Significant People Significant People inAUSTRALIA’S HISTORY Contents First published in 2009 by Acknowledgements in SignificantMACMILLAN EDUCATION AUSTRALIA PTY LTD ThePeople author and the publisher are grateful to the following Significant People in Australia’s History profiles the people who brought AUSTRALIA’S HISTORY 15–19 Claremont Street, South Yarra 3141 for permission to reproduce copyright material: Visit our website at www.macmillan.com.au or go directly to Cover photograph: Portrait of Caroline Chisholm [1852] History makers 4 about important events or changes to Australian society through their in www.macmillanlibrary.com.au lithograph by Thomas Fairland (1804-1852), National Library of Australia Early settlements 5 knowledge, actions or achievements. Explore the fascinating story of Australia, AUSTRALIA’SAssociated companies and representatives throughout the world. HISTORY Photos courtesy of: A snapshot of history 6 from its ancient Indigenous past to the present day, through the biographies of Copyright © Rees Barrett 2009 Coo-ee Historical Picture Library, 20, 22; View of an emigrant’s home to accommodate 72 persons, erected by 8 All rights reserved. S. Hemming esq. at the Clift House Works, Bristol, on the Arthur Phillip, Governor these significant people. Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia plan suggested by Mrs. Chisholm / Hemming’s Patent and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, Improved Portable Houses. Sole Manufactory, Clift House, Arabanoo, Indigenous leader 12 stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, Bedminster, Bristol. Samuel Hemming, c 1853. lithograph. Woollarawarre Bennelong, Indigenous leader 13 electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the Caroline Simpson Collection,Vo Historic Houses Trust of prior written permission of the copyright owner. NSW, 43; The Manly Daily, 12l; Nationalum Archivese of 14 Australia: A1200, L10417, 19; National Library of 3Australia: Richard Johnson, Religious leader Each volume focuses on a particular Special features include: Educational institutions copying any part of this book for educational purposes Allcot, John. The First Fleet in Sydney Cove, January 27, Volume 3 Pemulwuy, Resistance leader 16 period in Australia’s history and includes: ‘life facts’ mini timeline under the Act must be covered by a Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) licence 1788, 7; Fairland, Thomas. Portrait of Caroline Chisholm, for educational institutions and must have given a remuneration notice to CAL. 42; Glover, John. Australian landscape with cattle: the John and Elizabeth Macarthur, Sheep farmers 18 Life Facts Licence restrictions must be adhered to. Any copies must be photocopies only, artist’s property Patterdale [c.1835], 36 (bottom); Janssen, background information about the of each person’s life and they must not be hired out or sold. For details of the CAL licence contact: Jacob. Dr. Lang addressing the N.S.W. Legislative Council. 1580 Born in Holland Copyright Agency Limited, Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, NSW 2000. June 18441788 watercolour, 45; Lycett, –1850Joseph. The residence Samuel Marsden, Wool trader 22 featured time period and achievements 1615 Becomes commander Telephone: (02) 9394 7600. Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601. Email: [email protected] of John McArthur Esqre. near Parramatta, New South of the Eendrach 1788 Lachlan Macquarie, Governor 24 a timeline of main events Wales, 21; Sherwin, William. Arthur Phillip Esq., Captain 1616 Lands on the western National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry General and Commander in Chief in & over the territory ‘more about …’ Morecoast about of Australia ... Mary Reibey, Emancipist 26 – of New South Wales, 8; Talmage, Algernon. The founding of illustrated biographies of a wide range Barrett, Rees D. 1618 1850 Australia, 4-5; Terry, G. (Garnet). Revd. Richard Johnson, information boxes Dirk Hartog Island Returns to the 1788–1850: early settlements / Rees Barrett. Netherlands on the B.A., chaplain to the settlement in New South Wales, 14; Eumarrah, Resistance leader 28 of significant people Hartog had landed in an area that was about related Eendrach ISBN 978 1 4202 6618 4 (hbk.) Cover of Pemulwuy The Rainbow Warrior, by Eric Willmott, home to the Malkana people, near Early

* 29 a glossary of terms Significant people in Australia’s history; no. 3. courtesy of National Library of Australia, with permission James Stirling, Governor events and places modern-day Shark Bay in Western Australia. Settlements Early Includes index. of Random House Australia, 16; Portrait of Bennilong, The place where Hartog left the metal 30 a comprehensive index. For primary school students. a native of New Holland. London 1798?, 13; Portrait of William Wentworth, Political leader plate is now called Cape Inscription and Colonists – Australia. Australia – Biography. Australia – History – 1788–1851. Ludwig Leichhardt [c.1850], 39 (top); Portrait of Rev. John the island is called Dirk Hartog Island. Yagan, Resistance leader 32 ‘see also’ 920.0994 Dunmore SettlementsLang. b/w photograph 187?, 44; Dixson Galleries, State Library of NSW, 18; Mitchell Library, State Library Charles Sturt, Explorer 33 cross-references to Edited by Georgina Garner of NSW, 10-11, 26, 29; State Library of South Australia relevant information Text and cover design by Cristina Neri, Canary Graphic Design [B70378/1], 33 (top), [B63785], 38, [B6693], 40 (top), Thomas Mitchell, Explorer 34 The nine volumes in the series are: Page layout by Raul Diche [B2924], 41; Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts, in other entries. Photo research by Legend Images State Library of Tasmania, 28, 35 (top), 36 (top); Pictures George Robinson, Religious leader 35 Illustrations by Guy Holt Collection, State Library of Victoria, 24, 27, 30, 34 (top), 37, 46; Sculpture of Yagan by Robert Hitchcock, Wikimedia John Glover, Artist 36 Printed in China Commons, 32; Transcript of letter by Mary Haydock courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW [ML MSS 5934], 26. John Batman, Farmer 37 Disclaimer Indigenous Australians show respect for deceased members of their families and Sources for quotes used in text: Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Political writer 38 groups. Mourning ceremonies may be conducted over several years after a person’s ADB online biography of Richard Johnson, http://www. death. In many instances, the name of the person must not be spoken, but can be adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020018b.htm, 15; Elizabeth Friedrich Ludwig Leichhardt, Explorer 39 written, during the period of mourning, and people may be upset if they see images Macarthur’s letters to Eliza Kingdon (1816), in the of the deceased. Schools and libraries that serve Indigenous Australian communities Macarthur Papers, volume 12, held in the State Library of Edward John Eyre, Explorer 40 should seek advice from senior people with authority in that community on whether NSW, 21; An Appeal to The World on behalf of the younger any reference to or image of deceased people connected with that community which branch of the Family of Shem, by Robert Lyon, published Caroline Chisholm, Activist 42 appears in this book should be concealed, and on how this should be done. 1839, 32.

Rees Barrett John Dunmore Lang, Religious leader 44 While every care has been taken to trace and acknowledge copyright, the publisher tenders their apologies for any Edmund Kennedy, Explorer 46 accidental infringement where copyright has proved untraceable. Where the attempt has been unsuccessful, the Glossary 47 publisher welcomes information that would redress the situation. Index 48

Glossary words When a word is written in bold, click on Rees Barrett it to find its meaning. History makers Early settlements

Significant People in Australia’s History is about those men and women who have Volume 3: Early Settlements 1788–1850 consists of biographies of the convicts and contributed remarkably to Australia’s identity and heritage. They are significant free settlers who brought European culture to Australia between 1788 and 1850, because they were pioneers in their field or because their knowledge, actions or and the Indigenous Australians who were confronted with colonisation. These achievements brought about important events or changes in Australian society. significant people include governors, religious leaders, explorers,pastoralists and They represent the wide range of people who have contributed to the story resistance leaders. of Australia. This series describes the history of Australia, from Indigenous beginnings to The spread of the British colonies modern-day Australia, through the life stories of these significant people. Each By the 1780s, European nations had established colonies all over the world. Britain’s volume consists of biographies of people from a particular period in Australia’s prisons were over-crowded with convicts. The British decided to set up a penal history or descriptions of Indigenous Australian cultural groups. colony and trading base at Botany Bay and colonise Australia before any other European nation did. In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip arrived with the First Fleet of convicts to build settlements at Botany Bay and Norfolk Island. He was instructed to be friendly towards the Indigenous peoples of Australia. British settlers soon established small settlements around the coastline of the continent. New settlements were started at Moreton Bay, Port Phillip Bay, the Swan River and in Van Diemen’s Land. In 1850, more than 60 years after colonisation, Australia’s population was over 400 000.

The raising of the British flag on 26 January 1788 was the beginning of a new society in Australia.

4 5 A snapshot of history 1788–1850

Between 1788 and 1850, British colonies were Indigenous Australian peoples experienced established across the Australian continent. many changes as their lands were invaded. Free settlers and emancipists overcame Some tried to cooperate, but others resisted. hardships to build new settlements, farms British settlers disagreed about how to deal with and businesses. Explorers found grasslands this problem. Many Indigenous Australians died as they moved inland, and the wool industry through disease and fighting, and their cultures began. Ideas about democracy that were were threatened with destruction. developing in Europe were brought to Australia. Male landowners were given the right to elect representatives to help govern the colonies. The First Fleet arrived in Port Jackson in 1788.

