These two enterprises are designed to support the PAPs in provision of improved seed for better yield and livelihood improvement.
The following main positive impacts are expected from the interventions:
a. Restore and sustain livelihood The major objective of the LRP is rehabilitating and sustaining the livelihood of the affected people through attractive, environmentally and socio-culturally acceptable interventions. Accordingly considering the farming system, agricultural constraints, need of the PAPs and potential of the interventions to meet the desired objectives, wheat and forage seeds multiplication are proposed. The seed multiplication agri-business is envisaged to have significant economic returns to enhance the household income. In addition the proposed interventions have substantial potential to compensate the loss due to the dam construction.
b. Promote integrated and environmentally sound farming practices
The interventions promote integrated and environmentally sound farming system where the seed producer PAPs can use the animal manure from cattle and shoat fattening project to practice organic farming by spreading manure over the cultivated land in addition to the proposed artificial fertilizers. Gradually the application of artificial fertilizer will be minimized to reduce possible environmental effects depending on the soil chemistry monitoring results of the project area.
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The second important contribution of these interventions is creating suitable condition by growing wheat and forage grasses to be used as pollen grain source for bee keeping activities where the traditional and proposed modern bee keeping intervention could benefit from it.
c. Reduce overgrazing on vulnerable lands Improved forage development encourages zero grazing that in turn protect the pasture and crop lands from land degradation like sheet erosion and gully formation. Accordingly cut & carry feeding for the livestock enterprises would have positive environmental benefits by avoiding overgrazing in and around the project area.
On the other hand, due to proper forage developments through improved seed production of Rhodes grass, significant forage fields will be covered with vegetation throughout the year and as the result of good ground coverage soil erosion in the project area and part of the catchment of the reservoir will be minimized.
d. Promote effective land use The essence of intensive farming is targeting the sustainable and effective utilization of agricultural resources in which scarce land resource would have used intensively to reduce land clearing and deforestation. To this end, the proposed improved seed supply intervention have critical contribution in enhancing the wheat and forage yields to optimum level that reduce clearing of new land for crop cultivation..
e. Job opportunity The proposed seed multiplication and distribution enterprises have the capacity to hire additional skilled and unskilled employees throughout the value chain in harvesting, sorting, grading, packing, transporting and distribution major activities.
11.2.2 Adverse Impacts
a. Residual effect of agro-chemicals Under the proposed crop interventions, the use of inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) is expected to increase. Fertiliser inputs need to be raised to the recommended doses in order to improve crop yields to achieve food security in the area and the required rate of return for investment. With improper application of pesticides and fertilizer, the pesticide residues and nutrients could leach into the groundwater.
Mitigation measures Conduct frequent farmer training programmes on effective utilization and application of fertilizer and pesticides Apply integrated pest management practices that should include use of organic pesticides which can be extracted from plants (tobacco, neem tree, garlic and others) and from cattle urine Encourage install feeding of livestock that reduce over grazing, soil compaction, and the creation of erosion hotspots in areas where cattle are concentrated.
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11.3 LIVESTOCK FATTENING AND REARING ENTERPRISES
11.3.1 Beneficial Impacts
The livestock interventions are concerned with improving livestock productivity, cattle fattening and small ruminant rearing and fattening which are targeting to meet food security and increased household incomes. a. Household Income generating
The dairy and fattening intervention would have significant potential to increase the household income that in turn improves the livelihood of the PAPs and other indirect beneficiaries. For instance the PAPs involving in small ruminant rearing and fattening; dairy production enterprise; and beef fattening have opportunity to earn annual profits of 33,786 ETB/PAP; 39389 ETB/PAP, 48,554 ETB/PAP, and 38,077 ETB/PAP respectively. It‘s expected that the indicated annual income for each beneficiaries would have significant contribution in enhancing household income. b. Reduce Livestock population pressure
The number of livestock and its movement is now confined to controlled area and reduce effect on natural vegetation. The increased number of cattle and shoats in the project area could result in overgrazing
c. Improve soil fertility: Contribute in soil fertility management by supplying livestock solid disposal or manure from their barns. The farmers would have access to apply manure on their lands to restore soil nutrients and maintain soil structure which ultimately end with higher yield with sustainable soil condition.
d. Sustain vegetation resource The communities have a tradition to use the animal dung for domestic fuel energy which might not be encouraged aggressively, however under the existing socio-economic situation of the society animal dung cake will remain source of energy in rural areas or it can be sold to towns during holidays. The overall effect of animal dung cake utilization hopefully reflected on extent of forest by-product utilization which will discourage deforestation in the catchments. Moreover, the degraded or overgrazed land resource would have adequate time to rehabilitate and increase the vegetation cover which is a major environmental benefit of the interventions.
e. Technology transfer The above-indicated modern livestock enterprises will promote improved means of livestock husbandry that can be disseminated to neighboring kebeles and communities. The knowledge to be developed in dairy production and fattening agri-business will be extended to other indirect beneficiaries through informal and formal knowledge transfer mechanisms.
f. Job Opportunity As demonstrated in value chain map of the proposed enterprises, there are several primary and other actors those could be attracted by the short and long term agri-business opportunities. Each of the participants will hire large size of employees to run the business. Therefore the impacts of the interventions positively support the livelihood of so many families.
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g. Gender equity The involvement of PAPs women and family women in all the enterprises will make the women economically empowered. Development of apiculture, dairy, shoats would provide socio- economic benefits, particularly for women who frequently take responsibility for looking after and selling the produce at market.
11.3.2 Adverse Impacts
a. Disposal of wastewater and solid waste Wastes from livestock rearing and fattening sites would have negative impacts on surrounding environment by polluting the, air, surface and groundwater unless they properly handled and disposed. Poor waste disposal management will result in air and potable water pollution which in turn affect human and animal health in and around the project area.
Mitigation measures
Develop appropriate waste disposal system at household and enterprises level Recycle the solid wastes like manure in crop production system for soil fertilizing. Encourage the farmers to use manure as organic fertilizer Generate bio-gas energy from poultry , livestock and shoats waste for domestic use Mitigation measures
Produce the required forage resource to feed the cattle and small ruminants Promote modern livestock husbandry Promote improved forage development by intensifying the forage production using improved seeds and other farm managements Control the livestock population considering the feed resource of the project area and financial capacity of the enterprises
11.4 OFF FARM FISHERY & APICULTURE ENTERPRISES
11.4.1 Beneficial impacts
a. Generate household income Both fishery and apiculture business enterprises are suitable agri-business for smallholder and have a capacity to generate substantial amount of income to support the livelihood of PAPs. The cost benefit analysis of these projects estimated that each of the beneficiaries can earn annual profit of 43, 494 ETB from bee keeping enterprise and 48,702 ETB from Fishery project. b. Improve family nutrition condition Most of the communities in the project area and in the country in large have faced nutrition deficiency. The involvement of the beneficiaries in honey and fish production gives opportunity to have balanced diet for the family and consumers in the project areas and surroundings. c. Technology transfer Modern fishery and apiculture technologies planned to introduce in the project area will promote improved production and handling system. The knowledge to be developed in both enterprises will be disseminated to other interested groups through informal and formal knowledge transfer mechanisms.
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d. Job Opportunity As demonstrated in value chain map of the proposed enterprises, there are several primary and other actors those could be attracted by the short and long term fishery and bee keeping off farm business opportunities. As the result each of the participants will hire large size of employees to run the business. Therefore the impacts of the interventions positively support the livelihood of many families.
11.4.2 Adverse impacts
Apiculture enterprise will not have any negative impact on environment and human health during implementation and then after.
a. Water and Air pollution Unpleasant odour, wastewater and solid waste disposal from fish processing facility will affect the inhabitants around the lake area. Mismanagement of waste disposal will affect the micro- organisms in water body
Mitigation measures Develop and practice efficient waste disposal system; Provide training on proper product handling and removal of wastes; Distribute safety clothes, shoes and other protection wears for workers; and Periodical monitoring on water bodies of the reservoir and take appropriate measure to reduce adverse effect on aquatic nature
b. Resource use conflicts and overexploitation of fish resource There could be over exploitation of fisheries using in particular during peak catching and high demand season and the fish resource might be inadequate because of shortage of fish or inappropriate fishing schedule. Therefore resource use conflict among potential users might be occurred in the project area. Over exploitation (catching of small or young fish) affect the natural fish growth and affect the sustainability of fishing business.
Mitigation measure Use of recommended gill net size for catching in accordance with fishing legislation Develop workable fishing schedule in consultation with all fisheries around the Rib reservoir Conduct fish resource assessment annually to determine the volume of marketable fish
c. Health risk impact Unhygienic fish catching and processing will cause health problem for human and animals. The disposal from fish processing site shall be clean and disease free to protect the workers and other inhabitants found around the processing plant.
Mitigation measure Strict follow up on sanitation condition of processing areas Disinfect the working place and equipment to reduce or avoid infestation
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Use safety clothe, shoes and other protection wears
11.5 ALTERNATIVE LRP ENTERPRISES FOR WOMEN AND YOUTH
All small enterprises proposed for women and youth have beneficial impact by reducing pressure on land and other natural resources as women and youth will start to generate income from the alternative business ventures. Specifically fuel saving and catchment treatment projects of the youth will have high positive impacts.
11.6 PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure intervention includes upgrading of farmers‘ training center, health post and center; maintenance of schools, rural road construction and boat transportation have positive impacts by providing social services for the beneficiaries in the project area. The indicated social infrastructure development interventions will not cause any significant environmental impacts except a moderate level of resource consumption.
11.7 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Health and safety of the implementing PAPs, labors, supporting stakeholders shall be kept as per the national and international standard both during construction and operation. Among many, all involved should wear protective like overall, helmet, gloves, full boot, face covers, chemical inhaling protection etc. All the implementers including PAPs shall be made aware and trained in health and safety. Mobile First AID kit has to be available with set of tools and a few selected PAPs have to be trained in FIRST AID. Besides awareness, preventive and controlling system of Malaria, Water borne diseases, HIV/AIDs, environmental and work place sanitation, personal and family sanitation, shall be streamlined within local health extension system.
11.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION
An environmental monitoring programme should be designed during the planning stage, and cover the site selection and implementation phases of the various interventions. The monitoring will cover (a) the implementation of the interventions, (b) adverse environmental impacts, and (c) benefit monitoring. The following monitoring proposals have been recommended:
11.8.1 Preparation of the intervention (planning)
Best site selection based on established criteria for more sensitive project like fish processing site; fattening programs, apiculture and others Monitor the extent of PAPs participation in environmental management to ensure the involvement of PAPs in pre - implementation activities Monitor the necessary capacity building intervention to prepare the beneficiaries for main project management and implementation
11.8.2 Implementation period
Baseline monitoring of soil fertility condition, crop yield, level of input utilization, number of livestock and beehives Monitoring implementation of institutional development process including awareness creation and formation / strengthening of ESIA monitoring groups Monitoring soil fertility once a year at the beginning of each crop season for the main nutrients (i.e. N, P, K) at representative sites to be used to track changes in fertility and to advise farmers on Bio fertiliser use.
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Handling and use of agriculture inputs (fertilizers/pesticides) Solid and wastewater monitoring from new livestock, shoats, dairy and poultry centres Water quality monitoring of the reservoir and other surround water points Monitoring of social impacts e.g. household incomes and socio-economic status for PAPs Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Results and Mitigation Measures of LRP Enterprises are given in the Table 11-1 below.
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Table 11-1: Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Results and Mitigation Measures of LRP Enterprises Intervention by Impact on Physical Impact on Flora and Mitigation measures Extent of Impact Socioeconomic impact categories environment Fauna Crop Production Development Improved Seed Beneficial impact improvement & intensive Increase the crop Enhance accessibility of reliable Production Enterprise cropland utilization & diversity and improved seed for wheat growers. reduce pressure on the contribute as bees Promote agribusiness attitude and skills remaining land forage plant. Potential for improved yields, increased food security, and HH income adverse impacts soil and water pollution None Human health & effects on bee due to Apply appropriate quantity of fertilizer to due to improper and agrochemicals uptake by crops and avoid leaching excessive application of Training in the application of agro-chemicals agro-chemicals and water quality monitoring, Use of non-toxic and environmentally friendly agro-chemicals Encourage Integrated Pest Management Practices Forage Seed Beneficial Extensive land cover Increase flora Increase household income of direct Multiplication protect land from soil coverage through beneficiaries, Serve as reliable improved Enterprise erosion; extensive grass forage seed maintaining the value chain, Encourage zero grazing coverage in the Increase of milk and meat production in that in turn protect the project area; the project area; pasture & crop lands from Provide additional Increase household income from forage gully formation due to pollen grain source grass sale and increased milk production cattle trample effects; for apiculture; Support improved animal husbandry Reduce over grazing on Increase forage development through providing adequate vulnerable grazing lands species diversity in feed supply the project area Sustain milk and meat production value chain adverse impact Low magnitude and Insignificant or None None Apply rotation farming insignificant. Avoid deep and frequent tilling Soil pulverization resulted from frequent tillage Insignificant adverse impacts Improved livestock production Dairy milk & Cattle Benefits Contribute in soil fertility & Enhance vegetation Significant income to be generated from fattening Enterprises nutrient replenishment cover due to milk, butter sales. depletion in cropland intensive production & areas. relief from grazing, Increase of family income mainly women Reduce rate of cattle dung to be used members from dried animal dung sale deforestation as some part as bio- fertilizer & (Kubet); Improve family diet condition.
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Intervention by Impact on Physical Impact on Flora and Mitigation measures Extent of Impact Socioeconomic impact categories environment Fauna of animal dung disposal Biogas will reduce will be used as domestic pressure on fuel energy, enable Biogas vegetation for fuel Adverse impact Air pollution by creating none Practice improved waste disposal bad smell, resulting in management and recycling unhealthy, pollutes water. Waste management and pollution control measures required for dairy and cattle fattening centres. Integrate with watershed management activities to get balanced forage. Introduce composite bio-fertilizer preparation & Bio-gas scheme to recycle the waste disposals Sheep & Goats fatting Benefits Contribute in soil fertility & Enhance vegetation Significant income to be generated from Enterprise, Sheep & nutrient replenishment cover due to the sales. Goat Rearing depletion in cropland intensive production & Enterprise areas. relief from grazing, Increase of family income mainly women Reduce rate of cattle dung to be used members from dried animal dung sale deforestation as some part as bio- fertilizer & (Kubet) of animal dung disposal Biogas will reduce will be used as domestic pressure on Improve the living standard & family fuel energy, enable Biogas vegetation for fuel nutritional condition.
