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Awra Amba, Quand L&Apos Awra Amba, quand l'utopie devient réalité Robert Joumard To cite this version: Robert Joumard. Awra Amba, quand l'utopie devient réalité. [Rapport de recherche] IFST- TAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux. 2020, pp.143. hal-03003372v1 HAL Id: hal-03003372 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03003372v1 Submitted on 13 Nov 2020 (v1), last revised 5 May 2021 (v3) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Robert JOUMARD Awra Amba, quand l'utopie devient réalité novembre 2020 Awra Amba, quand l’utopie devient réalité Robert Joumard est directeur de recherche émérite, Université Gustave Eiffel, France. Contact : [email protected] Résumé Cette étude est essentiellement une synthèse des 29 travaux de recherche disponibles sur la commu- nauté utopique d’Awra Amba en Éthiopie, complétée par l’analyse de données issues de la communauté elle-même. Cela permet de présenter les racines puis l'évolution historique tourmentée de cette communauté créée en 1972 par un petit groupe de paysans analphabètes autour de l'un des leurs. Nous présentons ensuite les principaux traits de sa culture, ses valeurs et les mécanismes mis en œuvre pour les respecter : l’égalité des sexes qui a fait sa renommée, la solidarité, la règle d’or (honnêteté, refus des addictions, respect mutuel, droits des enfants), la démocratie, et enfin la valeur travail. Nous traitons par la suite du thème très controversé du rapport d’Awra Amba à la religion. Dans un troisième temps, nous présentons d’autres caractéristiques de son organisation sociale : for- mation et éducation, mariage, funérailles, gestion des conflits, économie, avant de traiter des relations de la communauté avec ses voisins, la presse et les autorités, et enfin l’étranger. Summary Awra Amba, when Utopia becomes a reality This is mainly a review of the 29 research studies available on the Ethiopian utopian community of Awra Amba, complemented by the analysis of data from the community itself. It allows us to present the seeds and then the troubled historic evolution of this community founded in 1972 by a small group of illiterate peasants around one of them. Then, we present the main elements of its culture, its values and mechanisms implemented in order to respect them: its well known gender equality, solid- arity, golden rule (honesty, avoidance of addictions, mutual respect, children’s rights), democracy, and eventually labour value. Then we debate the highly controversial issue of religion in Awra Amba. Finally, we present other characteristics of its social organization: training and education, marriage, funeral, management of conflicts, economy, before looking at the relationships with neigh- bouring communities, authorities and media, as well as foreigners. Remerciements Nous remercions la communauté d’Awra Amba pour avoir répondu avec patience à nos nombreuses questions, les photographes qui nous ont aimablement permis de reproduire leurs travaux, et Fran- çoise Pastor pour sa contribution. Cliché de la page de titre de F. Pastor. 2 / 143 Table des matières Synthèse.......................................................................................................................................................................5 Executive summary..................................................................................................................................................7 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................9 1 Méthode................................................................................................................................................................11 2 Situation géographique et histoire..............................................................................................................15 2.1 Situation géographique.........................................................................................................................................15 2.2 À l’origine d’Awra Amba, un visionnaire.......................................................................................................21 2.3 Débuts très difCiciles de la communauté........................................................................................................25 2.4 La reconnaissance et le succès...........................................................................................................................28 2.5 Population d’Awra Amba.....................................................................................................................................30 3 Idéologie et culture...........................................................................................................................................33 3.1 Égalité des sexes ou des genres.........................................................................................................................36 3.1.1 Situation en Éthiopie et ailleurs........................................................................................................36 3.1.2 Égalité des genres à Awra Amba.......................................................................................................40 3.2 Solidarité.....................................................................................................................................................................46 3.3 Règle d’or....................................................................................................................................................................50 3.4 Démocratie.................................................................................................................................................................53 3.4.1 Culture politique éthiopienne............................................................................................................53 3.4.2 La coopérative d’Awra Amba..............................................................................................................53 3.4.3 La communauté, organe central........................................................................................................54 3.4.4 Concentration potentielle du pouvoir.............................................................................................57 3.5 Valeur travail.............................................................................................................................................................59 3.6 Rapport à la religion...............................................................................................................................................62 3.6.1 Poids de la religion en Éthiopie.........................................................................................................62 3.6.2 La "religion" d’Awra Amba..................................................................................................................63 3.6.3 La "religion" d’Awra Amba est-elle une religion ?......................................................................64 4 Organisation sociale.........................................................................................................................................67 4.1 Éducation....................................................................................................................................................................67 4.1.1 Situation en Éthiopie..............................................................................................................................67 4.1.2 Éducation à Awra Amba.......................................................................................................................68 4.1.3 Niveau d’éducation de la population...............................................................................................75 4.1.4 Santé de la population...........................................................................................................................75 4.2 Mariage et divorce..................................................................................................................................................77 4.3 Funérailles..................................................................................................................................................................80 4.4 Gestion des conClits.................................................................................................................................................81 4.5 Économie de la communauté..............................................................................................................................85 4.5.1 Structures économiques.......................................................................................................................86 4.5.2 Flux économiques...................................................................................................................................87
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