1788–1850 1824 Convict settlement starts at Moreton Bay, 1836 Colony of South Australia is proclaimed. near modern-day Brisbane. First privately The convict-free colony was an idea 1788 First Fleet of convicts arrives at Botany 1805 John and Elizabeth Macarthur import owned newspaper in New South Wales that was promoted by Edward Gibbon Bay led by Arthur Phillip, who becomes merino sheep and start breeding them for features articles by William Wentworth Wakefield. The Squatters Act is introduced the first Governor of New South Wales. wool. calling for self-government for the in New South Wales, making squatting He captures local Cammeraigal man colonies. legal. 1808 British troops overthrow Governor William Arabanoo to learn about Indigenous Bligh during the Rum Rebellion. 1829 A settlement is established at the Swan 1838 Twenty-eight Indigenous Australian men, Australian cultures. River, in modern-day Western Australia, women and children are murdered at 1809 First colonial wool is sold to Britain by 1790 Indigenous peoples from the Sydney governed by James Stirling. Myall Creek, northern New South Wales. pastoralist Samuel Marsden. area resist colonisation. They attack Seven settlers are found guilty of the 1830s Explorers such as Charles Sturt and the Governor’s troops. Second Fleet of 1810 Emancipists outnumber free settlers massacre and hanged. Thomas Mitchell start to move inland, convicts from Britain arrives. for the first time. GovernorLachlan following rivers and looking for an inland 1840 British colonies in Canada are granted Macquarie insists that emancipists 1791 Governor Phillip is speared by local sea. Their uncover more self-government. British Government stops have the same rights as free settlers. expeditions Indigenous people. Bennelong returns to grazing land for settlers. transporting convicts to New South Wales. Emancipists such as Mary Reibey Sydney Cove to help improve relations become successful business leaders. 1835 George Robinson establishes a settlement 1840s Explorers such as Friedrich Ludwig between Indigenous Australian peoples for Indigenous Australians on Flinders Leichhardt and Edward John Eyre begin and new settlers. Third Fleet of convicts 1815 Britain wins the Battle of Waterloo and the Island. He aims to strip them of their to make expeditions into the interior of from Britain arrives. war against France. High unemployment Indigenous culture and teach them Australia. explores the among returned British soldiers results Edmund Kennedy 1792 Britain goes to war against France. European culture and values. inland rivers and northern Queensland. in more free settlers and more convicts John Glover exhibits his Australian paintings in 1793 First church opens in Australia, built by arriving in the colonies. 1841–46 Activist Caroline Chisholm works for the London, England. John Batman claims to Anglican chaplain Richard Johnson. rights of immigrants in the colonies. 1820s–30s Indigenous Australians resist have signed a treaty with the Woiworung 1794 Pemulwuy leads an Indigenous resistance European settlement across the country. people ‘buying’ land in the Port Phillip Bay 1843 First free election is held in New South campaign in New South Wales. Eumarrah leads attacks on settlers in area, now Melbourne. Wales. central Van Diemen’s Land, and Yagan 1803 Settlement is established at Risdon 1850 John Dunmore Lang proposes that the avenges the death of his people near the Cove in Van Diemen’s Land, now called colonies form a united democratic Swan River colony. Tasmania. nation, independent of Britain.

6 7 Arthur Phillip Governor

Arthur Phillip commanded the First Settling at Sydney Cove Some people believed the British experiment of a convict colony was doomed to fail, but Phillip Phillip was disappointed with Botany Bay. The Fleet on its voyage to Australia. He remained positive. Phillip was a man who soil, water supply and harbour were poor. He inspired goodwill and loyalty among the people was the first governor of the new decided to look for a better site for settlement. he ruled. Most people considered him to be settlement of New South Wales. He investigated nearby Port Jackson and found caring, and firm but fair. His popularity helped ‘the finest harbour in the world’. Phillip called Phillip commanded the small group of British colonists to survive the site for the new settlement Sydney Cove, Life facts the First Fleet from the challenges they faced. after his boss Lord Sydney. 11 October 1738 Born in England to Australia England in 1787–88. He By 26 January 1788, all the Fleet had been moved 1756–63 Fights in Seven had been ordered to Sydney Cove. The Union Jack was raised and More about ... Years’ War to build convict the troops and convicts finally came ashore. 1778 Fights in American The First Settlers colonies settlements at Most of the first settlers were convicts. They were 1786 Appointed first Governor Botany Bay and Leading the colony usually young, male and unskilled. Some had of New South Wales Norfolk Island. Phillip had total power to make any decision been transported for small crimes such as stealing 1787 Commands First Fleet required to run the colony. His control was a handkerchief. There were also many serial to Botany Bay Phillip spent criminals. greater than normal because of the colony’s Officials, marine officers and soldiers, and their 1788 Leads first settlement at more than a year Sydney Cove purchasing and isolation. It was not practical to request further families made up the rest of the first settlers. The marines had been promised land if they stayed in 1792 Returns to England loading supplies resources or instructions from Britain because it took 15 months for a ship to sail to England the colony for three years service. 31 August 1814 Dies in onto eleven ships. On the First Fleet, there were: England The fleet included: and return. The Second Fleet did not arrive for • 14 officials and passengers another two and a half years. • 306 crew warships to protect the settlement • 245 marines Lord Sydney had instructed Phillip to: • 54 wives and children cargo ships hired by the British Government Phillip was the leader of the new settlement in make sure there was good behaviour and • 543 convict men to transport convicts New South Wales from 1788 until 1792. • 189 convict women observance of religion in the colony • 22 convict children. cargo ships hired to transport equipment bring any willing women from the Pacific Overall, there were nearly six times as many men and food supplies. as women. More about ... Islands to Australia In the ships were convicts, equipment, seed, Colonising Botany Bay use the convicts to construct buildings and livestock, food and water to last a year. It was a big decision to send convicts to build a farm the land new colony on the other side of the world. Two The First Fleet’s voyage took 252 days and reward well-behaved convicts by granting covered 24 000 kilometres. The Fleet reached men who had sailed with Cook on the Endeavour helped convince the British Government that them emancipation and land. Botany Bay between 18 and 20 January 1788. It Botany Bay was ideal for a penal colony. Governor Phillip led the new colony through had survived storms and gale-force winds, and Sir Joseph Banks described fertile land that would five years of constant struggle. He explored those onboard had endured difficult conditions. allow things to grow well, and indigenous peoples the land around Sydney Cove and established Forty-eight people died on the voyage, but this who were poorly armed and would cause no trouble. James Matra wrote about opportunities for a colony at Norfolk Island. He worked hard was a small number for a voyage at that time. trade. Resources such as timber for masts and flax to avoid conflict with the Indigenous peoples No ships were lost. plants for sails had been found on nearby Norfolk Island and New Zealand. The growing British navy of the area. Many times, the settlers faced wanted these resources. starvation. Continued on page 10

8 9 Arthur Phillip Governor

Building relationships The convicts had little experience or skill in Establishing law Within a year of clearing Experiment Farm farming. Many were unwilling workers. Not near Parramatta, Ruse was successfully growing Phillip wanted to build friendly relations with Phillip realised that the new colony could surprisingly, crime was a continual problem. grain. In 1792, Phillip granted Ruse about 12 the Indigenous peoples of the area. Phillip not survive as a prison camp. He believed the Hangings occurred and floggings, or beatings, hectares of land. attempted to capture ‘natives’ so he could learn convicts should not be treated as slaves. Law were commonplace. The marines refused to more about them. Arabanoo and Bennelong courts were established. Convicts were given help grow food and the colony soon faced In 1786, Phillip wrote: were two men who were captured. Bennelong legal rights that they had lost in Britain. In starvation. became Phillip’s friend. one case, two convicts successfully took legal ‘there can be no slavery in a free land, and Food was rationed for everyone, including consequently no slaves’. Phillip was worried that the settlers might harm action against a ship’s captain who stole their the Governor. Phillip insisted that everyone Thirty-one years later, in March 1807, Britain became the local Indigenous people. He ordered that belongings. be treated equally. He made sure the convicts the first nation in the world to abolish slavery. ‘Any Man who takes the life of a Native will be Phillip encouraged enterprising convicts. James received food. He sent ships to buy food from put on his Trial, the same as if he’d kill’d one Ruse was a convict with farming experience. Cape Town, in Africa, and Batavia, in Indonesia. Return to England of the soldiers.’ He punished any person found stealing, whether Indigenous Australian or By the end of 1791, Phillip was suffering severe British. pains in his side. He was affected by the stress of his job, poor diet and his living conditions. In one incident between settlers and Indigenous By the time Phillip left New South Wales for Australians, Phillip was speared in the shoulder. England in December 1792, Sydney had become He ordered his men not to retaliate. Through a trading port. Phillip had laid the foundations actions such as this, Phillip built goodwill with for a new society. Indigenous Australians. After recovering his health, Phillip again served Feeding the settlers in the Royal Navy. He was an advisor on British Government decisions regarding New South There were problems growing food in the Wales. He died in 1814. new colony. The soils were infertile and the equipment the British settlers used was not suited to the Australian environment. Axes and shovels broke easily. A marine from the First Fleet made this painting of Phillip meeting the Indigenous Australians of More about ... the Port Jackson area.