Adverse impact Air pollution by creating none Practice improved waste disposal bad smell, resulting in management and recycling unhealthy, pollutes water. Waste management and pollution control measures required for the centres. Integrate with watershed management activities to get balanced forage. Introduce composite bio-fertilizer preparation & Bio-gas scheme to recycle the waste disposals Poultry Benefits Contribute in soil fertility & Enhance vegetation Support and restore the livelihood of the nutrient replenishment in cover due as will be PAPs cropland areas. used bio- fertilizer & Improve family diet condition Reduce rate of Biogas will reduce Improve community skill in poultry deforestation as some part pressure on production. of the dung disposal will vegetation for fuel Fill chicken and egg demand gaps in the be used as domestic fuel project area and in big cities energy, enable Biogas Encourage traders and youth to involve
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Intervention by Impact on Physical Impact on Flora and Mitigation measures Extent of Impact Socioeconomic impact categories environment Fauna in poultry marketing system to earn attractive income. create favorable business environment to attract poultry feed production medium scale factories or cottage industries around the project area
Adverse Solid disposal of birds Neutral effect Proper waste disposal management should could affect the be developed environment through unpleasant smell; Recycling to crop production system accumulation of wastes and hygienic effect for Use for non-farming activities like bio-gas human health production Off-Farm Enterprises Fishery enterprise Benefits Enable Conserving aquatic Improve and restore the livelihood of eco-system through PAPs. proper fishing Enhance the income of the beneficiaries management and preventing water resource from Create job opportunity for member of the emission communities
Contribute in creating or developing business oriented social group in the project area
Attract potential business partner from different parts of the region or zones to involve in fish business value chain
Being part of the fish business communities with significant (143.5 kg/day for ten months) of marketable fish
adverse impacts Potential impacts of odour, Mismanagement of Resource use conflicts with inhabitants Practice proper waste disposal mechanisms wastewater and solid waste disposal will those will involve in fishing activities. Make fish processing activities in appropriate
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Intervention by Impact on Physical Impact on Flora and Mitigation measures Extent of Impact Socioeconomic impact categories environment Fauna waste disposal from fish affect the micro- Human health risk due to unhygienic fish room to avoid water pollution processing areas organisms in water processing Follow the national and regional fishing body. legislations Over exploitation Conduct periodical fish resource assessment (catching of small or and sustainable fishing practices in young fish) affect the consultation with all beneficiaries natural fish growth Follow standard health & safety regulation and affect the during operation of the project sustainability of fishing business Apiculture Benefits Facilitate the natural cross Maintain the flora Increase the income of the PAPs pollination for flora habitats diversity and Improve health condition of the resources community due to medical characteristics adverse impacts None None Good Transport, Bajaj, Benefits Will reduce trampling by Will reduce burden on High income Enterprises pack animals pack animals Adverse impacts None None Hollow block Benefits will reduce pressure on none High income wood for construction Adverse impacts None None Women Alternative Benefits Alternative energy will High income LRP enterprise reduce pressure on land Adverse impacts None None Youth Alternative LRP Benefits Youth occupation will High income enterprise reduce pressure on land; catchment conservation will sustain the envt. Adverse impacts None None None Physical & Social Benefits None None Will make the proposed enterprises Infrastructures sustainable Adverse impacts None None None
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PART III: IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS
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12. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMNT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVLIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN
12.1 FEDERAL LEVEL SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS
At the federal level, the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MOWIE), and the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MOFED), Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MOAN) will support the regional implementing institutions. MOWIE being the lead national project coordination will be a link between Federal and Regional implementing institutions. FDRE MOFED will make available livelihood restoration budget on the basis of budget request from the MOWIE including periodic disbursement of the budget in accordance with the financial disbursement plan. MOWIE coordinate the activities of federal stakeholders, Physical and budget performance monitoring and evaluation and take corrective measures if there are problems. Federal Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Industries Development Agency will be responsible to give technical support in training, capacity building, linking with input and produce market channels.
The World Bank as a financer for technical support in development and implementation of livelihood restoration plan will involve in the approval of the restoration plans, follow up of the implementation and provide technical advice as appropriate. The overall Organizational Structure for Livelihood Restoration plan Implementation can be referred at Figure 12-1
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Figure 12-1: Overall Organizational Structure for LRP Implementation
Federal Main MOWIE Supporters WB ENIDP MOFEC, MOAN, FMSEA
Regional Supporters ANS BoLAU Regional Main Supporters BOFED, Youth & sport Commission, women & BOANR, BOTVED, Livestock & children‘s Bureau, BOLSA, Fishery‘, Trade, BOWI, Industry & South Gonder Marketing, ARARI, CPO BOE, Health Bureaus, Zone concil, GIRDC
Ebinat Wereda Farta Wereda Administration Administration Council, GIRDC Council, GIRDC
Ebinat Wereda- Technical Committee Farta Wereda - Technical Committee BLUA, TVED, Offices of Agr & Natural BLUA, TVED, Offices of Agr & Natural Resource, Livestock and Fishery Resource, Livestock and Fishery development, development, BOWI, Municipality, Trade, BOWI, Municipality, Trade, Industry& Market Industry& Market Development, Justice Development, Justice Youth & Sports, Youth & Sports, Health, Education , Health, Education , women, offices, GIRDC women, offices, GIRDC
Kebele Administration Council, Kebele Administration Council, GIRDC GIRDC
Kebeles Technical Committee Kebeles Technical Committee Kebele Manager, Administration Office, Kebele Manager, Administration Office, DAs, PAPs representatives, GIRDC DAs, PAPs representatives, GIRDC
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12.2 REGIONAL IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS
At the Regional level the main livelihood restoration plan implementer is Bureau of Land Administration and Use. Supporting institutions at regional level are; Technique, Vocational and Enterprises Development Bureau, Bureau of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Livestock and Fish Resources Development Agency, ANS Cooperatives Promotion Agency, ARARI, BOWI, Bureau of Trade, Industry and Market Development
Other Regional line bureaus will be involved for specific activities for specific time when required by the main implementer BOLAU. In this regard Youth and Sport Commission, Women and Children‘s Bureau, Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs, Education and Health Bureaus will be a subsidiary implementing institutions.
The main implementer BOLAU is legally established by ANS to administer and regulate land and land related resources of the region and their utilizations. Among many, the bureau has the following key duties and responsibilities as relevant to this assignment: Survey and register the types and size of rural land resources, monitor and control the administration and utilization of the same. Follow the land users to care and develop their ownership, device various kinds of incentives for those who properly manage their land, take proper legal measures against those who retreat to meet their responsibilities. Register each land holding and farm, awards land map and ownership book, based on appropriate land survey methods. Assists rural kebele centers and emerging small towns through formulating land use plan and monitors the implementation of the same. In collaboration with respective bodies of the regional government and town administration, ensures the priori payment of compensation and livelihood restoration of affected persons before the expropriation of their land for the benefit of the public. Redistribute and award map and second order land ownership book for historical land owners of modern and large scale irrigation projects developed. Assign special identification codes for all levels of administrative and farm ownerships, facilitates the use of the established codes to be used by other government bodies and development organizations. Register, determine and decide the administration and utilization of land included under the boundaries of urban administrations and awards the map and ownership book in collaboration with the appropriate bodies.
To accomplish duties and responsibilities provided above, the bureau has recently reorganized and established ―Sustainability and Alternative Livelihood Restoration Main Work Process‖ which is led by a Deputy Bureau Head. The main duties and responsibilities of the work process include the following general tasks:
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Jointly delineate the map and administrative boundaries of towns, and development projects implemented outside towns in collaboration with respective institutions. Identify, conduct inventory and register landholders in the region whose land is expropriated for the benefit of the public, conducts land ownership inventory and registration. Provides first and second order land ownership book for land owners inventoried and registered. Accepts land requisitions upon rural kebeles included under the boundaries of the map of towns and also rural ownerships outside the towns expropriated for the benefit of the public. Trains compensation valuation committee members. Notify land owners whose land out to be expropriated. Identify and decide whether the compensation payment shall be short term or long-run. Conduct inventory of developed resources and permanently update inventories of owners whose land shall be expropriated, collect and analyze essential data for resource valuation, conduct price determination for resource valuation price computes compensation in collaboration with appropriate bodies. Notify the right holders the compensation estimate, along with the details of the compensation estimate; notify the project implement in written letter to transfer the compensation fund. Ensure the compensation payment for the right owners, clear their holdings, transfer the land for the appropriate body. In collaboration with the case appropriate regional government bodies and the Urban Administrations, ensures the livelihood restoration of displaced land owners whose land is expropriated for the purpose of public benefit. In collaboration with appropriate institutions, formulate different types of livelihood project profiles, and ensure their implementation. Facilitate replacement land for residential and working spaces for the displaced owners. Arbitrate land administration and use related claims and grievances associated with the displaced owners displaced due to development. Organize and update database related to displacement for development for public interest and sustainable livelihood restoration.
Organization structure of BOLAU is given in Figure 12-2 and the man power required for BOLAU, Sustainability and Alternative Livelihood Restoration Main Work Process at regional, zone and wereda level is given in Table 12-1
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Table 12-1: Regional and Wereda Level Working Position of Sustainability and Alternative Livelihood Restoration Main Work Process Job Level Number of Staffs S/N Job Title Region Zone Wereda Region Zone Wereda 1 Deputy Bureau Head Appointment PSC 1 1
2 Secretary and Office Administration Officer JP JP 7 1 1
Agriculture Based Livelihood Project 4 PSC.8 PSC.6 1 1 Formulation Expert Service and Trade Based Livelihood Project 5 PSC.8 PSC.6 1 1 Formulation Expert Manufacturing and Industry Based 6 PSC.8 PSC.6 1 1 Livelihood Project Formulation Expert 7 Sustainability and Restoration Survey Expert PSC.8 1
Sustainability and Restoration Monitoring 8 PSC.8 1 and Follow-up Expert Sustainability and Restoration Monitoring 9 PSC.7 PSC.6 1 1 and Follow-up Expert Sustainability and Restoration Monitoring 10 and Follow-up Expert Database PSC.5 1
Administration Expert Total 10 6
Key: JP: Junior Professional, PSC: Professional Science
N:B: The project wordas are not covered by this structure. It only works at the following weredas; Fogera, Bahir Dar Zuria, Gondar Zuria, Gozamin, Basona Worena, Kalu, Woldia, Dessie Zuria, Burie Zuria.
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Figure 12-2: Organizational structure of ANNS BOLAU
BUREAU HEAD
Service Provision Officer Legal Service Officer Gender Officer Deputy Bureau Head Sustainability and Alternative Livelihood Restoration Main Work Process Deputy Bureau Head
Land Registration and Cadastral Public Relations Support Main Work Process W. Process
Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation S. W. Process Rural Land Use Planning, Inspection & Research Main Work Process HR Management S. Process
Information & Technology S. Rural Land Investment Main Work Process Process
Internal Audit S. W. Process
Service Delivery & Grievances Redress S. W. Process
Zonal Department of EPLUA
Wereda Office of EPLUA
Kebele EPLUA Extension Worker
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12.3 WEREDA AND KEBELE LEVEL IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS
The main implementing agency here again is department of LUA at wereda Level. However, since the activities are multispectral it is proposed that the livelihood implementation to be led by wereda administration council at wereda level and Kebele administration council at kebele level. GIRDC, as RIDP PAPS development and implementation consultant will support in all technical aspects including training and capacity building. Other Implementation supporting offices at wereda level will be; Agriculture and Natural resource, Technical and Vocational Enterprises Development Office, Cooperatives Promotion Agency, Livestock and Fishery Resources Development , Trade, Industry and Market Development, Municipality.
As proposed in the regional implementing institutions; other wereda line bureaus will be involved for specific activities for specific time when required by the main wereda implementer OLAU. In this regard Youth and sport, women and children‘s, Education, Health and Justice Department will be supporting implementing institutions at wereda level. The Organizational structure of Wereda BOLAU is given in Figure 12-3.
Moreover, Woreta and Ebnat TEVT training colleges shall support in training and capacity building of PAPs in technical aspects of the proposed Livelihood restoration enterprises.
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Figure 12-3: Organizational structure of Wereda BOLAU
Woreda EPLUA
Legal Support Officer Pull Support Office
Planning and Monitoring Case Team
Rural Land Use Planning, Environmental Rural Land Use Planning, Rural Land Ownership Rural Land Ownership Development and Protection Main Work Development, Monitoring Registration and Cadastral Registration and Cadastral Monitoring Main Work Process and Evaluation Main Work Main Work Process Main Work Process Process Head + (6 Staff Process Head + (8 Staff Head + (8 Staffs) Head + (9 Staff Members) Head + (8 Staffs) Members) Members)
Kebele Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use Extension Worker
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12.4 WEREDA AND KEBELE LRP IMPLEMENTATION TECHNICAL COMMITTEES
During stakeholders consultation at wereda and kebele levels including wereda and kebele administration councils; all expressed their readiness to work on the Development and Implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plan. In order to integrate activities of all the stakeholders, it was proposed and unanimously agreed to establish Livelihood Restoration Plan implementation technical committees at wereda and Kebele levels. All believed that; the formation of the committee is one of the key steps for the success of the assignment. Accordingly the committees were formed at both Ebinat and Ferta weredas and also in all five PAP kebeles. The formation of the committee will enable to bring uncoordinated efforts by different stakeholders in the wereda and kebele. It will enable to reach with the PAPs easily and to plan and implement the program through closer participations of all concerned.
The committees are accountable to the respective wereda and kebel Administration councils. The technical committee has been formed by the representative from participating stakeholders who can devote time for the assignment representing their respective offices. Accordingly the technical committees comprise members from different offices. The members of the wereda technical committee and their positions within the committee are as follow.
1. Office of Administration ------Chairman 2. Office of Land Administration and Use------Secretary 3. Office of Agriculture& Natural resource Devt------Member 4. Office of Technical, Vocational & Enterprises Development. .Member 5. Office of the Municipality………………………………………..Member 6. Office of the Cooperatives Promotion Agency…………………Member 7. Office of Livestock and Fishery Resources Development…… Member. 8. Office of Trade, Industry and Market Development…………...Member 9. Office Youth & Sports ……………………………………………Member 10. Office of Women and Children…………………………………..Member 11. Justice Office……………………………………………………..Member 12. Restoration Plan Consultant GIRDC (2)………… …………… Member
Similarly, a technical committee established in the five PAPs kebeles consisting of the followings;
1. Manager of the kebel administration------Chairman 2. Chairman of the kebele administration------Secretary 3. Crop Development Agents------Member 4. Livestock Development Agents------Member 5. Natural Resources Development Agents------Member 6. Cooperative extension Agents------Member 7. Health Extension Agents------Member 8. Respective sub kebele leaders------Member 9. Kebele Rural Employment Creation Team------Member 10. PAP representatives (2)------Member 11. Restoration Plan Consultant (GIRDC)------Member
The committee will prepare its own brief monthly reports which contain planned and accomplished tasks, encountered problems, solutions taken and issues that require further actions. It meets once in a month and its duration will extend up to the completion period of the livelihood restoration program and then after if required. In order to make clear understanding of the assignment expected from the technique committee TOR and working guideline is prepared and given to the members. Besides, the client TOR and consultants Technical methodology of the assignment is also given to them for references purposes.
