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Awra Amba, Une Utopie Entre Mythe Et Réalité Robert Joumard

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Awra Amba, Une Utopie Entre Mythe Et Réalité Robert Joumard Awra Amba, une utopie entre mythe et réalité Robert Joumard To cite this version: Robert Joumard. Awra Amba, une utopie entre mythe et réalité. [Rapport de recherche] Université Gustave Eiffel. 2021, pp.162. hal-03003372v3 HAL Id: hal-03003372 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03003372v3 Submitted on 5 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Robert JOUMARD Awra Amba, une utopie entre mythe et réalité mai 2021 Awra Amba, une utopie entre mythe et réalité Robert Joumard est directeur de recherche émérite, Université Gustave Eiffel, France. Contact : [email protected] Résumé Cette étude est essentiellement une synthèse des 30 travaux de recherche disponibles sur la commu- nauté utopique d’Awra Amba en Éthiopie, complétée par l’analyse de données issues de la communauté elle-même. Cela permet de présenter les racines puis l'évolution historique tourmentée de cette communauté créée en 1972 par un petit groupe de paysans analphabètes autour de l'un des leurs. Nous présentons ensuite les principaux traits de sa culture, ses valeurs, les mécanismes mis en œuvre pour les respecter et le degré de respect de ces valeurs : l’égalité des sexes qui a fait sa renom- mée, la solidarité, la règle d’or (honnêteté, refus des addictions, respect mutuel, droits des enfants), la démocratie, et enfin la valeur travail. Nous traitons par la suite du thème très controversé du rapport d’Awra Amba à la religion. Dans un troisième temps, nous présentons d’autres caractéristiques de son organisation sociale : formation et éducation, mariage, funérailles, gestion des conflits, écono- mie, avant de traiter des relations de la communauté avec ses voisins, la presse et les autorités, et enfin l’étranger. En conclusion, nous évaluons les parts de mythe et de réalité de cette expérience utopique. Summary Awra Amba, a utopia between myth and reality This is mainly a review of the 30 available research works on the Ethiopian utopian community of Awra Amba, complemented by the analysis of information provided by the community itself. It al- lows us to present the seeds and then the tormented historical evolution of this community founded in 1972 by a small group of illiterate peasants around one of them. Then, we present the main fea- tures of its culture, its values, the mechanisms implemented in order to respect them and the degree to which these values are respected: its well known gender equality, solidarity, golden rule (honesty, refusal of addictions, mutual respect, children’s rights), democracy, and eventually the value of work. Then we debate the highly controversial issue of religion in Awra Amba. Finally, we present other characteristics of its social organisation: training and education, marriage, funerals, conflict management, economy, before dealing with the external relations with neighbouring communities, authorities and media, as well as foreigners. In conclusion, we assess the myth and reality of this uto- pian experience. Remerciements Nous remercions la communauté d’Awra Amba pour avoir répondu avec patience à nombre de nos questions, les photographes qui nous ont aimablement permis de reproduire leurs travaux, et Fran- çoise Pastor, Claudine Crespo, Jean-Luc Picard-Bachelerie, Dominique Martin et Émilie Gabardo pour leur contribution. Cliché de la page de titre de F. Pastor. 2 / 162 Table des matières Synthèse.......................................................................................................................................................................5 Executive summary..................................................................................................................................................7 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................9 1 Méthode................................................................................................................................................................11 2 Situation géographique et histoire..............................................................................................................15 2.1 Situation géographique.........................................................................................................................................15 2.2 À l’origine d’Awra Amba, des contestataires................................................................................................22 2.3 Débuts très difCiciles de la communauté........................................................................................................27 2.4 La reconnaissance et le succès...........................................................................................................................31 2.5 Population d’Awra Amba.....................................................................................................................................33 3 Idéologie et culture...........................................................................................................................................37 3.1 Égalité des sexes ou des genres.........................................................................................................................40 3.1.1 Situation en Éthiopie et ailleurs........................................................................................................40 3.1.2 Égalité des genres à Awra Amba.......................................................................................................44 3.2 Solidarité.....................................................................................................................................................................51 3.3 Règle d’or....................................................................................................................................................................55 3.4 Démocratie.................................................................................................................................................................58 3.4.1 Culture politique éthiopienne............................................................................................................58 3.4.2 La coopérative d’Awra Amba..............................................................................................................59 3.4.3 La communauté, organe central........................................................................................................59 3.4.4 Départs volontaires et exclusions.....................................................................................................63 3.4.5 Transparence et liberté de parole....................................................................................................65 3.4.6 Concentration potentielle du pouvoir.............................................................................................67 3.5 Valeur travail.............................................................................................................................................................70 3.6 Rapport à la religion...............................................................................................................................................72 3.6.1 Poids de la religion en Éthiopie.........................................................................................................72 3.6.2 La "religion" d’Awra Amba..................................................................................................................74 3.6.3 La "religion" d’Awra Amba est-elle une religion ?......................................................................75 4 Organisation sociale.........................................................................................................................................79 4.1 Éducation....................................................................................................................................................................79 4.1.1 Situation en Éthiopie..............................................................................................................................79 4.1.2 Éducation à Awra Amba.......................................................................................................................80 4.1.3 Niveau d’éducation de la population...............................................................................................87 4.1.4 Santé de la population...........................................................................................................................87 4.2 Mariage et divorce..................................................................................................................................................89 4.3 Funérailles..................................................................................................................................................................92 4.4 Gestion des conClits.................................................................................................................................................94
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