First encounters When the First Fleet landed at Botany Bay, people appeared with spears. Phillip won their trust by going to them unarmed and giving gifts. When Phillip later landed at Sydney Cove, the Indigenous people shouted and made signs that the settlers were not welcome. See also The Indigenous peoples who lived around Botany Joseph Banks (Botany Bay), Volume 2 Bay were the Gweagal and Kameygal peoples, Arabanoo (relationship between Indigenous who were part of the Dharawal group. The people Australians and settlers), Volume 3 around Sydney Cove were the Cadigal people, who belonged to the Eora group. Bennelong (relationship between Indigenous Australians and settlers), Volume 3

10 11 Arabanoo Woollarawarre Bennelong Indigenous leader Indigenous leader

Arabanoo was a Cammeraigal man. Woollarawarre Bennelong was a Phillip was impressed by Bennelong’s ability to learn English. Bennelong started to wear He was the first captive Aboriginal Wangal man and Indigenous leader European clothes. By trying to change to British Australian to teach Indigenous ways who cooperated with the British ways, however, he was losing his own cultural to the new settlers. settlers. He tried to help improve identity. In 1790, Bennelong escaped and returned to his people. Arabanoo was a relations between Indigenous In 1791, Phillip was speared by Aboriginal Life facts Cammeraigal man Australians and new settlers. people at Manly. Bennelong became concerned. born near Sydney About 1758 Born in eastern He decided to try again to teach the British Australia Cove. He was Bennelong was Life facts settlers. He returned to live at Sydney Cove 1788 Captured at Manly captured at Manly captured in 1789 and Phillip built a hut for him at Bennelong 18 May 1789 Dies in Sydney Beach in December About 1764 Born in eastern under the orders of Point, where the Sydney Opera House now 1788 on Governor Australia Governor Arthur stands. Bennelong gave Phillip the name Arthur Phillip’s orders. Phillip wanted Arabanoo A monument to Arabanoo stands at Arabanoo 1789 Captured by Governor Phillip. At first Phillip ‘Woollarawarre’ as a mark of respect and to to teach Indigenous Australian ways to the Lookout in Sydney Harbour National Park. Bennelong’s people 1790 Escapes and returns to link them. Bennelong took on Phillip’s title settlers. He also wanted Arabanoo to go back were angry, but later his people ‘governor’, too. and teach his people about British ways of life. 1791 Returns to help settlers he helped build Arabanoo got on well with his captors. He was 1792 Sails to England good relationships When he was captured, Arabanoo’s people allowed to move freely around the settlement Voyage to England 1795 Returns to Sydney with the settlers. protested, throwing spears and stones. Arabanoo at Sydney Cove. Arabanoo was horrified by the 3 January 1813 Dies in Sydney Bennelong In 1792, Bennelong and another Wangal cried loudly as he was taken away. He was led to brutal punishment given to convicts. He was cooperated with man, Yemmerrawanyea, travelled to England a hut near Governor Phillip’s house. angry when he saw a public flogging. Phillip and tried to teach him about Indigenous with Phillip. English people had never seen Indigenous Australians had never been Australian cultures. Indigenous Australians before. The two men Governor Phillip reported to Lord Sydney in London became famous, and they were presented to that Arabanoo: exposed to European diseases and they had no immunity against these diseases. Soon after the King George III. Yemmerrawanyea died of ‘was clothed, a slight iron or manacle put upon pneumonia in England and Bennelong returned his wrist, and a trusty convict appointed to take British arrived, a smallpox epidemic started to Sydney. care of him … he slept very well during the among the Indigenous people. Arabanoo was night not offering to make any attempt to get saddened to see the bodies of many smallpox By this time, Bennelong was caught between away.’ victims. He worked with smallpox victims in British culture and his own culture. The Sydney and nursed two Aboriginal children Wangal people rejected him and he developed Cultural exchange back to health. a problem with alcohol, leading a lonely life. Arabanoo was given the name ‘Manly’ after Arabanoo caught smallpox, too. He died and Eventually he died after being wounded in a he was captured. He was dressed in European was buried in the Governor’s garden, as a mark battle between Indigenous groups. clothes and learned English words quickly. He of respect. Phillip attended his funeral. became friendly with the settlers and dined with the Governor. He gave Phillip valuable information about the language and customs See also See also of his people. Everyone in the colony came to Impact of invasion, Volume 1 Impact of invasion, Volume 1 see him. Arthur Phillip (Indigenous Australian captives), Bennelong changed the way he dressed and Arthur Phillip (Indigenous Australian captives), Volume 3 behaved after living with Governor Phillip. Volume 3

12 13 Richard Johnson Religious leader

Richard Johnson was an Anglican More about ... Building the first church chaplain. He was the first minister Building a church was not a top priority for Evangelicals Governor Phillip, so Johnson decided to build in the British colony of New South Evangelicals are Christians who believe that the Bible is the true word of God. They believe people’s it himself. The church was a wattle and daub Wales and he built the first church souls can only be saved if they follow the teachings building. Johnson used convict labour to build in Australia. of Jesus Christ. The Evangelical movement was a frame of wooden sticks, called ‘wattle’. Mud important in Britain at the time the settlement was then patted onto the wooden frame. This at Botany Bay was being planned. Many of the King George III was the ‘daub’. Over 500 people could worship Life facts early governors, such as Arthur Phillip and Lachlan appointed Johnson Macquarie, followed evangelical beliefs. in the church, although only 40 people attended About 1753 Born in England as ‘chaplain to the the first service in 1793. 1786 Appointed First settlement’. An Johnson was also a pioneer of education in Chaplain evangelical society Working with the community the colony. He and his wife taught nearly 200 1788 Conducts firstChristian had recommended Johnson worked very hard. He was the only service in New South children. He worked to help orphaned children. Wales him for the job. In person in the community to conduct church 1793 Finishes building first their opinion, the services, baptisms, marriages and funerals. Johnson had farming experience in England church first settlement He attended executions of criminals and he and he soon became the best farmer in Sydney. 1800 Returns to England could only be was also given the power to enforce the law. He supplied grain, vegetables and meat for the 1810 Becomes minister in successful if it was Converting convicts and Indigenous Australians starving colony. Johnson grew the first oranges England based on the Bible. to Christianity was another part of his work. and lemons in the colony from seeds collected 13 March 1837 Dies in at Rio de Janeiro in South America. England Johnson sailed There were many deaths and much serious with his wife on illness among the convicts of the Second In 1798, Johnson’s church was burned to the the Golden Grove, one of the eleven ships in Fleet, which arrived in 1790. Johnson ignored ground. Johnson started the building of a new the First Fleet. He brought with him over 4000 warnings and helped convicts in unhealthy stone church, called St Philip’s. It took twelve religious books for the settlers. He held many conditions. years to complete. Johnson returned home to religious services at sea. England in October 1800, before the church was One of the convicts of the Second Fleet wrote: finished. He died in 1837. A society of criminals ‘few of the sick would recover if it was not for On 3 February 1788, Johnson conducted the Johnson was the first religious leader in the colony the kindness of the Reverend Mr Johnson, whose first Christian service at Sydney Cove. There of New South Wales. assistance out of his own stores makes him the were no buildings so it was held in the open air, [doctor] both of soul and body’. on a grassy hill under some trees. Johnson had a very difficult job. He was the only religious leader in a society of convicts and Governor Arthur Phillip believed people soldiers. There were very few women. Many of should treat each other with respect. He wanted the convicts were serial criminals. Convicts were Reverend Johnson to have a calming effect on often harshly punished by the soldiers. Most the new settlers. Phillip believed that religion people were not interested in religion. would encourage good behaviour. See also Arthur Phillip (first settlement), Volume 3 Samuel Marsden (religion in the colony), Volume 3