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The major works involve in validation of no of PAPs, involve in the preparation livelihood restoration plan interventions, participate in training of the PAPs, provide technical assistance to the PAPs during the periods of implementation, help in selection and getting of appropriate working places, support in establishing livelihood restoration enterprise, involve in monitoring and evaluation activities. Moreover, they will assist the PAPs in selecting, purchasing and transporting the types of inputs required for undertaking their enterprises, to provide assistance to vulnerable PAPs and women groups, to facilitate the construction and rehabilitation works of social service structures. The working guideline is attached as Appendix VI.
12.5 OPERATIONAL SUPPORT - BUDGET FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LRP
Implementation of livelihood restoration plan should be streamlined in the main implementing and all support institutions own regular activities. It is expected that the main implementers and support institutions will mobilize in the most part from their own source as requested through own normal budget request system. In addition to that; support budget to mobilize the implementing stakeholders that to be used to cover expenses of at least P.D, and transport expenditures is proposed. There will be frequent movement of the professionals from place to place for the technical support of the PAPs. As a basis for estimating the budget; it is anticipated that the implementing stakeholders will be involved in the field work within a range of 10-90 days over the planned implementation period. Moreover, expenses for fuel, lubricants and related items are estimated to be partly supported. The estimated budget requirement is given in the following Table 12-2.
Table 12-2: Support Operational Budget Required for the main Implementers Total NN of Daily Rate Description Position Total(Birr) NN Days (Birr/day) Field Expense for Wereda Level Technical Committee (Implementers) 1. Office of Administration Chairman 2 30 300 18,000 2. Office of Land Administration and Use Secretary 2 90 300 54,000 3. Office of Agriculture Member 2 90 300 54,000 4. Technical and Vocational Enterprises Development Member 2 60 300 36,000 Office 5. Office of the Municipality Member 2 20 300 12,000 6. Office of the Cooperatives Promotion Agency Member 2 40 300 24,000 7. Office of Livestock and Fishery Resources Member 2 90 300 54,000 Development 8. Office of Trade, Industry and Market Development Member 2 20 300 12,000 9. Office Youth & Sports Member 2 20 300 12,000 10. Office of Women and Children Member 2 20 300 12,000 11. Justice Office Member 2 20 300 12,000 12. Restoration Plan Consultant GIRDC (2) Member 0
Field Expense for Kebele Level Technical - Committee (Implementers) 1. Manager of the kebele administration Chairman 5 20 200 20,000 2. Chairman of the kebele administration Secretary 5 20 200 20,000 3. Crop Development Agents Member 5 20 200 20,000 4. Livestock Development Agents Member 5 20 200 20,000 5. Natural Resources Development Agent Member 5 20 200 20,000 6. Cooperative extension Agents Member 5 10 200 10,000 7. Health Extension Agents Member 5 10 200 10,000 8. Respective sub kebele leaders Member 5 20 200 20,000 9. PAP representatives (2) Member 5 20 200 20,000 10. Restoration Plan Consultant (GIRDC) Member 0 0 0
Sub total 460,000 Fuel & other expense support for Farta wereda 570,000
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Total NN of Daily Rate Description Position Total(Birr) NN Days (Birr/day) Fuel & other expense support for Ebinat wereda 380,000 Fuel & other expense support for BOLAU 520,000 Sub Total 1,470,000 Grand total 1,930,000
12.6 ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT OPTION
The first Option BOLAU to be a leading implementer and coordinator of the LRP activities to be implemented by multiple stakeholders‘ is fair since the responsibility for restoration of any development affected people is given to BOLAU by ANS. However, BOLAU do not have formal power of direct line instruction of these stakeholders. Therefore, alternative option is proposed which still keeps BOLAU as main implementer and technical coordinator through project steering committee already established at regional level but to be established at the two woerda levels.
The advantage of this option is that, the SC has been pooled from different regional bureaus and as such most of the implementing stakeholders will be represented and may be convenient to implement and follow up its own activities. The disadvantage is that SC & TC members will not be full time on the subject and hence LRP assignments may obviously create gaps during implementation especially at grass root level.
Over all organizational charts depicting line of coordination at regional and woerda level is given in Appendix V.
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13. TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
13.1 TRAINING NEED ASSESSMENT
Training need assessment is investigation and analysis of existing gaps of knowledge and capacity in the subject including practical experience to achieve the objectives and targets of the assignment. We made training need assessment with wereda and kebele stakeholders including PAPs during discussions and consultations, PAPs preference survey. Accordingly, the following topics have been identified in consultation with them;
Entrepreneurship Business plan preparation Business management of Livelihood Restoration enterprises Technical Aspects of the specific proposed livelihood restoration enterprise Financial management Property management and book keeping Accounting and auditing Production, standards and quality control Marketing and value chain Monitoring and Evaluation
13.2 TRAINING TECHNIQUES AND VENUE
Our general approach of the training will be participatory, practical, and interactive and allow learning not only from the trainer but also the trainees from each other. The training, among others, shall use the following techniques:
Formal Lecture Session: A training material in Amharic shall be prepared for each topic within reasonable depth targeting the Livelihood restoration enterprise.
Question and open discussion session: After each lecture and/or in between lectures (as found appropriate) participants are encouraged to ask questions/issues and allow the others to discuss on the points raised. Alternatively the trainer can raise questions to the participants and allow discussion to make the training more participatory
Class room exercise and discussion: The trainer will prepare problems and issues anticipated to be faced during implementation of livelihood restoration plan enterprises and give for each a chance to work and submit in the form of discussion to the forum.
Group work and presentation: Similarly the trainer will form a random group of 5- 6 trainees each and give problems and issues anticipated to be faced during implementation of livelihood restoration enterprises, discuss and come up with solutions /findings. One of the group members should present to the forum for discussion.
Practical Site demonstration: We will identify successful enterprise in nearby Ebinat and Debera Tabor for practical demonstration. We will select the sites in consultation with the implementing stakeholders.
Training venue: At Kebele level training will be given in FTC or one of the classes in the school if the schedule is during school closing time. At wereda level training will be given in Ebinat and Debera Tabor town municipality hall.
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13.3 PRACTICAL LOCAL STUDY TOUR OF PAPS
As said in the previous sections PAPs have less or no experience in the proposed livelihood enterprises technical and administrative management. To curb these problems we recommend 2-3 representative PAPs from each LRP enterprise to visit successful similar enterprise in the Region. The study tour will help to bring in the best practices. At least one best model enterprise for each type of enterprise will be selected by the implementers. The cost estimate of the study tour is presented in Table 13-1.
Table 13-1: Estimated Budget for Study Tour Enterprises Requiring Study Tour & for Unit of NN of Study Tour NN of Study Daily Rate Total No Transport /Trainers Measurements Participants Tour Days (Birr/day) Cost Rural-Based Interventions for PAPs 1 who are not Displaced 1.1 Improved Wheat Seed Multiplication PAP 2 4 200 1,600 1.2 Improved Forage Seed Production PAP 2 4 200 1,600 1.3 Cattle Fattening PAP 3 4 200 2,400 1.4 Sheep and Goat Fattening PAP 2 4 200 1,600 1.5 Sheep and Goat Raring PAP 3 4 200 2,400 1.6 Dairy and by-products PAP 3 4 200 2,400 1.7 Poultry PAP 3 4 200 2,400 1.8 Apiculture PAP 2 4 200 1,600 1.9 Fish PAP 2 4 200 1,600 1.10 Grain Trade PAP 2 4 200 1,600 1.11 Livestock Trade PAP 2 4 200 1,600 Urban –Based Interventions for PAPs 2 Relocated to Ebinat and Debre Tabor 4 200 -
Towns 2.1 Local goods Transport PAP 2 4 200 1,600 2.2 HB PAP 2 4 200 1,600 2.3 Bajaj and Taxi PAP 2 4 200 1,600 2.4 Wood and Metal work PAP 2 4 200 1,600 2.5 Retail trade PAP 2 4 200 1,600 2.6 Dairy PAP 2 4 200 1,600 2.7 Poultry PAP 2 4 200 1,600 3 Vehicle Bus 2 4 5,000 40,000 4 Trainers Trainers 4 4 400 6,400 Total - 46 78,400
Contingency (10%) 7,840.0
G.Total 86,240
13.4 TARGET GROUPS AND BUDGET
The major target of the training will be training and capacity building of wereda and kebele implementing institutions and the PAPs themselves.
The training topic for wereda and kebele implementing staffs will be selective on the area of their assignment. However, PAPs will be trained in their preferred business enterprises on all topics.
At kebele level, all development participants who will play key role in the implementation of the restoration enterprise will be trained. These are; kebele crop DA, Livestock & Vet DA, Cooperatives organizer, Land Administration and Use, kebele administration & development committee.
The numbers of wereda & implementing staffs to be trained, Number of PAPs to be trained and corresponding estimated training budget have been given in Table 13-2 and Table 13-3 respectively.
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Table 13-2: Budget for Training for Kebele Level Stakeholders Entertainment (coffee, For the Trainers tea, cake, soft drink) Unit of NN of NN of Rate Total NN Target Group NN Days S.Total NN of Daily Measurements Kebeles Participants (Birr/day) NN of Birr/participant/ Cost Training Allowance S.Total S.Total trainers day days (birr/day) Head Kebele Office of 1 Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 Agriculture Crop Production 2 Extension Worker Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 (Office of Agriculture) Livestock Production 3 Extension Worker Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 (Office of Agriculture) Natural Resources 4 Extension Worker Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 (Office of Agriculture) Animal Health Expert 5 Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 2 5 300 3,000 25 500 4,500 (Office of Agriculture) Environmental Protection, Land 6 Administration and Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 Use Extension Worker Kebele Expert of 7 Cooperatives Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 Promotion 8 Kebele Manager Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 9 Kebele Vice Chair Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 10 Kebele Chair Person Person 1 4 4 5 200 4,000 25 500 4,500 11 for the Trainers 250 250
Total 10 40 40,000 2 5 300 3,000 5,250 45,250
Contingency (10%) 4,000.0 300.0 525.0 4,525.0 G. Total 44,000 3,300 5,775 49,775
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Table 13-3: Training for the PAPs Entertainment (coffee, For the PAPs For the Trainers tea, cake, soft drink) NN of Total Enterprises Responsible Daily NN of Daily PAPs Training Training S. Total S. Total Birr/participant/ S. Total Cost Allowance Training Allowance Groups Days Cost Cost day Cost (birr/day) days (birr/day) Improved Office of Agriculture , Office of Wheat Seed Land Administration and Use , 25 1 5 100 12,500 5 300 1,500 25 3,250 17,250 Multiplication ,GIRDC Improved Office of Agriculture , Office of Forage Seed Land Administration and Use , 13 1 5 100 6,500 5 300 1,500 25 1,750 9,750 Production ,GIRDC Office of Livestock & Fish Cattle Resources , Office of Land 352 10 5 100 176,000 50 300 15,000 25 45,250 236,250 Fattening Administration and Use , GIRDCs Office of Livestock & Fish Sheep and Resources , Office of Land 82 1 5 100 41,000 5 300 1,500 25 10,375 52,875 Goat Fattening Administration and Use , GIRDCs Office of Livestock & Fish Sheep and Resources , Office of Land 156 5 5 100 78,000 25 300 7,500 25 20,125 105,625 Goat Raring Administration and Use , GIRDCs Office of Livestock & Fish Dairy and by- Resources , Office of Land 318 10 5 100 159,000 50 300 15,000 25 41,000 215,000 products Administration and Use , GIRDCs Office of Livestock & Fish Poultry Resources , Office of Land 229 7 5 100 114,500 35 300 10,500 25 29,500 154,500 Administration and Use , GIRDCs Office of Livestock & Fish Apiculture Resources , Office of Land 60 2 5 100 30,000 10 300 3,000 25 7,750 40,750 Administration and Use , GIRDCs Office of Livestock & Fish Fish Resources , Office of Land 35 1 5 100 17,500 5 300 1,500 25 4,500 23,500 Administration and Use , GIRDCs Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & Grain Trade Market Dep't , Office of Land 10 1 5 100 5,000 5 300 1,500 25 1,375 7,875 Administration and Use , GIRDC Livestock Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & 10 1 5 100 5,000 5 300 1,500 25 1,375 7,875 Trade Market Dep't , Office of Land
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Entertainment (coffee, For the PAPs For the Trainers tea, cake, soft drink) NN of Total Enterprises Responsible Daily NN of Daily PAPs Training Training S. Total S. Total Birr/participant/ S. Total Cost Allowance Training Allowance Groups Days Cost Cost day Cost (birr/day) days (birr/day) Administration and Use , GIRDC Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & Local goods Market Dep't , Office of Land 20 1 5 100 10,000 5 300 1,500 25 2,625 14,125 Transport Administration and Use , GIRDC Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & HB Market Dep't , Office of Land 12 1 5 100 6,000 5 300 1,500 25 1,625 9,125 Administration and Use , GIRDC Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & Bajaj and Taxi Market Dep't , Office of Land 6 1 5 100 3,000 5 300 1,500 25 875 5,375 Administration and Use , GIRDC Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & Wood and Market Dep't , Office of Land 12 1 5 100 6,000 5 300 1,500 25 1,625 9,125 Metal work Administration and Use , GIRDC Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & Retail trade Market Dep't , Office of Land 10 1 5 100 5,000 5 300 1,500 25 1,375 7,875 Administration and Use , GIRDC Social Security System for BOLSA, GIRDC 105 3 5 100 52,500 15 300 4,500 25 13,500 70,500 Vulnerables Total 1,455 727,500 72,000 187,875 987,375 Contingency - 72750 7200 18787.5 98737.5 (10%) G.Total 800,250 79,200 206,663 1,086,113
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Wereda Level: At wereda level, the office of agriculture (crop production and extension experts), Office of Livestock and Fish Resources Development (Experts of Animal Production, Animal Health, Fishery), the office of TVED, Trade, Industry, and Market Development, Cooperatives Promotion Office, Women, Children and Youth Affairs Office, Wereda Administration, Municipality Offices, Office of Land Administration and Use are the key implementers and need to be trained both to develop own capacity and also as TOT for Kebele and PAP trainees.