14 15 Pemulwuy Resistance leader

Pemulwuy was a Bidjigal man and N

an Indigenous resistance leader who W E

fought against British settlers in the S Broken Bay Sydney area. Pemulwuy was from Life facts the Botany Bay area. About 1750 Born in eastern He was one of the Toongabbie C GA Australia A YIM first Indigenous M AI M 1790 Leads resistance ER Manly Australians to AL A AI BIDJIG MED G 1794 Wounded in raid on try to drive the WALU AL Port Jackson Parramatta British away. The Parramatta Sydney Cove 1795 Recovers and is WANGAL rumoured to have Indigenous peoples C AD special powers in the Sydney IGAL 1796 Leads attacks on er area had quickly iv Botany R Parramatta and Lane s Bay e realised that the g r Cove o e L British settlers were A 1797 Attacks Toongabbie G EG 0 10 20 km AW and is wounded, but not going to leave. GE escapes Their food supplies 1801 Governor King offers became scarce reward for his capture Pemulwuy led raids against British settlers in Bidjigal Country and other as their land and Country in the Sydney area. 1802 Dies near Sydney animals were taken by the settlers. Pemulwuy continued to raid the settlers. In Violent resistance Pemulwuy was also known as the Rainbow Warrior. 1801, Governor King, who was governor from Governor Phillip became worried because 1800 until 1806, offered a reward for Pemulwuy’s Indigenous warriors were wounding and killing Pemulwuy’s raids capture, whether dead or alive. King also gave more settlers. In December 1790, Pemulwuy an order that Aboriginal people in some areas speared the Governor’s workers. Phillip decided Pemulwuy led raids on farms in the Botany Bay, could be shot on sight. Toongabbie and Parramatta areas. The raiders that he must make an example of the Bidjigal In 1802, Pemulwuy was shot and killed. His people. He sent 50 soldiers to bring back the stole property and speared settlers. The raids were usually made to take food. Sometimes, head was cut off and sent to England. Governor heads of at least six Bidjigal people. He also King reported that although Pemulwuy was ‘a ordered that two men be taken prisoner so that they were payback for the kidnapping or killing of Pemulwuy’s people. terrible pest to the colony, he was a brave and See also they could be publicly executed. The troops independent character’. failed to kill or capture anyone. In 1797, Pemulwuy was wounded and captured Country, Volume 1 Impact of invasion, Volume 1 by the British. He managed to escape from Arthur Phillip (relationship between Indigenous the hospital. People started to say that he had Australians and settlers), Volume 3 special powers and that not even bullets could Eumarrah (resistance to colonisation), Volume 3 kill him. Yagan (resistance to colonisation), Volume 3

16 17 John and Elizabeth Macarthur Sheep farmers

Husband and wife John and Farming the land Elizabeth Macarthur bred merino The Macarthurs established Elizabeth Farm on 40 hectares of land granted to them. They grew sheep and pioneered the Australian much needed food supplies for Sydney. wool industry. The wool industry John was the first in the colony to use a made Britain see Australia as more plough. He had problems growing wheat, but than just a convict settlement. discovered that grapes and melons grew well. He hunted kangaroos and wild ducks for meat. John Macarthur Elizabeth grew vegetables and chickens. She Life facts and Elizabeth Veale also ran a small dairy with a cow and calf. 1766 Elizabeth born in married in 1788. The England Macarthurs decided By 1800, the Macarthurs had about 40 convicts 1767 John born in England to seek their fortune working for them. They were the first to clear 1788 Married in the colony of and farm 20 hectares and were rewarded with 1790 Arrive in Sydney New South Wales. another 40-hectare grant. The Macarthurs were 1793 Start Elizabeth Farm John joined the New among the major landowners in the colony. 1801 John sent to England They had 1400 sheep, which was the largest for trial and Elizabeth South Wales Corps, manages farm for the and the Macarthurs flock in the colony, but the wool was of poor four years he is away sailed on a convict quality. 1805 Start breeding merino transport in the sheep Second Fleet. Return to England 1809 John goes to England for eight years and The voyage was John argued with every governor, and he Elizabeth manages Elizabeth Macarthur quickly became used to her John Macarthur argued with every governor of undermined them by complaining to their difficult. John was new life in the colony. properties the colony. superiors in London, England. In 1801, he was 1817 John returns to Sydney easily angered and argued with many sent back to London for fighting a duel with his 1822 Win awards for quality Settling into the colony and quantity of wool people. Elizabeth More about ... commanding officer. The Macarthurs arrived in Sydney in June 1825 John made a member had to nurse him In England, John resigned from the New The Second Fleet 1791. Elizabeth quickly adapted to the new of the NSW Legislative through a serious South Wales Corps. He convinced government Council The Second Fleet was made up of the convict conditions. She was interested in everything illness. Elizabeth ships Neptune, Surprize and Scarborough, and the officials that the colony could produce wool, 11 April 1834 John dies near around her, including the Indigenous Australian Sydney gave birth to storeship Justinian. The convict ships were privately which was badly needed in Britain. The British run slave ships, contracted to carry 1006 convicts people. She became friends with an Indigenous Elizabeth their second child Government granted him 2000 hectares at Cow 9 February 1850 (928 men and 78 women). Australian woman called Daringa and her dies in Sydney onboard, but the Pastures, which was the best grazing land in the Contractors received payment per person, which new-born baby. child died soon after. was paid regardless of whether the ‘cargo’ colony. He bought seven rams and three ewes arrived alive or dead. The convicts lived in terrible John was promoted to supervise the assignment and returned to Sydney with them in 1805. The conditions and the ships had the highest death of convict workers. He also managed the sheep were merinos, which was a breed of rate in the history of transportation to Australia. More than one-quarter of the convicts (256 men government farm near Parramatta. He learned fine-woolled sheep, originally from Spain. and 11 women) died during the voyage. Of those about Australian farming conditions. With other who survived, two-thirds arrived sick and unfit for officers, he began buying goods from ships and work. Governor Phillip was horrified. selling them to settlers. Continued on page 20

18 19 John and Elizabeth Macarthur Sheep farmers

A successful team More about ... Elizabeth had managed Elizabeth Farm well while John was away. When John returned, he The Rum Rebellion John Macarthur and the leaders of the New South used the land grant at Cow Pastures to build a Wales Corps controlled the supply of rum in the second farm called Camden Park. He was clever colony. Rum was being used instead of money. at selling his ideas in Britain. Elizabeth’s talent Governor William Bligh was instructed to stop the was to put these ideas into practice. They made rum trade. He became very unpopular. Macarthur convinced the military leaders, a successful team. including Major Johnston, that they needed to get John’s role in the Rum Rebellion in 1808, rid of Bligh. With 300 troops, Johnston imprisoned Governor Bligh. however, landed him in serious trouble again. It The Rum Rebellion is the only time in Australian looked likely that he would be sent to gaol. He history that the army has overthrown the returned to England once more and was saved government. by his influential friends. Begun in 1793, Elizabeth Farm was the home of John and Elizabeth Macarthur. John stayed away for eight years. Elizabeth raised the family, Elizabeth Macarthur wrote in a letter in 1816: as shepherds. The Governor would be assisted and managed Elizabeth Farm ‘I am much oppressed with care on account of in running the colony by a small legislative and the merino breeding at our stock establishments … at the Cowpastures council. John became a member. Camden Park. She supervised having been disturbed by the incursions of the the shearing, wool washing, natives. The savages have burnt and destroyed A growing wool industry baling and transport, and John the shepherds’ [huts] …’ The Macarthurs continued improving their sold the wool in England. He pure merino flocks and increasing wool sent instructions to Elizabeth for The Bigge Report production. They got good prices for their improving the flock. John returned to Sydney in September 1817. The merino wool and John won awards for his work. Elizabeth’s merino breeding town had progressed greatly under Governor Elizabeth’s work was not recognised publicly became the foundation of the Lachlan Macquarie. Governor Macquarie because she was a woman. Australian wool industry. At was a friend of Elizabeth’s and admired her The Macarthur’s decision to seek their fortune times, she found the pressure pioneering work. in New South Wales had paid off. Their difficult to bear. Camden Park John was the richest and most powerful man in enterprise made them the wealthiest people in was on the colony’s frontier and the colony. Once more, though, he argued with the colony. Wealth from wool encouraged more Aboriginal peoples were fighting the Governor and complained about him. The free settlers. Australia became the biggest wool back against the loss of their British Government sent Commissioner John producer in the world. hunting grounds. Thomas Bigge to investigate John’s complaints. John died in 1834 and was buried at Camden The Commissioner’s report, called the Bigge Park. Elizabeth died in 1850 and was buried Report, supported Macarthur’s ideas and alongside him. criticised Macquarie. It recommended that The merino sheep that John the colony produce wool. Large land grants Macarthur brought to the colony See also became the foundation of the would be made to free men who had money Samuel Marsden (wool industry), Volume 3 Australian wool industry. to invest and convicts would provide labour Lachlan Macquarie (the Bigge Report), Volume 3

20 21 Samuel Marsden Wool trader

Samuel Marsden was a Protestant The ‘Flogging Parson’ Missionary work clergyman who became a wealthy As well as being a church leader and landowner, Marsden was also involved in missionary work Marsden was appointed as a judge. He quickly in Australia and New Zealand. He tried to landowner. He was a pioneer of developed a reputation for severe punishments convert Indigenous Australians to his religious the wool industry and sold the first and became known as the ‘Flogging Parson’. He beliefs. Eventually he gave up, saying that Australian wool to Britain. had a reputation for not liking Irish Catholics. the Indigenous people were not interested in Many of his harshest judgements were against European ways. Marsden and his Irish convicts. Marsden found missionary work in New Life facts wife arrived in Marsden believed that convicts were lazy Zealand more rewarding. He respected the Sydney in March 25 June 1764 Born in England and wicked. He strongly opposed Governor Maori and described them as ‘a superior people’. 1794. He was to 1794 Arrives in Sydney Macquarie’s attempts to encourage emancipists. He made seven voyages to spread the Gospel 1804 Escapes the Irish rebels help Richard Marsden and Macquarie became bitter enemies. and introduce sheep to New Zealand. from Castle Hill Johnson make sure 1809 Sells wool to British mills that religion was In March 1804, over 300 Irish convicts at Castle 1814 Visits New Zealand for important in the Hill escaped and marched on Parramatta. They More about ... the first time colony. William planned to set fire to Elizabeth Farm. Elizabeth 12 May 1838 Dies near Irish rebellion Sydney Wilberforce, an Macarthur was warned and escaped to The Irish rebelled against English rule in Ireland in evangelical leader Marsden’s nearby farm. They escaped together 1798, and many Irish prisoners were transported to in England, recommended him for the job. to Sydney in the middle of the night. Sydney. Irish people were usually Roman Catholic, and English people were usually Protestants. Marsden became the chaplain for Parramatta. The New South Wales Corps crushed the Marsden was a Protestant minister and treated the rebellion, killing 15 of the rebels. Marsden was Irish people harshly. Sheep farming involved in taking the prisoners to court. Nine Marsden was also interested in obtaining land were hanged, and seven received between 2 and from the Governor. Although Marsden had no 500 lashes. previous experience in farming, he was granted 81 hectares and bought another 97 hectares near Parramatta by 1802. Marsden became a founder of the colony’s wool industry. The Macarthurs bred the Australian merino sheep, and Marsden sold the first colonial wool to British mills in 1809.

See also Marsden (top) preached in St John’s Cathedral Richard Johnson (evangelicals), Volume 3 in Parramatta. John and Elizabeth Macarthur (merino breeding), Volume 3 Lachlan Macquarie (emancipists), Volume 3

22 23 Lachlan Macquarie Governor

Lachlan Macquarie was the A growing colony Each year, Macquarie invited Aboriginal people to meet with him. They had a special feast and Macquarie made many changes that helped governor who restored order in were given blankets. Macquarie still, however, the colony grow and develop. He used convicts followed the strategy of previous governors New South Wales after the Rum to build public works, such as buildings, of sending expeditions to punish Indigenous Rebellion. He gave emancipists roads and new towns. This created a lot of Australian leaders for attacks on settlers. the same rights as free settlers and business and changed the appearance of the colony. Macquarie also introduced the first Emancipists outnumbered free settlers in helped the colony change from colonial coins in 1814. Four years later, the first 1810. Macquarie insisted they be treated as a rundown prison to a lively free bank opened. These changes provided better equals. Wealthy free settlers, such as John conditions for business and helped lower prices. Macarthur, complained when emancipists were settlement. appointed to important positions and invited to Macquarie encouraged exploration. In 1813, Government House. These wealthy settlers were On 1 January 1810, Gregory Blaxland, William Wentworth and Life facts called exclusives. Macquarie became William Lawson crossed the Blue Mountains 31 January 1762 Born in the Governor of by following the mountain ridges instead of the Scotland New South Wales. valleys. John Oxley, Surveyor-General, explored The Bigge Report 1776 Joins British Army He was the first the north and made important discoveries, Commissioner John Thomas Bigge was sent 1810 Becomes Governor of man from the to investigate complaints about Macquarie’s New South Wales including the future site of Brisbane. British Army to be 1815 Starts a school for leadership. The Government was also worried Indigenous Australian appointed to the about the cost of public works. children position. Macquarie More about ... Bigge criticised Macquarie. Macquarie and his 1817 First uses the name was instructed to Population growth in the colonies many supporters were angry about Macquarie’s ‘Australia’ sort out the mess The Battle of Waterloo in 1815 marked the end treatment, considering all the progress he had 1821 Resigns and returns to that had resulted England of Britain’s war with France. Unemployment and made in the colony. Macquarie resigned in 1821 from the Rum crime increased in England because most men 1 July 1824 Dies in England and returned to Britain to defend himself. Rebellion in 1808. employed in the army and navy were no longer needed. These changes in Britain resulted in more Macquarie died in 1824. He had been the The New South Macquarie was the first governor to come from the free migrants and convicts arriving in Sydney. Wales Corps was sent back to England. British Army. first to adopt Flinders’ suggestion of calling the continent Australia, so his gravestone in Macquarie believed in stern discipline. He More about ... Scotland bears the words ‘Father of Australia’. believed that Protestant religion and hard work Some changing attitudes gave everyone the opportunity to lead a good Famous emancipists Macquarie tried to change the British settlers’ life. He ordered all convicts to attend church. Many emancipists went on to hold important jobs in the colony, such as: attitudes to Indigenous people and emancipists. He banned the drinking of alcohol and working • Andrew Thompson, sentenced to 14 years He chose one elder of each local Indigenous on Sundays. transportation for theft of cloth worth 10 pound, group as a chief. One of these people was who was later appointed as a magistrate Bungaree, who circumnavigated Australia with • William Redfern, transported for involvement in Matthew Flinders. See also a mutiny, who was later appointed as Colonial Matthew Flinders, Volume 2 Surgeon Macquarie also started a school for Indigenous Bungaree, Volume 2 • Francis Greenway, sentenced to 14 years transportation for forgery, who was later Australian children in 1815. John and Elizabeth Macarthur (Rum Rebellion and appointed Colonial Architect. the Bigge Report), Volume 3 William Wentworth (Blue Mountains), Volume 3

24 25 Mary Reibey Emancipist

Mary Reibey was an emancipist who Farming by the Hawkesbury River Reibey continued to expand her fleet of trading ships, warehouses and farms. In 1817, Mary married a free settler, Thomas Reibey, in became a successful businesswoman. the colony’s first bank opened in a building 1794 and was emancipated. Thomas had a farm owned by Reibey. She also owned land in the Reibey was born in by the Hawkesbury River. He bought a ship in Life facts new colony of Van Diemen’s Land, now called England in 1777. Her 1807 and expanded his family trading business. Tasmania. 12 May 1777 Born Mary parents died when Mary helped him, as well as raising their large Haydock in England she was young, family. Thomas died in 1811, soon after Mary When Reibey visited England in 1820, she was Steals a horse and is 1790 and she lived with had their seventh child. a very wealthy businesswoman. She owned caught and tried her grandmother. 1792 Arrives in Sydney 31 small farms and over 350 properties in the She was luckier 1794 Marries Thomas Reibey Success in business centre of Sydney. than most children and is emancipated Mary took over running the business. It was because she went to Reibey was active with her family, business and 1811 Takes over business unusual for women to do this. She had to fight farming for the rest of her life. She was also when Thomas dies school. prejudice because she was female and because 1812 Opens new warehouse involved with the Church of England, education in Sydney When her of her convict origins. Exclusives, or wealthy and charity work. Reibey achieved her success 1820 Visits England grandmother died, settlers, such as John Macarthur looked down through hard work and determination. Through 1821 Returns to Sydney Mary was only 13 on her because she was an emancipist, but success stories such as Reibey’s, Australia gained 13 May 1855 Dies in Sydney years old and she Governor Macquarie supported emancipists a reputation as a ‘land of opportunity’ for was forced to live and Reibey was determined to succeed. everyone. on the streets. She stole a horse and was caught trying to sell it. She was dressed as a boy when she was caught and used the name James Burrow. Horse stealing was a crime so serious Reibey was a successful businesswoman for more it was punishable by death, but the judge was than 40 years. sympathetic and Mary was sentenced to seven years and transportation to New South Wales. Reibey wrote to her aunt when she arrived in Sydney in 1792: Transportation to the colonies ‘My Dear aunt Reibey helped start the Bank of Reibey’s life was tough onboard the convict ship. We arrived here on the 7th and I hope it will She expressed her determination to succeed. She New South Wales, the first bank answer better than we expected for I write this in the colony. was one of few convict women who could read on Board of ship but it looks a pleasant place – and write. She was lucky to be assigned as a Enough we shall but have 4 pair of trowser to servant to Major Grose, commander of the New make a week and we shall have one pound of South Wales Corps. rice a week and 4 pound of pork besides Greens and other Vegetaibles the tell me I am for life wich The Governor teld me I was but for 7 years wich Grives me very much to think of it but I will watch every oppertunity to get away in too or 3 years But I will make my self as happy as I See also Can In my Pressent and unhappy situation …’ Lachlan Macquarie (emancipists and exclusives), Volume 3