Table 13-4: Training for Wereda Level Experts Unit of Rate Target Group NN Days Total Measurements (Bir/day) Crop Production Experts Person
Wereda Office of Agriculture Experts Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Livestock & Fish Resources Experts Person -
Wereda Office of Agriculture Experts Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 TVED Experts -
Wereda Office of TVED Experts Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Trade, Industry and Market Development Experts -
Wereda Office of Trade, Indu.. & Market Dev't Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Experts Women, Children and Youth Affairs Office -
Wereda Office of Trade, Indu. & Market Dev't Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Experts Land Administration and Use Experts -
Wereda Office of Land Admin. & Use Experts Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Cooperatives Promotion Office -
Wereda Office of Coop. Promotion Experts Person 22 5 300 33,000.0 Administrative Office Experts -
Wereda Administration Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Town Administration -
Municipality Services Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Trade & Industry Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Investment Office Experts Person 2 5 300 3,000.0 Stationaries , tea, coffee, cakes and beverages 6,300.00
Total 69,300.0 Contingency (10%) 6,930.0 G. Total 42 76,230
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14. INVESTMENT AND SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR THE LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN
14.1 INVESTMENT REQUIREMENT
Finance is an indispensable for implementation and successful realization of the target of the Restoration plan. Financing involves three tasks: the identification of reliable sources, the effective disbursement of the required fund and the efficient utilization of the financial resources. The budget for LRP could have been part of the overall project cost and should not be sought to be mobilized from different sources at this later stage. Despite this, we have proposed different alternative sources of finance which will be required to cover capital and initial operational cost. We anticipate incremental capital and later years operational cost will be generated from the enterprises themselves. The overall financial requirement for the livelihood restoration plan including training and capacity building, part of the operational expenses of the main implementers is about ETB 89.32 Million. The overall financial requirements are given in Table 14-1. As noted above the cost of the physical and social infrastructure will be estimated after technical specification‘s is assessed. Possible source of fund are discussed below;
Table 14-1: summary of Investment requirement of Rib PAPs Restoration plan Subtotal Initial Operational S.N Cost items Total Remarks cost Cost Livelihood restoration plan of the main 1 57,727,572 14,241,403 71,968,975 PAPs 2 Alternative livelihood for women & youth 7,170,940 176,382 7,347,322 Not 3 Physical & social infrastructures - 0 estimated Training & capacity building of 4 1,101,925 1,101,925 implementers and PAPs 5 Study Tour 78,400 78,400 6 Operational support cost for implementers 598,000 598,000 7 M & E expenses 114,660 114,660 Total 66,791,497 14,417,785 81,209,282 Contingency (10%) 6,679,150 1,441,779 8,120,928 Grand Total 73,470,647 15,859,564 89,330,210
14.2 PAP CONTRIBUTION FROM SAVINGS AND COMPENSATION PAID
As discussed in the preceding sections over 200 million of birr is paid to the PAPs so far. There are also more millions to be paid. Though the payment was very fragmented over several years and dominantly used for non-productive purposes, these PAPs can raise capital from their past savings, assets and unutilized compensation money to establish restoration business. What they need is more awareness creation and a conducive investment environment, efficient business facilitation. A few PAPs have already entered in to the business such as purchase of urban houses, transport vehicles, retail trades by investing compensation money. Others extravagantly expended on nonproductive materials like machine guns. With a good thought of using these money efficiently on productive and sustainable investment, it would be important to consider these resources in order to cover part of livelihood restoration plan investment. Moreover, it will make PAPs to feel full ownership of the livelihood restoration enterprises. During survey a total of 499 PAPs have indicated their willingness to pool money for investment in livelihood restoration plan. Likewise, it is anticipated that with more awareness creation and entrepreneurship training more PAPs will be willing to pool their money, if not yet used hastily for different purposes.
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14.3 GOVERNMENT BUDGET
Government budget allocation should cover a significant amount of the budget. MOWIE, BOLAU, ANS BOFEC have to liaison with Federal MOFEC to secure from capital budget.
14.4 INVESTMENT FOR PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES
The government is mainly responsible for planning and construction of public infrastructure like roads, schools, health, water supply, veterinary, electric power, market centers by channeling regular budget and/or capital budget within the different sectorial program.
14.5 MICRO FINANCE
An alternative and /or supplementary financing source to the development and restoration plan of PAPs is micro-credit and formal commercial bank loan. During stakeholders and community consultation all reported that the interest rate is high.
During discussion with ACCSI, the deputy manager underlined that they can lend to rural group borrowers if they come up with specific projects and where the entire group is responsible for payment of the loan. This is commendable in a sense that PAPs would enable to cover part of the investment for the restoration plan. The MFI would encourage women to borrow and invest on a feasible and sustainable enterprise. Obviously loans to women and investment tend to benefit the whole family rather than the herself only.
There are over 33 Micro finances institutions in Ethiopia. ACSI is one of the leading Microfinance actively working in ANS. Similarly there are Capital Goods Finance Business Share Companies established by regions to Finance Capital Goods through leasing options in order to support establishment industrial business enterprises.
14.6 LOAN FROM PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BANKS
CBE and DBE are the leading public banks in the country and also in the region. As discussed above there also 16 private banks of which most of them work in the region. Banks are an important source of finance for development and also restoration interventions. Banks may lend over short and long periods of time - possibly depending on the type and financial attractiveness of the business enterprise, also the banks policies. The loans have a rate of interest which can vary according to the way in which the banks in private and public sector set their interest rates.
Bank credit services both for the private and public sector have potential to provide (up to 70% of investment cost) for sustainable and profitable enterprises with different mechanism of collateral.
Public banks like Development Bank of Ethiopia and some private banks are taking loan investment from multilateral and bilateral funding agencies and lend to private farmers for investment and purchase of annual agricultural inputs like fertilizer, improved seed, agr equipment‘s...etc.
14.7 ESTABLISHING LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION REVOLVING FUND
The GOE has a good experience of establishing revolving development funds in other sectors. Similar experience shall be taken to establish Ribb livelihood restoration plan revolving fund with initial injection money from government. The money can be lent to cover part of investment and operational expenses and revolve for successive use.
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14.8 ESTABLISHING SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES
It is important to avoid reliance on limited sources and institutions for financial input. Income restoration schemes have to be strengthened by robust, financial, institutional or organization support mechanism to insure effective operation and sustainability. In this respect establishing SACCO as financial intermediaries with injection of some seed money will help sustainability of financial source for both investment and operational costs of the restoration enterprises. As discussed above the SACCO will be established in accordance with the laws and regulations governing the establishment and operation of financial cooperative societies. The organizing and capacity building process will be supported and facilitated by the relevant government agency, the Cooperatives Promotion Office. The SACCO has to be established and nurtured mainly through the efforts and resources of its members and only in that way will greater sense of ownership and sustainability can be ensured.
14.9 FUNDING BY IFI AND BILATERAL IN LOAN AND/OR GRANT
Several irrigation and other infrastructural projects including ENDIP have been financed by International financers like IDA/WB, EU, ADB. There also bilateral donors and lenders to like DFID, JICA, USAID, GIZ, AFID,.etc. Therefore, it is judicious to request a significant part of the investment to be covered by one of or group of these financers.
14.10 FUND AVAILING TASK TEAM
Development and Implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plan for Rib Dam and reservoir PAPs started without securing fund for implementation. During discussion with the stakeholders at all level and the PAPs the problems of investment was the main issues of discussion and still remain a problem. We propose immediate establishment of fund availing team lead by MOWIE. The team should consist of MOFEC, ANS BOLAU, BOFED, and Social and community development Advisor of ANS administrative council, WB.
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15. LIVELIHOOD IMPLMENTATION PLAN AND SHCEDULE
15.1 GENERAL
The proposed LRP will be implemented over a 21 months period and the implementation schedule for each program component is discussed as follows.
The consultant has assigned field level staffs on the project site, the project towns of Ebinat, and Debre tabor, collected different baseline data‘s, consulted stakeholders and PAPs. These lead to preparation of this the livelihood restoration plan. The plan was prepared with the participation of implementing institutions and PAPs. Major activities during implementation are briefly discussed below.
15.2 MAJOR ACTIVITIES DURING IMPLEMENTATION
Awareness Creation, Entrepreneurship and technical training: The preparation and implementation of the program depends almost exclusively on the level of awareness and participation of the PAPs. In order to participate and to make them own the program, continued awareness creation has to be provided throughout the program period. The PAPs have engaged in mixed agriculture and may not have deep practical experience in the proposed enterprises. They have to be closely assisted and trained including regular proper administration and accounting systems in order to make them profitable. Towards, this, awareness creation starts from familiarizing them with available types of profitable enterprises, the types of inputs, major activities and marketing aspect. The training is designed to encourage and aware them about the nature of activities they will be participating. This is one of the basic components of the program and is under implementation since the beginning of the inception phase and will continue as one of an implementation activity of the program.
Organization of PAPs in groups of LRP or cooperatives: The proposed program consists of different enterprises designed for urban and rural based PAPs. The PAPs has to be organized in to the different enterprises. Besides, there are PAPs who want to undertake the business by being organized in to partnerships and also want to work privately. Therefore implementing institution in collaboration with the team have already started and will continue organizing the PAPs according to their interest.
Stakeholders Workshop on LRP: Stakeholders workshop to discuss on the selected livelihood enterprises and implementation strategies have to be made very soon. Moreover implementing stakeholders meeting has to be made every quarter to discuss on the progress, issues, problems/constraints, and give direction. This is a forum where stakeholders will take responsibility to implement the program of their own.
Preparation of Working Center for each LRP: All enterprise requires both urban and rural based requires working areas of different size. The arrangement of working land should be arranged through collaborative effort of all implementing institutions. This arrangement is already started and will be continued.
Giving License and legal status for each LRP: The PAPs has to obtain legal licenses to undertake the selected enterprises and also to be eligible for funding, loan and procurement of inputs, sell of products etc. The issuance of license as a prerequisite has to be finalized along with the implementation of the rest of programs.
Preparation of Business plan: Bankable Business plan will be prepared for each livelihood enterprise once approved by the client and implementing stakeholders including WB. The business plan will cove but not limited to; description of the project, Investment requirement,
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Looking for sources and securing the Fund: The consultant in collaboration with the stakeholders has established a budget for each enterprise and supporting activities with detail break down. Possible options of source for finance for the different components were proposed. Therefore, the main implementers have to Look for different sources and secure the Fund in earliest possible time:
Disbursement of Investment Fund: Disbursement of allocated budget will be undertaken over the entire period of the implementation. This will be performed in accordance to the disbursement procedure of every implementing agency.
Procurement of Input and Commissioning of the enterprise: All proposed enterprises require procurement and supply of inputs to start the business activities. Some inputs are available in the area whereas there are also item which has to be brought from distant places and distributors. This major activity will also be accomplished in all the program periods. Besides, further identification of input marketing channels will be assessed during the implementation of the program.
Market and linkage: Market assessment has been already done. However, practical linking of the PAPs Enterprise with input suppliers, produced buyers, service givers like transport, small works contractors, etc. will be the main work during implementation.
Support PAPs in contract agreements: support in preparing and entering contracts with small works contractors who can contract enterprise houses, sheds, fences, livestock feeding and watering trough, input suppliers, produce buyers, etc.
Implementation of social Infrastructures: the development of infrastructures for public use constitutes the major program component. This activity will be performed by conducting study and design activities by different implementing institutions. These preparation tasks could take relatively longer time period and thus, their implementation period is proposed to start after a year of the program implementation.
Support and integration of multiple implementing stakeholders: There are over 10 responsible implementing stakeholders at regional, wereda and kebele levels. The consultant will support the main implementer BOLAU to integrate the efforts of all the stakeholders both at regional and werda levels.
Support in BDS: There is established system of Business Development service package especially for business beginner enterprisers within Small and micro enterprise Agency and TVETs. In collaboration with BOLAU we will organize these stakeholders to implement BDS.
Quality control: we will involve and support in quality control of all these activities going to be implemented including procurement of permanent and finished items, sensitive items like cattle, dairy, shoats and poultry breeds, seeds, etc. and also constructions. We will develop quality control system.
Follow up, internal M & E: as the livelihood restoration plans are implemented by multi stakeholders, there should be regular follow-up system and internal M & E of all planned activities.
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Establishing Grievance redressing and conflict resolution team: Individual and /or group complaints and grievances will be inevitable during implementation of the proposed livelihood restoration plan. Conflict may also arise over the use of private and public properties, management of LRP enterprise. Therefore we discussed with the PAPs and woreda implementing and supporting institutions to establish Grievance redressing and conflict resolution team both at woreda and Kebele level. The team will work closely with the already established woreda and Kebele LRP implementing technical committee.
Grievance redressing and conflict resolution team at both Ferta and Ebnat woredas will be established with independent selected members from Office of Land Administration and Use Office of Agriculture& Natural resource Dev Office of Technical, Vocational & Enterprises Development. Office of Livestock and Fishery Resources Development Justice Office elders and/or religious leaders others as found necessary
Similarly Grievance redressing and conflict resolution team at each five PAPs kebeles will be established selected members from
at least 3 PAPs representatives selected by the PAPs a representative from Kebele Administration elders and/or religious leaders others as found necessary
Any grievance should be handled based on the accepted principles of grievance redressing mechanism. Both conflict and grievance resolution shall also adopt cultural and traditional values.
GIRDC in consultation with the implementing stakeholders is preparing working guideline for both kebele an woreda level Grievance Redressing and conflict resolution team.
Implementation activities and their schedule are given in Table 15-1 below.
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Table 15-1: Implementation activities and their schedule Months S.N Major Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 Inception Phase 2 Baseline Assessment of PAPs 3 Preparation of LRP Interventions 4 Awareness Creation in Entrepreneurship 5 Stakeholders Consultation 6 Training and Capacity Building 7 Organization of PAPs in groups of LRP or cooperatives 8 Stakeholders Workshop on LRP 9 Preparation of Working Center for each LRP 10 Giving License and legal status for each LRP 11 Preparation of Business plan 12 Looking for sources and securing the Fund 13 Disbursement of Investment Fund 14 Creating Market and linkage 15 Procurement of Input and Commissioning of the enterprise 16 Support PAPs in contract agreements for input & Market 17 Implementation of social Infrastructures
18 Support in integrating multiple implementing stakeholders 19 Support in BDS 20 Quality control 21 Follow up, internal M & E 22 Establishing grievance & conflict resolution team & work on it
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15.3 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF LIVELIHOOD ENTERPRISES
Physical implementation schedule for the livelihood Restoration Intervention Plan is prepared for each enterprise that will be implemented within the planning periods. The underlying principle is that all enterprises will be implemented mainly by main implementer BOLAU and other supporting implementing institutions as discussed above. The actual work will be performed by the PAPs themselves with guidance and technical support from implementing offices. Implementation should start immediately after securing required financial resources. The startup and main operational works should be accomplished within shortest time possible to catch up the delay.