26 27 Eumarrah James Stirling Resistance leader Governor

Eumarrah, a Tyerrernotepanner Helping the settlers James Stirling was a naval officer man, was a resistance leader and When Eumarrah was released from gaol, Arthur who promoted the establishment of a tried to get Eumarrah to help him bring about Indigenous Australian leader in Van peace between the settlers and the Indigenous free colony on the Swan River. Diemen’s Land. peoples in Van Diemen’s Land. Eumarrah was Stirling was born courageous and could persuade his people. Life facts Eumarrah into a famous Arthur thought it was better to have him as an Life facts (sometimes known 28 January 1791 Born in Scottish naval family. ally than as an enemy. Scotland He joined the Royal Around 1798 Born in Van as Umarra or 1803 Enters Royal Navy Diemen’s Land Umarrah) was Eumarrah began to help George Robinson. Navy at the age of 1805 Fights against French 12, and later fought 1826–27 Fights European a leader of the Arthur also asked him to help on the ‘Black and Spanish settlers in the Napoleonic Tyerrernotepanner Drive’. Eumarrah left and returned to his 1826 Explores Swan River 1828 Captured and wars against France. imprisoned people. He led Country many times. Finally, Eumarrah was 1828 Convinces British attacks on European taken to Flinders Island with other Indigenous Government to start Stirling was sent 1830–31 Helps George free colony Robinson and settlers in central Australians. He became ill with dysentery, a from England to 1829–38 Governs the new Lieutentant-Governor Van Diemen’s Land disease caused by germs in the stomach, and Sydney to help George Arthur colony at Swan River during 1826 and died in Launceston. 1840 Becomes ship Governor Ralph 24 March 1832 Dies near Captain Stirling was the first Governor of the Swan 1827. Eumarrah commander in Royal Darling. Stirling Launceston, Van River Colony. Diemen’s Land and his wife, Navy then sailed to New 1854–56 Leads Royal Navy Laoninneloonner, in East Asia Holland to explore Within a year, reports of hardships ended were captured in 1828 by Lieutenant-Governor 23 April 1865 Dies at land around the Swan River Mania in England. Soils were poor George Arthur. A Hobart newspaper reported Guildford, England mouth of the Swan and food was difficult to grow. Lack of convict that Eumarrah aimed to destroy the settlers River. labour was another major problem, and local because it was ‘his patriotic duty’. Aboriginal peoples resisted the invasion of their Claiming New Holland for Britain country. Stirling was impressed with the fertile soils More about ... Stirling resigned as Governor in 1839. By 1850, along the Swan River and returned to England the Swan River colonists swallowed their pride The ‘Black War’ with glowing reports. Stirling convinced the and requested that convicts be sent to provide This time of fighting in Van Diemen’s Land was British Government to start the first free colony cheap labour. called the ‘Black War’. Lieutenant-Governor in Australia, without any convicts. Instead, George Arthur tried different ways to stop the land grants were made to settlers based on the conflict. He nailed posters to trees that explained More about ... in pictures that anyone, whether Indigenous amount of money they invested in the colony. Australians or European, would be hanged if A blaze of publicity, called ‘Swan River Mania’, Avoiding French settlement found guilty of killing. This did not stop the war. Lieutenant-Governor Arthur used posters to attracted investors. In 1826, the British Government was growing He hired George Robinson to peacefully ‘round try to stop the conflict between Indigenous worried about possible French settlements in up’ Indigenous Australians. He also organised a Australians and settlers. An advance party led by Captain Charles Australia. They established military posts in northern line of people to walk through the bush gathering Fremantle took possession of New Holland Australia at Melville Island and in the south-west at Aboriginal people. This was called the ‘Black King George Sound, now Albany. Drive’. It did not work either. See also for Britain on 2 May 1829. Stirling arrived soon Impact of invasion, Volume 1 after in the Parmelia and proclaimed the new George Robinson (Flinders Island), Volume 3 colony of Western Australia. See also Truganini (Indigenous Tasmanians), Volume 4 Yagan (resistance to settlement), Volume 3

28 29 William Wentworth Political leader

William Wentworth was a wealthy ‘Monster squatter’ Changes in Britain and self-government in Canada convinced Wentworth that democracy Wentworth inherited his father’s land in 1827. squatter who led the call for self- could be achieved in Australia’s colonies. In He became the political leader of the squatters. 1842, the British Government accepted his government for the Australian Squatters drove flocks of sheep onto ‘unsettled’ proposal for an enlarged Legislative Assembly colonies. land and made it their own. They believed that in New South Wales. He was elected to the nobody owned the land and they should not Wentworth was Legislative Assembly in Australia’s first free have to pay for it. Wentworth had so much land, Life facts born onboard a elections in 1843. people called him a ‘monster squatter’. convict ship, just 13 August 1790 Born near Wentworth also worked hard to develop the Norfolk Island off Norfolk Island. education system in the colony. In the late 1840s, 1796 Moves to Sydney People who were More about ... he led the development of State primary schools 1803 Goes to school in born in the colonies Squatters and Indigenous Australians England and the University of Sydney in New South were called currency Squatters were often in conflict with the Indigenous 1813 Crosses Blue Mountains Wales. He believed that people needed to be lads and currency people whose land they took. If Indigenous people 1817 Trains as a lawyer in educated for democracy to work. lasses. Wentworth’s retaliated against the taking of their land, they England were shot or frightened away. Conflict between 1824 Starts the first privately father, a doctor, Indigenous people and squatters became intense, owned newspaper came from a wealthy especially after the Myall Creek massacre. More about ... 1827 Petitions British family in England. In 1838, at Myall Creek in northern New South The road to democracy Parliament for voting Wales, British settlers killed, mutilated and burned His mother was a Changes in Britain and Canada helped Australia rights for all and inherits 28 Indigenous men, women and children. The father’s land convict, transported on the road to democracy. The Reform Act 1832 settlers argued it was in retaliation for other settlers in Britain brought about democratic reform and 1835 Pushes Britain for self- to the colony for being murdered. At first found not guilty, seven allowed more British people to vote. The British government for the stealing clothes. men were retried, found guilty and hanged. colonies colony in Canada was granted self-government Through his parents, Both the massacre and the men’s punishments 1843 Elected to Legislative in 1840 when it became the United Province of Wentworth was made many people very angry. Settlers were Canada. Council Wentworth was a wealthy squatter who was also an connected to both shocked because this was the first time white 1844 Leads squatters’ explorer, lawyer, journalist and activist. settlers were executed for killing Indigenous opposition to new rules the exclusives, who Australians. 20 March 1872 Dies in were wealthy settlers, Wentworth returned to England to train as a England and the emancipists, lawyer. While he was there, he wrote a book who were freed about the Australian colonies. It was the first Self-government convicts. Wentworth was educated in England book by a currency lad and it raised interest Wentworth did not like the Governor making at a school for the children of wealthy families. about Australia in England. all the laws. He wanted people to be treated Back in Sydney, Wentworth started a newspaper Explorer, lawyer and journalist fairly, but he now believed that people who called the Australian and got involved in politics. owned land should be the only ones to vote. When Wentworth returned to Sydney in 1810, He sided with the emancipists, and he called Governor Lachlan Macquarie appointed him the exclusives ‘yellow snakes’ because they had a leader of the military police. Macquarie snubbed his father. He was famous in Sydney encouraged exploration. With Gregory Blaxland for his hard-hitting articles and speeches. He and William Lawson, Wentworth found a way organised a petition to the British Parliament See also across the Blue Mountains. This opened up in 1827 calling for suffrage for everyone. He Lachlan Macquarie (Blue Mountains exploration, land for sheep grazing. represented emancipists in court. and exclusives and emancipists), Volume 3

30 31 Yagan Charles Sturt Resistance leader Explorer

Fighting back Sturt was the leader of Yagan, a Wajuk man, was an Charles Sturt was an explorer who three major expeditions Indigenous resistance leader. He Violent conflict began when Wajuk people were followed the south-eastern rivers, that looked for an shot for taking food. Yagan was required by his inland sea. fought against settlement around people’s laws to retaliate. Rewards were offered searching for an inland sea. the Swan River colony. for Yagan’s arrest when he killed a settler. Sturt arrived in Life facts When the Swan Yagan was captured. Robert Lyon, a British Sydney in 1827, Life facts River colony was settler, convinced Governor Stirling to treat 28 April 1795 Born in India escorting a group 1813 Joins British Army of convicts from Around 1795 Born in south- settled in 1829, Yagan as a prisoner of war. Lyon went with Final expedition western Australia Yagan to an island prison, where he hoped they 1827 Escorts convicts to New England. He soon Yagan at first tried to South Wales After becoming 1831–32 Avenges deaths of convince his people could learn about each other’s cultures. After a became interested Surveyor-General of his people 1828 Leads first expedition to learn to live with couple of months, Yagan escaped from prison. in exploring inland South Australia, Sturt 11 July 1833 Dies near Perth 1829 Leads second Australia. the British. His expedition gained support for a third people and the new Robert Lyon believed Yagan was a patriot who was 1839 Becomes Surveyor- trip. He travelled up the Murray, defending his land and people from invaders. Lyon settlers exchanged gifts. Many settlers thought General of South Following the and up the Darling, looking for an inland sea. wrote: Australia Yagan was a good man. When the settlers took rivers inland There was no inland sea and he was trapped ‘How hard is the fate of this people! They may 1844 Leads final expedition the land, however, the Wajuk people could no Some people in harsh desert for six months. The expedition stand to be slaughtered; but they must not throw 16 June 1869 Dies in longer hunt and gather the food they needed. thought the rivers returned to Adelaide in 1846. a spear in their own defence, or attempt to bring England flowed into an their enemies to a sense of justice by the only inland sea. In 1828, Sturt led a party of explorers Simpson Desert means in their power – that of returning like for to trace the rivers that flowed westwards. Sturt like. If they do … they are outlawed; a reward is succeeded in following several rivers, including Lake Eyre set upon their heads; and they are ordered to be Stony Desert shot, as if they were so many mad dogs!’ the Darling River.

Sturt set out again in 1829 to find where Lake Torrens r ve the rivers flowed. He sailed down the Ri Yagan’s death g in rl Murrumbidgee River. It joined with a larger a Following Yagan’s escape from prison, more D an River river that he named the Murray. Many chl Wajuk people were shot and more settlers were La Mur Indigenous people lived along the rivers. Several Murr rumbi speared. Settlers lived in fear of attack. Another ay R dgee ive Ri reward was offered for Yagan’s capture. times the explorers nearly came into conflict r ver with them. N Yagan still trusted some settlers. He met with W E Sturt followed the Murray to a lake, now called two settlers, but while they ate together, he was S shot from behind. His head was cut off and Lake Alexandrina, near the mouth of the river. He was disappointed to find sand across the Sturt’s expedition 1828–29 taken to England. Yagan’s remains were only Sturt’s expedition 1829–30 0 200 400 km returned to Australia in 1997. river mouth, which meant ships could not sail Sturt’s expedition 1844–45 between the river and the sea. Map of Sturt’s three expeditions See also The return journey to Sydney was extremely The Dreaming and the Law, Volume 1 difficult.S turt became blind for several months See also A statue of Yagan stands on Heirisson Island on the Impact of invasion, Volume1 afterwards. He published a book about his Thomas Mitchell (inland rivers), Volume 3 Swan River in Perth. James Stirling (Swan River Colony), Volume 3 expeditions, which was very popular in England. Edmund Kennedy (inland rivers), Volume 3

32 33 Thomas Mitchell George Robinson Explorer Religious leader

Mitchell led four Thomas Livingstone Mitchell expeditions into George Robinson was an evangelist explored south-eastern Australia. His Australia’s inland. who thought he could protect explorations opened up large areas Indigenous Australians by rounding of grazing land for squatters. them up and teaching them to Mitchell became be British. Life facts At first, he believed Surveyor-General of that the Darling Robinson was 16 June 1792 Born in New South Wales in flowed to the sea. Life facts a builder who Scotland 1827. He surveyed His explorations 22 March 1791 Born in arrived in Hobart in 1811 Joins British Army major roads leading proved Charles Sturt England 1824. He was very 1827 Becomes Surveyor- north and south 1824 Migrates to Van General of New South right – the Darling religious and worked Diemen’s Land Wales from Sydney. He also flowed into the Murray River. with the community 1829 Appointed Protector of 1831 Leads first expedition explored the interior Aborigines in his spare time. 1835 Leads second of the colony. Fortunate Australia 1835 Starts Indigenous Lieutenant- expedition On his third expedition, Mitchell explored the Australian settlement Governor George 1836 Leads third expedition Exploring the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee rivers and the on Flinders Island Arthur appointed 1838 Publishes account of his inland rivers 1839 Becomes Protector of journeys area that is now western Victoria. He was so him as Protector of Mitchell’s first two Aborigines at Port Phillip Robinson was a deeply religious man. 1846 Leads fourth expedition impressed by the country he called it Australia Bay Aborigines. expeditions explored Felix, meaning ‘fortunate Australia’. 5 October 1855 Dies in 1852 Returns to England At that time, many Sydney the area around the Even though few Indigenous Australians After sailing down the Glenelg River, Mitchell 18 October 1866 Dies in Indigenous people Darling River and England survived, Robinson became famous for his was surprised to come across a settlement at and settlers were the smaller rivers that flowed into it. experiment. The new colony at Port Phillip Portland Bay. The Henty brothers had come being killed in Bay hired him to as Protector of Aborigines. He from Van Diemen’s Land and decided to squat violent conflict. Robinson believed he could worked there until 1849. there. They used their ship to catch whales. stop the conflict by teaching British culture to After Mitchell returned to Sydney with the Indigenous Australians. N

G news of Australia Felix, a rush to settle the land W E wyd ir R Settlement on Flinders Island iv Namoi e began. Squatters poured into the rich grazing S Port Phillip Bay Riv r r er ve Robinson made expeditions around Tasmania Bass Strait Ri lands he had mapped. Indigenous Australians Flinders Island g in rl and began to ‘round up’ surviving Indigenous a D were forced off their land. an River Newcastle people. He learned about their cultures. He chl Van Diemen’s Land La Mitchell’s last expedition took him into central Sydney also found out about the cruel treatment they 0 200 400 Km Hobart Mur Murray rumbi Ri dgee Queensland. Again, his maps opened up vast received from seal hunters, bushrangers and ve Ri r ver N grazing lands to squatters. shepherds. Robinson convinced 150 Aboriginal lg River ene Australians to come with him to a new W E Gl Map showing location of Flinders Island Map of Mitchell’s expeditions settlement on Flinders Island. He gave them S Portland See also European names. He wanted them to learn See also Mitchell’s expedition 1831–32 Bass Strait about Christianity and act like Europeans. Mitchell’s expedition 1835 William Wentworth (squatters), Volume 3 Impact of invasion, Volume 1 Mitchell’s expedition 1836 0 200 400 km Charles Sturt (inland rivers), Volume 3 Robinson’s methods did not work. Many of the Eumarrah (Flinders Island), Volume 3 Mitchell’s expedition 1845 Edmund Kennedy (inland rivers), Volume 3 people died from disease and homesickness. Truganini (Indigenous Tasmanians), Volume 4

34 35

Barcoo River John Glover John Batman Artist Farmer

John Glover was an artist who John Batman was a farmer who Exploring Port Phillip painted Australian landscapes. started a settlement on the site that Batman was eager to find more land for grazing. In 1835, he sailed across Bass Strait and led He exhibited them successfully in became Melbourne. exploration around the Yarra River. Twice he London, England. Born in Sydney, made a treaty with the Woiworung people to Life facts rent land from them. He offered to make an Glover was a Batman sailed for annual payment of goods such as blankets, Life facts successful artist in 21 January 1801 Born in the new colony of Sydney Van Diemen’s Land scissors and mirrors. Colonial authorities 18 February 1767 Born in England. In 1829, his 1821 Moves to Van Diemen’s England in 1821. He received overturned the treaties as soon as they heard of three sons migrated Land 1831 Migrates to Van a land grant and them. They told Batman that Britain owned the to Van Diemen’s 1824 Receives land grant Diemen’s Land started farming. land and the Woiworung had no right to rent it Land. Glover and 1826 Becomes famous 1835 Exhibits paintings in for the capture of He was an expert to him. London his wife decided to Matthew Brady bushman and 9 December 1849 Dies follow them. They Glover was a famous English artist who migrated 1835 Signs treaty with Place for a village near Launceston, Van helped to capture settled on land in to Van Diemen’s Land. Woiworung leaders Diemen’s Land northern Tasmania. the bushrangers Others from Van Diemen’s Land started to settle 1836 Builds house in village Thomas Jefferies along the Yarra River. The city of Melbourne Glover completed many paintings for exhibition of Melbourne and Matthew Brady. quickly grew on the site that Batman noted was Painting Australia in London. He captured the look of Australia 6 May 1839 Dies in the best ‘place for a village’. Soon after starting Australia looked very different from any better than any other artist at the time. He also Melbourne At this time the the settlement, Batman died of disease, nursed landscape Glover had painted before. He painted parts of Indigenous Australian cultures, ‘Black War’ was by his Indigenous Australian companions. thought the trees were ‘peculiar’. The sunlight such as corroborees. Glover was 79 years old raging in Van Diemen’s Land. Even though was also much brighter and clearer. when he completed his last major work. he had previously had friendly relations with Aboriginal Australians, Batman joined the More about ... ‘Black Drive’. This was an attempt to round up Batman’s ‘treaty’ More about ... all surviving Indigenous Tasmanians and move By today’s standards, Batman’s Australian landscapes them into a ‘protection’ area. treaty was an extremely unfair arrangement. Batman was the Early colonial artists found it first, however, to acknowledge difficult to paint the odd shapes that Indigenous Australians of the trees and shrubs in the owned the land. Australian bush. They could not capture the bright, clear light. Their Some historians believe that landscapes looked English. Glover Batman’s treaty was a forgery. was the first artist to capture the They believe that the ‘signatures’ look of the Australian landscape. made by the eight Woiworung leaders are identical to marks found in Batman’s journal.