The production of crops i.e. improved wheat seed multiplication and improved forage seed production will be implemented in the months of production periods. The supply of required fertilizers and pesticides shall be ready for the farmers who will be involved in the tasks.
The enterprises which are related to livestock production require selection and transportation of inputs to their production places. Since the enterprises will require large stocks of livestock as an initial investment, the selection of varieties and transportation will be conducted within the early implementation periods. They also require preparation of working land and construction of sheds and stores for feed. The urban based enterprises require preparatory works in selection, negotiation and purchase of the capital assets and these will be performed within the scheduled period of implementation plan.
Intervention designed for vulnerable groups will be one of the immediate tasks of the program and it is scheduled to be performed in the initial implementing periods.
Similarly, alternative restoration plans which concentrate on women, youth, social structures, training and monitoring and evaluation will be conducted within the time tables.
The overall physical implementation schedule of the restoration plan is given in the following figure (Table 15-2).
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Table 15-2: Implementation Schedule for the LRP Enterprises NN of Months S.N Intervention PAPs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Mobilization of Financial Resources Improved Wheat Seed 1 25 Multiplication Improved Forage Seed 2 13 Production 3 Cattle Fattening 352
4 Sheep and Goat Fattening 82
5 Sheep and Goat Rearing 156
6 Dairy and by-products 318
6.1 Dairy- Rural 308
6.2 Dairy- Urban 10
7 Poultry 229
7.1 Poultry- Rural 224
7.2 Poultry- Urban 5
8 Apiculture 60
9 Fish 35
10 Grain Trade 10
11 Livestock Trade 10
12 Local goods Transport 20
13 HB 12
14 Bajaj and Taxi 6
15 Wood and Metal work 12
16 Retail trade 10
17 Vulnerable and Old Aged 105
18 Women Enterprises -
19 Youth Enterprises Enhancement and Construction 20 of Physical & Social -
infrastructures - Total 1,440
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16. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
16.1 PLANNED M & E
The implementation of LRP, which commits a huge cumulative sum of public resource, deserves intensive monitoring and follow-up mechanisms and efforts as well as systematic evaluation to make the whole livelihood restoration efforts effective and successful. The monitoring of the implementation of LRP may be carried out by both internal and external responsible bodies.
Internal performance monitoring, periodic implementation reviews, external impact assessment, and M & E indicators are recommended as briefly described below.
a) Internal Performance Monitoring
Internal Monitoring could have a regular feature and shall be implemented by the main implementer BOLAU and the consultant as part of business management. For this purpose, data bank will be prepared on the profiles of PAPs, their preferred enterprises, the activities performed for each and on the social infrastructures and alternative restoration plans. b) Periodic Implementation review The recommended periodic review meetings are as follows;
Monthly progress evaluation of implementing institutions: monthly progress report and review meetings recommended to review status of the work and to provide solutions and measures for the problems. This regular review meeting will help to give timely solutions for problems that could be occurred and also good practices as a lesson for the next step. The meetings will be held under the full responsibility of BOLAU and all staffs assigned for implementing the plan will participate. In addition, the representatives of PAPs from relocated, rural, and vulnerable groups as well as by type of enterprises will be part of the participants. For ease of implementation, the review meetings are suggested to take place within the project weredas. Progress reports will be prepared every month which will be submitted for the review meetings. These meetings will be conducted every month throughout the implementation periods. The results of the review meetings will be recorded documented and will be used for as a bench mark for the next review meetings.
Quarterly Review Meetings: Quarterly review meeting is suggested to take place between the client, BOLAU & all other implementing institutions, WB, and the consultant and representative of PAPs. The review meeting will be supported by quarterly report which is to be prepared by participating institutions and GIRDC. The major purpose of this review meeting is to give solutions and to forwarded improvement ideas that can speed up the effective implementation of the plan. Comparison between planned and accomplished tasks, the use of financial resources, the period taken to execute different activities, impacts of the enterprises upon livelihoods are some of the points that will be subject for review. The review meeting will be recorded and documented and used as a reference for feedback for during implementation.
Biannual Review Meeting: The six month review meeting is termed as midterm review of the entire program. The participants will include the client, BOLAU, participating offices, WB, the consultant and representatives of PAPs. Since the implementation period at tis mid-way level, the impacts should be noticeably perceived, and can be evaluated. Points of discussion applied for quarterly base review meetings will also be applied. As an input of the review meetings, all the results of previous progress reports and review reports will be compiled and presented in a report. Similar to other review meetings, the conclusion and recommendation will be recorded and will serve as bench mark for the next implementation periods.
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Annual Review Meeting: Annual review meeting will held at the 12th months after the start of implementation. The participant of the review meetings will be from same institutions given for six month review meetings. This review meeting will discuss whether the lessons learnt could be replicable to other similar development projects, the relevancy of the overall implementation in terms of its compatibility with livelihood restoration needs of the PAPs, government policies on livelihood restoration, as well as to the WB polices, Adequacy of the program implementation in terms of time and resources, in terms of efficiency i.e. How economically have the various inputs (funds, experts, and time) been converted into outputs and outcomes. It also will deal with the extent to which the implementation of the plan achieves the specific objectives of livelihood restoration. The degree of impacts achieved in different intervention sectors will be reviewed together with their sustainability.
Internal Terminal Evaluation: The final review meeting and evaluation will be held at the closing of the implementation period. The review meeting will address relevance, adequacy, efficiency, and effectiveness, significance of impact, sustainability, and replicability of the livelihood restoration plans.
External Terminal and Impact Assessment: impact assessment is proposed to be undertaken by external consultant that would be hired by the client. It will evaluate the overall work performance and will produce standard reports. Evaluation tasks are carried out by parties which are independent of the implementation process. This effort will focus on the degree to which the livelihoods, standard of living and general welfare of the PAHHs are being impacted, restored or improved as a result of the project. Evaluations are carried out not only to draw lessons out of the program achievements or weaknesses, but also to reinforce the implementation process and help successful implementation of other similar interventions. This task should focus on the outcome and impact indicators of the overall program viz. Compliance of LRP implementation with the laws, regulations, and applicable best practices; Livelihood restoration impact on the level of income of PAHHs as compared to their baseline; the status of project affected households‘ standard of living compared with their baseline and the non- affected households in the project area and in their new residence.
The client is proposed to allocate budget for external impact assessment study.
16.2 INDICATORS AND LOG FRAME
M & E requires major indicators to compare with Bench Mark data. There could be several indicators for M & E of LRP. The major indicators are listed below but not limited to; No of PAPs started the proposed livelihood enterprise by gender Type & No of LRP enterprises actually established No of PAPS trained in business and technical aspects No of enterprises organized and got License and legal status No of Enterprises constructed Working Centre for their enterprise Amount of Fund available and disbursed Amount of Procurement of Input (cattle, shoats, poultry, beehives,, seed etc) and raw material like fertilizer, feed, ..etc Amount of produce sold and profit obtained No of Market contract with institutions like Universities and hospitals % increase in per capita income by gender and household type % change in Living house standard & established HH assets
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% increase in number of HH with increased food security by gender % increase in marketed surplus by gender % decrease in illness of Ten top disease by gender % decrease of children with malnutrition % increase of children school eNolment by gender Overall number of employment created by the LRP enterprises Number of Villages and PAPs that have connected with Accesses road, water & sanitation, electric power, Number of women involved in women Alternative restoration enterprises Number of Youth involved in youth Alternative restoration enterprises Number of Youth employed in the project area & outside of the project area
M & E indicators and frame work will be enriched during the process of implementation in consultation with implementing stakeholders as appropriate. The basic objectives, key performance indicators, implementers or lead institutions, means of verification, time frame and general assumption for the main indicators are presented in detail in the log frame given below.
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Table 16-1: Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators: Ribb Reservoir & Dam Livelihood Restoration Project Time Source of information Assumptions Brief Description Verifiable Indicators Lead Institutions Frame for verification 1.Strategic Objective of
LRP Regional Bureau of Land Number and proportion of Administration and Use , resettled PAHHs registered Wereda Level Technical and selected by gender for Ensure Livelihood Committee , Wereda Office public goods and public Restoration plans Restoration of the Ebinat of Trade, Industry and 2016- Progress Reports and transportation service, Hollow implemented & Resource and Debre Tabor town Market Development, Road 2017 Monitoring Survey Block Production, Wood & Mobilization realized based PAHHs, and Transportation , Metal Work Retail Trade, Technical and Vocational dairy and poultry and Enterprises Development Achievement of the targets Office Regional Bureau of Land Number and proportion of Administration and Use , Rural Based PAHHs Wereda Level Technical registered and selected by Committee , Wereda Ensure Livelihood Restoration plans gender for crop intensification Offices of Livestock & 2016- Progress Reports and Restoration of Rural implemented & Resource production, fishery Fishery Resources 2017 Monitoring Survey Based PAHHs, Mobilization realized development, livestock Development , Agriculture , development, and other Technical and Vocational Non-Farm enterprises, Enterprises Development Office Regional Bureau of Land Administration and Use , Wereda Level Technical Number and proportion of Committee , Wereda Restoration plans approved registered and selected Ensure Livelihood Offices of Livestock & and implemented, Resource vulnerable persons by gender 2016- Progress Reports and Restoration of Fishery Resources Mobilization realized , for receiving special support 2017 Monitoring Survey Vulnerable persons, Development , Agriculture , Government and donor in social welfare security Bureu of Labor and social support attained system Affairs , Technical and Vocational Enterprises Development Office Ensure women focused Number and proportion of Regional Bureau of Land 2016- Progress Reports and Restoration plans Interventions, women received cooking Administration and Use , 2017 Monitoring Survey implemented and
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Time Source of information Assumptions Brief Description Verifiable Indicators Lead Institutions Frame for verification stoves Wereda Level Technical Resource Mobilization Committee , Office of realized Women and Children Regional Bureau of Land Administration and Use , Achieve Alternative Number and proportion of Wereda Level Technical Restoration plans Livelihood Income unemployed youth included in Committee , Wereda Progress Reports and 2016 implemented and Resource Generating Schemes for fishery, trading, transportation Offices of Livestock & Monitoring Survey Mobilization realized Family Members, and livestock production Fishery Resources Development , Office Youth & Sports BOLAU , Wereda Level Restoration plans Improve Physical and Number and types of social Technical Committee , Progress Reports and 2016 implemented and Resource social infrastructures, service structures improved Wereda Offices of Health, Monitoring Survey Mobilization realized Education, BOLAU , Regional Bureau Replaced access roads (boats of Wereda Level Technical Restoration plans Construct interrupted 2016- Progress Reports and and ducks) , kebeles & Committee , Wereda implemented and Resource social infrastructures, 2017 Monitoring Survey villages connection roads Offices of Health, Education, Mobilization realized Water Number of Persons employed MOWIE, BOLAU, Regional at permanent level for the Bureau of Wereda Level Restoration plans Ensure Creation of operation phase of the dam Technical Committee Progress Reports and 2017 implemented and Resource permanent employment Number of Persons employed ,Technical and Vocational Monitoring Survey Mobilization realized at permanent level in outside Enterprises Development the Rib area Office BOLAU , Regional Bureau Number of enterprises linked of Wereda Level Technical with input and output markets Committee ,Technical and Restoration plans Establish Marketing 2016- Progress Reports and Types, quantity, quality and Vocational Enterprises implemented and Resource and value chain 2017 Monitoring Survey sources of input purchased Development Office, Office Mobilization realized and produce sold of Trade, Industry and Market Development Outcome 1 Economic Activity 1 Agricultural Production
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Time Source of information Assumptions Brief Description Verifiable Indicators Lead Institutions Frame for verification Production of Improved varieties of cereals crop & Farmers produce as per the forage seeds over the left Reports from Office of 1.1 Increased Crop plan , Resource Mobilization over agricultural lands, 2016- Agriculture , Rapid productivity and Farmers PAHHs realized, Agricultural inputs Increase crop productivity, 2017 program evaluation Production delivered on time, extension Increased use of fertilizers, report service provided improved seeds and pesticides Reports from Office of Farmers produce as per the Livestock and Fishery Increased dairy, poultry plan , Resource Mobilization Increased dairy, poultry 2016- Resources fattening and honey Farmers PAHHs realized, supply of cattle and honey production 2017 Development , Rapid production delivered on time , program evaluation extension service provided report Office of Trade, Industry and Market Range of options for income 1.2 Increased non-farm Number of PAPs Farmers PAHHs, Technical 2016- Development; generating schemes activities and marketing implementing grain and cattle and Vocational Enterprises 2017 Livestock and Fishery increase, Households system trade Development Office Resources trained Development ; Reports Office of Trade, Industry and Market Range of options for income Farmers PAHHs, Technical 1.3 Introduced fishery Production of fishery as new 2016- Development; generating schemes and Vocational Enterprises development economic sphere 2017 Livestock and Fishery increase, Households Development Office Resources trained Development ; Reports OUTCOME 2 Transportation 2.1 Connect kebeles to other kebeles and the road construction in project Fund is made available, weredas , bridges and affected kebeles , 2016- Report of concerned design is ready, the culverts , construction of construction of ducks and Rural Road Authority 2017 bureau review reports construction process is linking roads with wereda provision of transportation and speedup towns, and Upgrade goods boat Existing dry water roads 2.2 Vehicles:
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Time Source of information Assumptions Brief Description Verifiable Indicators Lead Institutions Frame for verification Fund is made available, Introducing cart animal (donkey/mule) carts Report of concerned design is ready, the Farmers PAHHs transportation service Introduced bureau review reports construction process is speedup Introducing bajaj PAPs c in bajaj 2016- the resettled households resettled PAHHs transportation transportation enterprise 2017 involve in these enterprises Introducing goods PAPs involved in in resettled PAHHs same as above transport transport enterprises of goods Outcome 3 Social Services Rehabilitation of the existing BOLAU, Regional Bureau plans are approved schools , health series and of Water, health and Report of concerned ,Resource Mobilization
water supply services and education ,Wereda Level bureaus review reports realized and construction control of malaria Technical Committee , preconditions are fulfilled Outcome 4 Number of PAPSand wereda staffs received capacity building Number and proportion of PAPs who received and Training is given, Capacity completed technical BOLAU, Wereda Level is built Training is given Capacity Building Progress Reports training by gender and type Technical Committee , ,Awareness campaign of enterprise launched Number and proportion of PAPs who participated in experience sharing visits by gender
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16.3 M & E BUDGET REQUIREMENT
Budget will be required for undertaking Monitoring and evaluation activities and the estimate is given in the following table.
Table 16-2: Budget Required for M & E Budget Estimation Monitoring and Evaluation No Number of NN of Daily Schedule Total Participants Meetings Rate 1 Monthly Progress Review 10 17 300 51,000 2 Quarterly Progress Review 10 4 300 12,000 3 Six Month Progress Review 20 2 300 12,000 4 Annual Progress review 30 1 -
5 Terminal evaluation 30 1 300 9,000 Stationaries , tea, coffee, 6 5,460 cakes and beverages 7 Total 114,660 8 Contingency (10%) 11,466 G.Total 126,126
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17. ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION AND ACTION
There are a number of burning issues and constraints currently on board and also some other to be faced during implementation of the restoration plan. Most of them can be handled by the implementers during the course of the implementation. However it is worth to bring to the client and stakeholders for discussion at least the main issues which challenge the startup and actual implementation of the livelihood restoration plan. These are presented below but not limited to; I. Fund availability in amount required and on time, immediately.
II. Integration and coordination of the main implementer BOLAU with other supporting implementing institutions
III. Availability, selection of breeds, procurement of inputs and raw materials will be a challenge. These includes improved seed, improved forage seed, productive cattle breed, improved dairy breed, Sheep and goat breed, Poultry breed, bee colony, procurement of Isuzu tracks,etc.
IV. Unbiased frequent preference change of PAPs where by most of them wants to relocate themselves to Ebinat, Debre Tabor and other nearby towns
V. Social security is proposed as a means of restoration plan for vulnerable PAPs. However, only one year cost is estimated with the anticipation that, the social security system will be fully handled by the appropriate institutions by looking for alternative fund.
VI. In order to introduce the fishes the reservoir has to fill capacity which may in mid- 2017. Therefore the implementation of Fishery enterprise will be late. The income of the PAPs involved will lag behind.
VII. Proposed physical and social infrastructure will be implemented by supporting institutions after more assessment by the same. Lag of their implementation will put the sustainability of LRP enterprises in question.
VIII. The dairy milk may be more surplus than the local market requirement. Therefore, private enterprise dairy industry in Debera Tabor or Werata area has to be encouraged. IX. Two organizational systems have been presented the first recommended option is BOLAU to coordinate over all implementation of the multi stakeholders activities both at regional and grass root level. The second alternative option proposes the SC the TC under it to coordinate the implementation activities by the multi stakeholders. The stakeholders were discussed on it in detail and agreed to adopt the second option.
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18. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Stakeholder‘s and Community consultation revealed that the dislocation of 1455 PAHH from about 1300 ha of private and communal land each having different size of land holding and the subsequent socioeconomic and psycho-moral impacts.
National and regional policies, strategies, regulations including the constitutions and WB OPs are more or less compatible with regard to compensation and livelihood restoration plan of PAPs. All call for fair compensation and support in livelihood restoration plan and implementation. The proposed LRP enterprises are technically feasible, have high social and financial benefit, will significantly contribute to local, regional and thereby to the national economy. Therefore we recommended immediate funding and implementation. It is also recommended to streamline the following points while implementation of the LRP.
Model Pilot LRP: Practical experience on Livelihood restoration plan preparation and implementation for development affected peoples both at national and regional levels is scanty. Success not failure of this first of its kind practice in the region would be a lesson and basis‘s for upcoming development affected peoples restoration plan. Therefore, we recommend that; the client, the main implement BOLAU and all other supporting implementers work towards making the current intervention to be a model pilot LRP.
Encouraging Private investment in dairy and other Agroindustry processing: As discussed above there is several thousands of dairy milk which will be surplus than the local market requirement even if contracted to large consumers like universities and camps. Therefore, as a matter of priority we recommend EPLUA and Regional and zonal Investment Agency to promote to private investors the potential of the supply to establish dairy industry in Debera Tabor or Wereta area. Promotion of private investors for similar value chain especially in raw materials supply like abattoirs, flour mill & food, etc. has been successfully implemented in Oromia and other regions.
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REFERENCES
FDRE Constitution; 1995 World Bank OP 4.12, revised 2013 - Involuntary Resettlement World Bank (2004): Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook IFC: Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan GOE: Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation; GOE 2005 GOE: Revised Cooperative Societies Establishment Proclamation No 220/2014 ANS: Regulation of Rehabilitating Project Affected Persons, ANS 2008 E.C, ( for Establishment, Roles and responsibilities of Alternative livelihood Preparation and Sustainable Rehabilitation Works, Work Process under BOLAU) DFID , 2000 : Analytical frame work: Review of Resettlement Policy Frame work ( RPF), MOWR-WB 2007 SMEC 2014; for MOWIE , Resettlement Action Plan Studies of RIB irrigation and range project Beza Consulting Engineers, 2009: Resettlement Action Plan of Ribb Dam and Reservoir - Compensation Documents; from MOWIE and EPLUA MOWIE; Addendum 1 and Addendum 2 Addendum 1 MAGEN consult, 2015 ; Competitiveness and Job Creation Project (CJCP) for KIP 2015 WUB consult: 2011 Livelihood Restoration Plan for Persons Affected by Tourism Development Projects in Lalibela. Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) in Ghana, 2012 Land Access, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Management Plan – Production in Papua new Guinea 2013 ELRI, Study of the Ethiopian Live Cattle & Beef Value Chain 2013 AGP, Livestock Market development, 2013
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I: LRP TARGETS BY DEGREE OF EFFECT
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Appendix I a: Degree of Effect in Percent, Number of PAHHs by Degree of Effect, Respective Size of LRP enterprises and Investment Fund Required at Each Level
Degree of Enterprise Effect in % of Improved Level Description Grain Hollow Affected Apiculture Bajaj Cattle Trade Wheat seed Dairy Fattening Fishing Trade Block Land production No. PAPs 14 6 3 0 45 56 20 10 13 Item per PAP 24 1 14 4 5 0 85 0.23 1st [80-100] Total No. of Item 336.0 6 42 0 180 280 1 850 3 Sub Total Cost 1,231,238 840,000 420,000 - 7,200,000 2,803,802 3,237,069 853,318 1,336,485 No. PAPs 6.0 0 4 0 55 75 15 2 0 Item per PAP 19 12 3 4 0 75 2nd [60-80) Total No. of Item 114.0 0 48 0 165 300 0 150 0 Sub Total Cost 417,742 - 480,000 - 6,600,000 3,004,074 2,427,801 150,586 - No. PAPs 8 0 3 0 68 77 Item per PAP 15 10 2 3 3rd [40-60) Total No. of Item 120.0 30 0 136 231 - 0 Sub Total Cost 439,728 - 300,000 - 5,440,000 2,313,137 - - - No. PAPs 25 6 76 73 0 Item per PAP 11 0 0.69 1 2 4th [20-40) Total No. of Item 275.0 0 4.16 76 146 - 0 Sub Total Cost 1,007,710 - - 49,903 3,040,000 1,461,983 - - - No. PAPs 7 0 23 80 69 0 Item per PAP 8 0.69 1 1 5th (<20) Total No. of Item 56.0 0 15.94 80 69 - 0 0 Sub Total Cost 205,206 - - 191,297 3,200,000 690,937 - - - Total Number of Required Items 901 6 120 20.10 637 1026 1 1000 3 Total PAPs 60 6 10 29 324 350 35 12 Sum Unit Cost 3,664 140,000 10,000 12,000 40,000 10,014 5,664,870 1,004 445,495 Total Cost 3,301,624 840,000 1,200,000 241,200 25,480,000 10,273,933 5,664,870 1,003,904 1,336,485
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Appendix I a: Degree of Effect … (Cont’d) Degree of Effect in Enterprise Level % of Affected Description Local Goods Metal and Trade (Retail Shoat Shoat Improved Forage Poultry Sub Total Land Transport Wood Work Trade) Fattening Rearing Seed production No. PAPs 20 18 90 11 10 6 322
Item per PAP 0.2 0.33 110 1 20 28 1st [80-100] Total No. of Item 4 6 9900 11 200 168
Sub Total Cost 4,800,000 3,000,000 2,164,432 385,957 288,300 224,665 -
No. PAPs 52 12 9 230
Item per PAP 95 17 25 2nd [60-80) Total No. of Item 4940 204 225
Sub Total Cost - - 1,080,029 - 294,066 300,891 -
No. PAPs 40 31 32 259
Item per PAP 75 14 23 3rd [40-60) Total No. of Item 3000 434 736
Sub Total Cost - - 655,888 - 625,611 984,248 -
No. PAPs 29 21 63 4 297
Item per PAP 60 11 19 1 4th [20-40) Total No. of Item 1740 231 1197 4
Sub Total Cost - - 380,415 - 332,987 1,600,740 40,002
No. PAPs 15 10 50 9 263
Item per PAP 50 8 16 1 5th (<20) Total No. of Item 750 80 800 9
Sub Total Cost - - 163,972 - 115,320 1,069,834 90,005
Total Number of Required Items 4 6 20330 11 1149 3126 13
Total PAPs 20 18 226 11 84 160 13 1,371 Sum Unit Cost 1,200,000 500,000 219 35,087 1,442 1,337 10,001 Total Cost 4,800,000 3,000,000 4,444,737 385,957 1,656,284 4,180,378 130,007 67,939,378
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Appendix I b: PAHHs groups by location, sex and LRP activity First [80-100) Second [60-80) Third [40-60) Forth [20-40) Fifth (< 20) Type of S/N Farta Ebinat Farta Ebinat Farta Ebinat Farta Ebinat Farta Ebinat Enterprise M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T 1 Apiculture 2 1 3 7 4 11 1 1 2 4 - 4 1 - 1 5 2 7 6 - 6 12 7 19 3 - 3 3 1 4 2 Bajaj 2 1 3 1 2 3 ------
3 Cattle Trade 3 - 3 - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 - 1 1 - - - -
4 Crop Production - - - 4 - 4 2 - 2 19 3 22 1 - 1
5 Dairy 15 21 36 6 3 9 25 16 41 12 2 14 33 20 53 8 7 15 49 15 64 5 7 12 38 23 61 12 7 19 6 Fattening 30 13 43 12 1 13 36 12 48 26 1 27 39 6 45 26 6 32 40 8 48 22 3 25 57 5 62 7 - 7 7 Fish 4 5 9 7 4 11 7 1 8 5 2 7 ------
8 Improved Forage - - - 3 1 4 8 1 9
9 Grain Trade 5 2 7 1 2 3 - 1 1 1 1 ------
10 Hollow Block 7 2 9 3 1 4 ------
11 Local Goods 7 5 12 5 3 8 ------
12 Metal and Wood 11 3 14 2 2 4 ------
13 Poultry 21 42 63 11 16 27 20 21 41 9 2 11 19 11 30 6 4 10 20 6 26 2 1 3 7 6 13 2 - 2 14 Shoat Fattening - 8 2 10 1 2 3 5 4 9 13 3 16 7 8 15 9 3 12 7 2 9 5 2 7 3 - 3
15 Shoat Rearing 1 1 2 1 3 4 2 - 2 6 1 7 7 5 12 13 7 20 22 6 28 27 8 35 32 12 44 3 3 6 16 Retail Trade 1 5 6 4 1 5 ------
M 109 94 114 153 169 Farta F 101 54 45 39 52 T 210 148 159 192 221 M 68 70 65 77 31 Ebinat F 44 12 35 28 11 T 112 82 100 105 42 M 177 164 179 230 200 Grand Total F 145 66 80 67 63 T 322 230 259 297 263
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Appendix I b: PAHHs groups by location, sex and LRP activity …….. (Cont’d)
Sex & Wereda Distribution of PAPs by LRP Activities Sex and Settlement Area Distribution of LRP Activities Type of S/N Farta Ebinat Grand Total Urban Rural Grand Total Enterprise M F T M F T Male Female Total M F T M F T M F T 1 Apiculture 13 2 15 31 14 45 44 16 60 0 0 0 44 16 60 44 16 60 2 Bajaje 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 3 6 3 3 6 0 0 0 3 3 6 3 Cattle Trade 7 0 7 2 1 3 9 1 10 3 0 3 6 1 7 9 1 10 4 Crop Production 23 3 26 3 0 3 26 3 29 0 0 0 26 3 29 26 3 29 5 Dairy 160 95 255 43 26 69 203 121 324 57 45 102 146 76 222 203 121 324 6 Fattening 202 44 246 93 11 104 295 55 350 108 26 134 188 28 216 296 54 350 7 Fish 11 6 17 12 6 18 23 12 35 0 0 0 23 12 35 23 12 35 8 Improved Forage 11 2 13 0 0 0 11 2 13 0 0 0 11 2 13 11 2 13 9 Grain Trade 5 3 8 2 2 4 7 5 12 6 4 10 1 1 2 7 5 12 10 Hollow Block 7 2 9 3 1 4 10 3 13 10 3 13 0 0 0 10 3 13 11 Local Goods 7 5 12 5 3 8 12 8 20 12 8 20 0 0 0 12 8 20 12 Metal and Wood 11 3 14 2 2 4 13 5 18 13 5 18 0 0 0 13 5 18 13 Poultry 87 86 173 30 23 53 117 109 226 60 81 141 57 28 85 117 109 226 14 Shoat Fattening 28 10 38 30 16 46 58 26 84 14 8 22 44 18 62 58 26 84 15 Shoat Rearing 64 24 88 50 22 72 114 46 160 11 5 16 103 41 144 114 46 160 16 Retail Trade 1 5 6 4 1 5 5 6 11 5 6 11 0 0 0 5 6 11 Sum 639 291 930 311 130 441 950 421 1371 302 194 496 649 226 875 951 420 1371
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APPENDIX II: RIB DAM AND RESERVOIR PAPs LRP TOR
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APPENDIX III : PEREFERENCE SURVEY
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Pereference survey
Amistiya Kebele Ziha Kebele Medeb Gubeda Jara Shikira Ayva Niva Total Number of PAHHs
S/
Category Type of Livelihood Activity
N
%age
Total Total Total Total Total Total
Group Group Group Group Group Group
Private Private Private Private Private Private
Cooperative Cooperative Cooperative 1 Fattening 36 107 143 4 16 20 34 3 135 172 19 28 47 1 1 93 3 287 383 31.65
2 Sheep and Goat Rearing 3 1 4 5 5 2 2 3 2 5 0 6 0 10 16 1.32
3 Mixed (Sheep & Goat Fattening) 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 8 8 0.66 Agriculture 4 Dairy 17 1 6 24 2 2 12 26 38 28 51 79 0 57 1 85 143 11.82 Related 5 Poultry 2 1 18 21 1 1 8 4 12 1 6 7 0 12 1 28 41 3.39 Strategies 6 Apiculture 1 6 7 5 5 3 3 2 4 6 0 2 1 18 21 1.74
7 Crop Production 3 3 0 3 48 51 12 12 0 3 0 63 66 5.45
S. Total 58 3 144 205 5 31 36 57 3 220 280 53 103 156 0 1 1 173 6 499 678 56.03
8 Mixed (Fattening & Apiculture) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
9 Mixed (Dairy cattle and Sheep rearing) 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0.17
10 Mixed (Fattening and Dairy production) 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 3 0.25
11 Mixed (Fattening & Poultry) 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 0.17
12 Mixed (Sheep & Cattle Rearing) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 Mixed 13 Mixed (Sheep fattening &Rearing) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08 Agriculture 14 Mixed(Crop production and Dairy) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08 strategies 15 Mixed(Poultry &Dairy cattle) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
16 Mixed (Fattening &Animal rearing) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
17 Mixed Fattening and Sheep rearing) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
18 Mixed (Apiculture and Animal Rearing) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
S. Total 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 8 9 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 1 9 13 1.07
19 Mixed (Fattening and Restaurant) 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 0.17
20 Mixed (Fish & Fattening) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.08 Mixed 21 Agriculture Mixed (Fattening and Grain Mill) 0 0 1 3 4 0 0 1 0 3 4 0.33
22 and Non Mixed (Dairy cattle &Retail trade) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
23 Agricultural Mixed (Dairy cattle & Enjera selling ) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
24 strategies Mixed (Fattening and Retail Trade) 0 0 2 5 7 0 1 1 2 0 6 8 0.66
S. Total 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 11 15 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 12 17 1.40
Mixed (House Construction & Public 25 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.08 Mixed Non Transport) 26 Agriculture - Mixed(Retail trade Restaurant) 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
27 strategies Metal & Wood Work 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
28 Mixed (Grain Trade and grain Mill) 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.17
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Amistiya Kebele Ziha Kebele Medeb Gubeda Jara Shikira Ayva Niva Total Number of PAHHs
S/
Category Type of Livelihood Activity
N
%age
Total Total Total Total Total Total
Group Group Group Group Group Group
Private Private Private Private Private Private
Cooperative Cooperative Cooperative 29 Mixed (Hotel &Grain trade) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
30 Mixed (Wood work & Restaurant) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
31 Mixed (Grain Mill and Boutique) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
S. Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0.58
32 Fishing Fishing 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 0.58
strategy S. Total 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 0.58
33 Trade (Retail Trade) 6 40 46 7 7 35 1 84 120 7 26 33 1 1 48 1 158 207 17.11
34 Wholesale (Sugar +Oil) 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 4 0.33
35 Grain Trade 1 37 38 3 3 2 10 12 2 2 0 1 2 52 55 4.55
36 Grocery 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
37 Trade Cattle Trade 0 0 3 3 1 3 4 0 1 0 6 7 0.58
38 Strategies Bear Distributing 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.08
39 Local Beverage 9 9 0 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 16 16 1.32
40 Boutique 4 4 1 1 3 1 12 16 1 2 3 0 4 1 19 24 1.98
41 Sheep Trade 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
S. Total 7 0 91 98 0 12 12 40 4 113 157 10 38 48 0 1 1 57 4 255 316 26.12
42 Public Car Transportation 1 1 0 6 6 1 4 5 0 1 0 11 12 0.99
43 Transportati Bajaj Transport 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 0.25
44 on Service Freight transport 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
45 Strategies Cart Transport 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
S. Total 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 9 9 1 4 5 0 0 0 1 0 16 17 1.40
46 Metal work 2 2 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 0 4 5 0.41
47 Hollow Block 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.08
48 Manufacturin Timber production 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.08
49 g Strategies Wood Work and Furniture 1 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 0 3 5 0.41
50 Bakery 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
S. Total 1 0 4 5 0 0 0 4 0 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 8 13 1.07
50 Hotel 1 16 17 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 19 20 1.65
51 Hotels and Cafeteria 5 5 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 8 0.66
52 Restaurants Restaurants 16 16 0 5 15 20 5 5 0 5 0 36 41 3.39
53 Strategies Bucher House 1 7 8 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 8 9 0.74
S. Total 2 0 44 46 0 5 5 5 0 17 22 0 5 5 0 0 0 7 0 71 78 6.45
54 Services Mobile Maintenance 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
55 Strategies Film Renting 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
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Amistiya Kebele Ziha Kebele Medeb Gubeda Jara Shikira Ayva Niva Total Number of PAHHs
S/
Category Type of Livelihood Activity
N
%age
Total Total Total Total Total Total
Group Group Group Group Group Group
Private Private Private Private Private Private
Cooperative Cooperative Cooperative 56 Gomista 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.17
57 Garage 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.08
58 Grain Mill 1 10 11 1 1 5 22 27 2 3 5 1 1 8 0 37 45 3.72
59 House purchase for renting 2 2 0 3 3 6 3 3 0 3 0 8 11 0.91
S. Total 1 0 14 15 0 1 1 8 0 28 36 2 6 8 0 1 1 11 0 50 61 5.04
60 Employment Driving 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0.25
Strategies S. Total 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0.25
G. Total 70 11 300 381 5 52 57 118 8 416 542 68 158 226 0 4 4 261 19 930 1210 100
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APPENDIX IV: MARKET CHANNELS OF LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES
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Input Side Features of Livestock Rearing Activities Distance Key S/N Type of Inputs Source Actors (Major Customer) Location Responsibility (KM) Stakeholders 1 Feed
Facilitate the Establishment of Marketing Cooperatives, Awards Legal Entity, Build Tsehay Multipurpose Agricultural Gondar 160 CPA Cooperative Capacity, Legal and Audit Cooperatives Union at Gondar Services, Facilitation of Input Development Bureau of Facilitates Market Linkages, Provides Merkeb Multipurpose Agricultural Trade, Industry Bahir Dar 100 Market Information, Legal Support Cooperatives Union & Market (Registration) and Trade License Development Facilitates Improved Input Supply (Improved Feed, Breeds, and Live Megenagna Multipurpose Agricultural Prepared Animal Debire Tabor 22 LFRDA Animal Movement), Capacity building 1.1 Cooperatives Union Feed and Technical Assistance, Veterinary Service, etc. Secures working space (rural and urban) in both rural and urban areas, facilitates Erikum Multipurpose Agricultural Dessie 380 BOLAU and coordinates the efforts supports of Cooperatives Union stakeholders, supervises implementation progress Wodera Multipurpose Agricultural Training, Consultation and Facilitation of Debire Birhan 650 BoTVED Cooperatives Union Market Linkage Gozamin Multipurpose Agricultural Financial Loanable Fund Supply, Consultancy and Debire Markos 350 Cooperatives Union Intermediaries Business promotion support A private feed processing company Gondar, Bahir Dar, etc. 100-160 " " Private & Cooperative Rice Wereta, Addis Zemen and 1.2 Rice Husk 40-45 " " Processers Yifag 1.3 Crop Residue Local Farmers in the area Farta & Ebinata weredas 40 " " Cereals & Pulse 1.4 Local Farmers in the area Farta & Ebinata weredas 40-45 " " Brans PAPs who Produce Green Feed, Own 1.5 Green Fodder Production, Other Farmers in the Farta & Ebinata weredas 10-to-22 " " area, Public Institutions 1.6 Molasses Tana Beles Sugar Factory Jawi " "
1.7 "Frushka" & Private & Cooperative Union's Debire Tabor, Bahir Dar, 22-350 " "
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Distance Key S/N Type of Inputs Source Actors (Major Customer) Location Responsibility (KM) Stakeholders "Frushkalo" Processers Gondar, Burie, Debire Markos Local Farmers in the area, Closed Areas in rural kebeles and Public Farta & Ebinata weredas 40-45 " " Institutions like Churches, Schools, Rouphages etc. 1.8 (Grass) The North West Conserved Forest and bush areas of the region. In such Metema & Quara " " areas (Metema and Quara), there is ample forest grass resource. Urea (For Feed Farta & Ebinata weredas, FM 1.9 Farmers Multipurpose Cooperatives 3-to-45 " " Dressing) Coops at Kebele Levels Cellar (Beer Gondar, Kombolcha, Debire 1.10 Breweries 170-690 " " Residue) Birhan, and Michew Veterinary Veterinary Clinics in each Weredas Debire Tabor, Ebinat, Affected 1.11 2 to 15 " " Treatment and respective kebeles Kebeles 2 Stock Purchase Local Markets in Ebinat (Ebinat Cattle (Bull, Farmers in the same weredas and 2.1 & Selel), Debire Tabor, Belesa, 10-100 " " Oxen, Cows) neighbouring weredas Libokemkem, Gaint Farmers in the same weredas and Farta, Ebinat, Lay Gaint, Tach 2.2 Sheep (Fattening) 10-100 " " neighbouring weredas Gaint & Smada Farmers in the same wereas and Ebinat, Belesa, Abergele 2.3 Goat (Fattening) neighbouring weredas and Wag Himra 10-250 " " (Waghimra) (Abergele) 3 Working Spaces & Housing Respective Kebele Administrations, Affected Kebeles, Ebinat, 3.1 Land Acquisition Ebinat and Debire Tabor Town Debire Tabor, Neighbouring 10-100 " " Administrations Kebeles and Towns Local Suppliers of Construction 3.2 Barn Construction " " " " Materials
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Fattened Livestock Output Marketing Schedule Key S/N Output Destination Major Customers Responsibility Stakeholders Stock Rural and Urban Households in Debire Tabor, the area, Universities, Prisons, Facilitate the Establishment of Marketing Cooperatives, Ebinat, Gondar, Hospitals, Butchers, Hotels & CPA Awards Legal Entity, Build Cooperative Capacity, Legal and 1 Fattened Cattle Bahir Dar, A/A Restaurants, Whole Sellers and Audit Services Exporters Live Animal Traders and Facilitates Market Linkages, Provides Market Information, Sudan BOTIMD Exporters Legal Support (Registration) and Trade License Facilitates Improved Input Supply (Improved Feed, Breeds, 2 Fattened Sheep " " LFRDA and Live Animal Movement), Capacity building and Technical Assistance, Veterinary Service, etc. Secures working space (rural and urban) in both rural and BOLAU urban areas, facilitates and coordinates the efforts supports of stakeholders, supervises implementation progress 3 Goat " " Secure working space, capacity building, business Municipalities promotion and administrative support Financial Loanable Fund Supply, Consultancy and Business Intermediaries promotion support
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Input Side Features of Livestock Rearing Activities Type of Key S/N Source Actors (Major Customer) Location Distance Responsibility Inputs Stakeholders I Feed Facilitate the Establishment of Marketing Cooperatives, Awards Legal i. Tsehay Multipurpose Agricultural CPA Entity, Build Cooperative Capacity, Cooperatives Union at Gondar Legal and Audit Services, Facilitation of Gondar 160 Input Development Bureau of ii. Merkeb Multipurpose Agricultural Trade, Industry Facilitates Market Linkages, Provides Cooperatives Union at Bahir Dar & Market Market Information, Legal Support Bahir Dar 100 Development (Registration) and Trade License Facilitates Improved Input Supply iii. Megenagna Multipurpose (Improved Feed, Breeds, and Live Agricultural Cooperatives Union at LFRDA Animal Movement), Capacity building Prepared Debire Tabor and Technical Assistance, Veterinary 1 Animal Feed Debire Tabor 22 Service, etc. Secures working space (rural and urban) in both rural and urban areas, iv. Erikum Multipurpose Agricultural BOLAU facilitates and coordinates the efforts Cooperatives Union at Dessie supports of stakeholders, supervises Dessie 380 implementation progress v. Wodera Multipurpose Agricultural Training, Consultation and Facilitation BoTVED Cooperatives Union at Debire Birhan Debire Birhan 650 of Market Linkage vi. Gozamin Multipurpose Financial Agricultural Cooperatives Union at Loanable Fund Supply, Consultancy Intermediaries Debire Markos Debire Markos 350 and Business promotion support vii. A private feed processing " company Gondar, Bahir Dar, etc. 100-160 " Private & Cooperative Rice Wereta, Addis Zemen 2 " Rice Husk Processers and Yifag 40-45 " Crop Farta & Ebinata 3 " Residue Local Farmers in the area weredas 40 " Cereals & Farta & Ebinata 4 " Pulse Brans Local Farmers in the area weredas 40-45 " Green PAPs who Produce Green Feed, Farta & Ebinata 5 " Fodder Own Production, Other Farmers in weredas 10-to-22 "
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Type of Key S/N Source Actors (Major Customer) Location Distance Responsibility Inputs Stakeholders the area, Public Institutions 6 Molasses Tana Beles Sugar Factory Jawi " " Debire Tabor, Bahir 7 "Frushka" & Private & Cooperative Union's Dar, Gondar, Burie, " "Frushkalo" Processers Debire Markos 22-350 " Local Farmers in the area, Closed Areas in rural kebeles and Public Farta & Ebinata " Institutions like Churches, Schools, weredas Rouphages etc. 40-45 " 8 (Grass) The North West Conserved Forest and bush areas of the region. In Metema & Quara " such areas (Metema and Quara), there is ample forest grass resource. " Urea (For Farta & Ebinat 9 Feed weredas, FMP Coops " Dressing) Farmers Multipurpose Cooperatives at Kebele Levels 3-to-45 " Gondar, Kombolcha 10 Cellar (Beer ,Debire Birhan, and " Residue) Breweries Michew 170-690 " Veterinary Veterinary Clinics in each Weredas Debire Tabor, Ebinat, 11 " Treatment and respective kebeles Affected Kebeles 2 to 15 " II Breed Supply Farmers in Farta and Lay Gaynt Farta, Lay Gaint, Weredas, and neighbouring Fogera, Gondar, weredas, Breeder Farmers Around 2.1 Dairy Andasa, Chagni, " Bahir Dar, Gondar and North Debire Birhan, Holeta Shewa, Government Ranches and Akaki AI Center (Chagni, Holeta, etc.) 22-680 " Farmers in the same wereas and Farta, Ebinat, Lay 2.2 Sheep neighbouring weredas and Wag Gaint, Tach Gaint & " (Rearing) Himra (Abergele) Smada 10-100 " Farmers in the same wereas and Ebinat, Belesa, 2.3 Goat neighbouring weredas and Wag " Abergele (Waghimra) (Rearing) Himra (Abergele) 10-250 " Poultry Private and Public Multiplication Bahir Dar (Private 2.4 " (Egg) Centers Company), 140-780 "
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Type of Key S/N Source Actors (Major Customer) Location Distance Responsibility Inputs Stakeholders Kombolcha, and Debire Zeit, etc Local Markets in Ebinat, Debire Tabor, 2.5 " Farmers in the same wereas and Belesa, Libokemkem, Bee Colony neighbouring weredas Gaint 10-100 " 3 Working Spaces & Housing Affected Kebeles, Respective Kebele Administrations, Ebinat, Debire Tabor, 3.1 Land Ebinat and Debire Tabor Town Neighbouring Kebeles Acquisition Administrations and Towns 10-100 " " Barn Local Suppliers of Construction 3.2 " Construction Materials " " " 4 Equipment & Facilities Dairy Private Suppliers Located in Bahir Bahir Dar, Addis 4.1 " Equipment Dar, Addis Ababa Ababa 20-680 " SME and Other Local Manufacturers Ebinat, Debire Tabor, 4.2 " Bee Hives in urban areas Bahire Dar, Gondar 20-150 " Honey Bahir Dar, Addis 4.3 Equipment Private Suppliers Located in Bahir " Ababa & Facilities Dar, Addis Ababa 120-680 " Poultry Bahir Dar, Addis 4.4 Equipment Private Suppliers Located in Bahir " Ababa & Facilities Dar, Addis Ababa 120-680 "
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Livestock Output Marketing Schedule S/N Output Main Destination Major Customers Key Actors Responsibility Facilitate the Establishment of Marketing Cooperatives, Awards Debire Tabor, Hotels & Restaurants, CPA Legal Entity, Build Cooperative Capacity, Legal and Audit Services 1 Dairy Product Ebinat, Gondar, Universities, Prisons, Legal Support (Registration) and Trade License, Facilitates Market Bahir Dar Hospitals, Dairy Plants BOTIMD Linkages, Provides Market Information, Local Consumers (Ebinat & Debire Tabor, Facilitates Improved Input Supply (Improved Feed, Breeds,and Debire Tabor), Consumers Ebinat, Gondar, LFRDA Live Animal Movement), Capacity building and Technical and Traders at Bahir Dar & Bahir Dar, A/A Assistance, Veterinary Service, etc. 2 Sheep Rearing Gondar, Addis Ababa Secures working spce (rural and urban) in both rural and urban Sudan Exporters to Sudan BOLAU areas, facilitates and coordinates the efforts supports of stakeholders, supervises implementation progress Local Consumers (Ebinat & Debire Tabor, Debire Tabor), Consumers Secure working space, capacity building, business promotion and Ebinat, Gondar, Municipalities and Traders at Bahir Dar & administrative support 3 Goat Rearing Bahir Dar, A/A Gondar, Addis Ababa Financial Loanable Fund Supply, Consultancy and Business promotion Sudan Exporters to Sudan Intermediaries support Local Consumers (Ebinat & Debire Tabor, Debire Tabor), Consumers Ebinat, Gondar, " " Egg and Traders at Bahir Dar & Bahir Dar, A/A Gondar, Addis Ababa 4 Sudan Exporters to Sudan " " Debire Tabor, Consumers and Traders at Ebinat, Gondar, Ebinat & Debire Tabor, Bahir " " 5 Honey Bahir Dar, A/A Dar & Gondar, Addis Ababa Sudan Exporters to Sudan " "
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APPENDIX V: O&M STRUCTURE FOR COORDINATION BY SC
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O&M Structure for Option II; Coordination by SC
Members: Heads ENDIP -Regional Project SC . President Office . BLAU MOWIE . BOANR . BOTVED . BOTIMD . BORT . BOWI ENIDP BLAU . BOWUD . CPA . LFRDA GIRDC . ARARI . GIRDC
Regional Project Members: Heads of TC . OLAU . OOA Debire Tabor . TVEDO & Ebnat South Gondar . TIMDO Town Admin DOLAU . RTO
Wereda Project . CPO Management . LFRDO Committee . Town Admin . GIRDC Wereda Office of GIRDC Field LAU Office Members: Experts from . OLAU Wereda LR . OOA Technic . Town Admin Committee . TVEDO . TIMDO . RTO Kebele Expert of . CPO LAU . LFRDO . GIRDC Kebele LR Technic Committee Members: Experts from . All extension workers in the kebele . Kebele Chair . Kebele Manager . Kebele Land Admin Committee . PAPs . GIRDC
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Wereda Administration
Pull Service Provider Office of Finance Pull Service Provide (HR Admin) Civil Service Office and Economic (Finance, Purchase, etc.) Pull Service Pull Service
Office of Land Office of Health Note: Admin and Use The line offices are shown
connected with solid lines (arrows) Office of Water R. Civil service Office is a pull service Office of Technic, Deve't provider regarding human resource Vocational administration Enterprises Dev't Finance and economy Office is a pull Education service provider regarding finance, purchases and property Office of Agriculture administration Office of Women, The left side encircled offices are Children and Youth key stakeholders while that of the Office of Livestock right side groups can provide and Fish R. Deve't services on demand Office of Road The steering committee basically and Transport engages key stakeholders of the Office of CPA wereda and some major line offices might be engaged as they are cabinet members Office of Trade, Other Offices. Industry and Market ...... Dev't
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APPENDIX VI: WORKING GUIDELINE OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
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Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project
Wereda Based Technical Committee For Development and Implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plan Project
Working Guidelines
April, 2016 Ebinat/ Debratabor
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Introduction The major objective of Ribb Irrigation and Drainage Project is to cultivate a gross command area of 14500 hectares of land by irrigation. The command area is found within Libokemkem and Fogera wereds whereas the headwork project components which are the dam, the reservoir and associated structures are located within the two weredas of Ebinat and Farta. These head work components affected the livelihoods of about 1455 households which require compensation and simultaneous implementation of livelihood restoration program. The estimation and payment of compensation together with relocating those PAPs whose lands are adversely affected are under implementation while the livelihood restoration program in at the start. The restoration effort of the livelihoods of the PAPs highly requires an integrated and well-coordinated effort of both public and private service providers. This guiding line is thus prepared to serve as a tool to effectively coordinate such efforts and highlight the key responsibilities of actors in the process.
Objective The objective of the Livelihood Restoration Committee is to facilitate and coordinate the livelihood restoration of the already identified 1455 PAPs and others to be identified in the future if any.
The specific objectives of the committee include:
1) Coordinate the PAPs , 2) Facilitates the preference survey, 3) Facilitates the identification of profitable business and employment opportunities, 4) Facilitates the preparation of training manuals, 5) Facilitates the preparation of business plans, 6) Facilitates participation in seminars, trainings and workshops, 7) Facilitates coordinating stakeholders in the livelihood restoration program process, 8) Facilitates the overall formulation of livelihood restoration programs, 9) Facilitates and coordinates in the implementation of livelihood restoration program, and 10) Participates in the monitoring and evaluation activities,
Duties and Responsibilities Despite the fact that each stakeholder is responsible to be engaged in the preparation of the plan and in the day to day implementation of livelihood restoration of each of the PAPs in the district, the committee shall meet on monthly basis for the overall assessment, monitoring and evaluation of the whole restoration process in the project. Accordingly, the committee shall facilitates each of the livelihood restoration activities; facilitates the coordination of respective institutions and actors for the successful implementation of the restoration plan; ensures whether each stakeholder is meeting its delineated assignment; monitors and evaluates the proper and on time implementation of each of the livelihood programs/activities; facilitates and provides the necessary supports for the client throughout the facilitation of implementation of each of the livelihood programs/activities; devises the systematic mechanism to ensure the sustainability of the livelihood restoration activities.
Accountability The technical committee is directly accountable to the administration council of the wereda regarding the livelihood restoration process of the Ribb PAPs.
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Reporting System The technical committee prepares and submits monthly reports to the office of the Wereda Administration.
Office Term The office term of the committee shall extend until the livelihood restoration of the PAPs is certainly ensured through the monitoring and evaluation and impact assessment reports of the Wereda Cabinet.
Members of the Committee The members of the technic committee are key professionals in the respective government offices which have a direct responsibility to sustain the livelihood restoration of the PAPs in the wereda. Accordingly, the following institutions/persons shall be members of the technical committee; 1. Office of Administration ……………………………………..Chair Person 2. Office of Land Administration and Use ……………………..Secretary 3. Office of Agriculture…………………………………………Member 4. Technical and Vocational Enterprises Development Office… ― 5. Office of the Municipality……………………………………. ― 6. Office of the Cooperatives Promotion Agency………………. ― 7. Office of Livestock and Fishery Resources Development 8. Office of the Trade, Industry and Market Development……. ― 9. Justice Office………………………. ― 10. GIRDC (2)…………………………………………………. ―
Responsibilities of Key Members
The members of the livelihood restoration technical committee are responsible but not limited to the following duties and responsibilities.
Member from the Administration Office of the Wereda
Coordinates and leads the technical committee; Facilitates the arrangement of offices for the technical committee and linkages with respective stakeholders; Facilitates and creates conducive environment at wereda and kebele levels so that the preparation and implementation of the program can smoothly be implemented; Coordinates stakeholders for the successful implementation of the livelihood restoration program; Assist and participate in preparation and implementation of the livelihood restoration program; Ensures the consistent monitoring and evaluation of the performance of stakeholders and the committee; Resolves any obstacles and drawbacks or disputes that may arise in the process
Land Administration and Use
Is responsible for the overall coordination of livelihood restoration of the PAPs; Records discussion meetings and produce progress reports; Provide land use base data for the program; Involves and participate in the identification of profitable businesses and employment opportunities ; Participate in the preparation of training , workshops and seminar manuals and assist in the preparation of business plans; Participate and facilitate in workshops, trainings, and seminars;
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Creates and provides the essential baseline data (land holdings and related data by project component) and provides the same for the implementers; Facilitates the coordination of the efforts of all actors of the livelihood restoration program; Creates awareness about the purpose and essentialities of integrated implementation plan of livelihood restoration; Ensures whether each of the stakeholders are moving to ensure the livelihood of each of the PAPs in a sustainable manner
Office of Agriculture Is responsible for the coordination of overall land based livelihood restoration of the PAPs; Creates and provides the essential agriculture related baseline data (irrigated and rain-fed agricultural land and productivity related data) and provides the same for the implementers; Participate in the manual preparation for training, seminars and workshops and participate in business plan preparations and their implementation; Creates awareness about the purpose and essentialities of implementing integrated livelihood restoration plan; Devises special extension support for PAPs who preferred to continue their livelihood on agriculture; Facilitates the availability and accessibility of agricultural inputs for PAPs engaged on Agricultural activities; Ensures whether each of the stakeholders are moving to ensure the livelihood of each of the PAPs in a sustainable manner
Office of Livestock and Fishery Resources Development Is responsible for the coordination of livestock based livelihood restoration of the PAPs; Creates and provides the essential livestock and fishery related baseline data about PAPs (type and size of livestock holdings, productivity coefficients, prospects and challenges and related data) and provides the same for the implementers; Facilitates the coordination of the efforts of all actors of the livelihood restoration program; Creates awareness about the purpose and essentialities of integrated implementation plan of livelihood restoration; Devises special extension support for PAPs who preferred to continue their livelihood on livestock, fishery, apiculture etc.; Facilitates the availability and accessibility of livestock and/or fishery inputs and vet services for PAPs engaged on livestock activities; Ensures whether each of the stakeholders are moving to ensure the livelihood of each of the PAPs in a sustainable manner
Office of Cooperatives Promotion Agency Participate in the overall livelihood restoration of the PAPs; Provides the necessary cooperative extension services (marketing cooperatives, service cooperatives, SACCOs, etc.) for PAPs based on their livelihood preferences; Creates and provides the essential socioeconomic baseline data Participate in the manual preparation for training, seminars and workshops and participate in business plan preparations and their implementation; Participate in the manual preparation for training, seminars and workshops and participate in business plan preparations and their implementation; Creates awareness for the PAPs about the possible ways and benefits of cooperative organization, etc.
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Office of the Technical, Vocational and Enterprises Development Is responsible for technical advice of livelihood restoration preparation and implementation activities; Creates and provides the essential socioeconomic baseline data; Provides the necessary entrepreneurship development related extension services (agricultural and non-agricultural entrepreneurships, etc.) for PAPs based on their livelihood preferences; Participate in the preparation of different training materials and trains PAPs based on their livelihood preference; Introduces the PAPs with alternative income generation activities upon which the PAPs can best compete; Build the entrepreneur skills and knowledge of the PAPs that enables them to competitively manage their resources and businesses. Organizing and assisting youths who were living with their families before their land is taken Organizes and coordinates youths who are landless, those who have lost parents, etc. who are victims of this project must receive service priority service.
Office of the Town Administration Is responsible for the coordination overall urban based livelihood restoration of the PAPs; Creates essential socioeconomic baseline data about the relocated PAPs; Creates awareness about the urban livelihood characteristics and essential municipality services for the PAPs resettled in the town; facilitates the necessary extension and advisory services by respective institutions for the resettled PAPs based on their livelihood preferences; Ensures the availability of basic public services, specifically of water, electricity, road, sanitation, etc.; Participate in urban based livelihood restoration preparation and implementation of business plans; Ensures the harmonization of their livelihoods with the host community.
Office of the trade, Industry and Market Development Is responsible for the coordination overall livelihood restoration of the PAPs Creates essential socioeconomic baseline data about the PAPs both in the rural kebeles as well as resettled in towns; Identify the type and extent of services that PAPs need related to trade, market and manufacturing activities based on the livelihood preference of the PAPs; creates awareness about the types of services that the PAPs can benefit form the office of Trade, Industry and Market Development; facilitates the market linkages of PAPs based on their livelihood preferences and business plans
Office of Justice
Support PAPs to create awareness on the property laws, rural land ownership and use & municipality land use laws, Support to introduce how to handle legal cases to be raised including grievances on replacement land, compensation and restoration interventions.
GIRDC Responsible to deliver the livelihood restoration consultancy services for all PAPs as per the TOR;
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Ensures the service delivery is well coordinated and harmonized with the key project actors and respective public service institutions.
Committee Members at Kebele Level The kebele technique committee, which regularly meets biweekly to monitor and evaluate its performance, is accountable to the wereda technique committee and reports its performance to the same every biweekly.
1. Manager of the Kebel administration 2. Chairman of the Kebele administration 3. Kebele Office of Agriculture 4. Crop Development Agents 5. Livestock Development Agents 6. Natural Resources Development Agents 7. Kebele Environmental Protection, Land Administration and use Agent 8. Cooperative extension Agents 9. Respective Chairperson of Kebele level LAU committee 10. Kebele Police 11. PAP representatives (2)
Key Responsibility Field coordination and support Data collection, organization and analysis Extension and advisory services on livelihood opportunities, challenges and risks Assist the PAPs in implementing livelihood restoration programs Facilitation and coordination of the successful implementation of businesses for PAPs (including selection and provision of inputs, output marketing, etc.) Assist and collaborate with GIRDC in the implementation of the livelihood restoration plans Implement tasks and assignments that are directed by the wereda technique committee
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