See also See also Henry Lawson (being Australian), Eumarrah (‘Black War’ and ‘Black Volume 4 Drive’), Volume 3 Glover painted Australian Landscape with Cattle on his property Tom Roberts (painting Australian William Cooper (land rights), around 1835. life), Volume 3 Batman made a treaty with the Woiworung people. Volume 6

36 37 Edward Gibbon Wakefield Friedrich Ludwig Leichhardt Political writer Explorer

Leichhardt was The British Government used Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig hailed ‘Prince of Edward Gibbon Wakefield’s ideas Leichhardt was the first European Explorers’ after he crossed northern about land and migration to help to explore the interior of northern Australia. build a successful colony in South Australia. Australia. Leichhardt was Life facts Wakefield’s family dedicated to science Life facts was quite wealthy 23 October 1813 Born in and learning. He Prussia (now in Germany) and he received a travelled to Australia His first attempt 20 March 1796 Born in 1842 Arrives in Sydney England good education. A to explore its failed. In April 1844 Leaves Darling Downs interior. He started 1826 Sent to Newgate Prison scandal resulted, to explore the north 1848, Leichhardt set in England by exploring the however, when 1845 Reaches Port Essington out from the Darling 1829 Writes A Letter From Hunter Valley area. Sets out for western Downs on his second Sydney Wakefield abducted 1848 and married a coast and disappears Then he travelled attempt. He was never seen again. 1831 Helps with plan to from Newcastle colonise South Australia 15-year-old girl. He to Moreton Bay, near modern-day Brisbane, Other explorers searched for traces of 1853 Migrates to New was sent to prison. Wakefield poses with his dogs, around 1840. Leichhardt’s expedition. In 2006, a brass plate Zealand collecting plant and rock samples along the way. This affected his with Leichhardt’s name on it was found. This 16 May 1862 Dies in New reputation for the Colony of South Australia Zealand Crossing the north of Australia showed that the expedition had probably rest of his life. The British Government decided to put reached the Tanami Desert in central Australia. Wakefield’s ideas into practice in the colony of In 1844, Leichhardt raised money to explore the north of Australia. He set out from the Darling Solving Britain’s problems South Australia, which started in 1836. By 1850, Port Essington Cape York Downs in the Moreton Bay district. Leichhardt While in prison, Wakefield thought about the nearly 38 000 immigrants had settled in the was not a good bushman or leader and he made reasons behind Britain’s high crime rate. He new colony. many mistakes. Aboriginal people killed one er River Gulf of Cape Melville Rop wrote several articles and books on British Wakefield never visited the colony founded Carpentaria man in his group. More than a year after they Lynd colonies. According to Wakefield, overcrowding River on his ideas. He migrated to New Zealand in started, the expedition reached Port Essington N of people was the cause of Britain’s social 1853. He became a member of parliament and W E in northern Australia. They had completed F l problems. He thought that encouraging people in influenced people’s ideas on self-government. S de B a dangerous journey across nearly 5000 rs u River rd to migrate to the colonies was the ideal solution. ek in kilometres. Riv In A Letter From Sydney, he said that Sydney’s More about ... er problems resulted from giving away land for People thought the explorers had perished. zie River ken Other settlements ac free, a shortage of workers and relying too much When Leichhardt and his party arrived in M

r Wakefield’s ideas on the right way to settle new e iv on convicts. Sydney, they were treated as heroes. Leichhardt 0 200 400 Km R areas were also used: son was hailed ‘Prince of Explorers’ and given a Daw Wakefield convinced the British Government • in the union of Upper Canada, controlled by the Brisbane reward. He published his journals describing Leichhardt’s expedition 1844–45 that land in the colonies should be sold at a price British, and Lower Canada, controlled by the French the good pastoral country that he found. that was low enough for migrants to aim for but • in the first British settlement in New Zealand. Map showing Leichhardt’s expedition high enough to require them to work and save. Leichhardt wanted to cross northern Australia The Government could use the money from land See also from the eastern coast to the western coast, and See also sales to help people migrate to the colonies. James Stirling (Swan River Colony), Volume 3 then follow the coast to the Swan River Colony. John Forrest (inland exploration), Volume 4

38 39 Edward John Eyre Explorer

Edward John Eyre was the first explorer to cross Australia along its southern coast. Eyre came to Sydney Life facts in 1833 seeking 5 August 1815 Born in adventure and England fortune. He started 1834–38 Works as a drover droving sheep and 1839 Explores from Adelaide cattle between to Lake Torrens Sydney, Melbourne Eyre and Wylie were near death when they met French whalers at Thistle Cove. 1840 Reaches Lake Eyre and Adelaide. Crosses east to west 1841 His bush skills along southern coast Both men were near death when they saw then, made Protector developed and he Reaching the centre a French whaling ship, the Mississippi. The of Aborigines at became interested in The Governor of South Australia, George Moorundie whalers fed them and gave them stores to exploration. Gawler, hired Eyre to explore the interior of 1846 Appointed Lieutenant- complete their journey to King George Sound. Australia. Eyre travelled north again with his Governor of New People wanted to Eyre became famous and Wylie was rewarded Zealand assistant John Baxter, five other Europeans know more about for their journey. 1861 Appointed Governor of and two Indigenous Australians. They took Jamaica, West Indies the interior of South Australia. Many 13 horses, 40 sheep and enough food to last 30 November 1901 Dies in them three months. When they reached Mount Protector of Aborigines England people believed there Hopeless and a large inland lakebed, later Eyre was made Protector of Aborigines and was a vast inland built a settlement at Moorundie, on the Murray sea. In 1839, Eyre organised an expedition to Eyre was the first European to cross the named Lake Eyre, the harsh conditions forced Nullarbor Plain. them back. River. There was a lot of conflict between find it. He travelled through the Flinders Ranges Indigenous Australians and Europeans as to the dry bed of Lake Torrens. It was mainly Map showing Eyre’s journey across South Crossing Australia drovers travelled along the Murray River. Eyre barren, salt-lake country. Australia and Western Australia gave out rations of food to the Indigenous Eyre decided to cross from east to west along the N people. Eyre later wrote about the customs of Lake Eyre southern coast, from Adelaide to King George Eyre’s expeditions 1840–41 Indigenous Australians. He treated them with W E Mount Hopeless Sound in Western Australia. Eyre set out with respect but believed that they would have to S Baxter, an Aboriginal friend called Wylie, and N ull a rbo r Pl a i n eventually adopt British culture. Lake Torrens two Aboriginal guides. They travelled in harsh conditions across the Nullarbor Plain. It was Later, Eyre was appointed to run the British Eucla summer and the heat was intense. The only colonies of New Zealand and Jamaica. Streaky Bay Swan River Colony Eyre water they found was at a place now called Eucla. Great Australian Bight Peninsula One night, the two guides murdered Baxter Adelaide Moorundie and disappeared with most of the food and Thistle Cove Port Lincoln Albany guns. Wylie remained with Eyre and was able See also 0 200 400 Km King George Sound to gather food and water as they pushed west. William Wentworth (squatters and Indigenous Without Wylie, Eyre may have died. Australians), Volume 3

40Rossiter Bay 41 Caroline Chisholm Activist

Caroline Chisholm helped female Voluntary work in England Return to Australia immigrants and their families in Chisholm’s fame spread to Britain where The Chisholms arrived in Melbourne in 1854 she was known as ‘the immigrants’ friend’. during the gold rush. Chisholm immediately the Colony of New South Wales. When the family returned to England in 1846, started ‘bush shelters’ to help families on the She sheltered them and found them Chisholm continued her voluntary work. harsh journey to the goldfields. Later, she employment. Caroline achieved many things, such as: supported miners when they made demands for ‘unlocking the land’. Immigrants were frustrated Caroline married government assistance for people to join that they could not buy land because squatters Life facts Archibald Chisholm, their family in Australia held large areas of it. Chisholm believed 30 May 1808 Born in England a soldier in the housing and support for poor families that smaller land holdings would benefit the 1832 Travels to India British East India waiting to migrate Australian colonies. Large landowners such as 1838 Moves to Sydney Company. She improvements to conditions on ships Wentworth opposed her ideas. 1841 Starts work with female converted from her through the Passenger Act. Chisholm died a poor woman in England in immigrants Protestant faith to She protested against the transportation 1877. She and Archibald had helped thousands 1842 Publishes Female become a Roman Immigration, the first of convicts and organised businessmen to of people. They did this because of their Catholic like Australian book by a make loans to migrants through the Family religious beliefs, not for money. woman him. He agreed to Chisholm dedicated her life to helping people in Colonisation Loan Society. Chisholm published 1846 Returns to England support her work practical ways. books and gave talks about migration to Chisholm’s motto was: 1849 Starts Family helping others. They migrant women to the country, and then she Australia. She helped design ships and started ‘I promise to know neither country nor creed, Colonisation Loan moved to India and Society escorted them to farms that needed servants. self-help migrant groups but to serve all justly and impartially.’ started a family. 1854 Returns to Melbourne Her ‘bush journeys’ became famous. From 1841 She believed that 25 March 1877 Dies in to 1844, Chisholm helped over 14 000 people, England family was the most 11 000 of whom were immigrants. important part of society. Often women were unfairly treated on the voyage to Sydney. Chisholm demanded a fair Helping female immigrants go for them, too. She shocked people when Chisholm and her family moved to Sydney in she took a ship’s captain and doctor to court 1838. Chisholm was shocked when she saw for mistreating a girl. People were even more Chisholm helped ‘bounty girls’ living on Sydney’s streets. Her shocked when she won. design hostels to house religious beliefs inspired her to help them. new migrants. Governor George Gipps gave Chisholm a More about ... rundown building. She cleaned it and started Bounty girls a Female Immigrants Hostel. It sheltered up to The British Government paid a bounty to 96 women, whom she also trained to become encourage young married couples and single females to come to Australia. Little was done servants. Chisholm travelled to settlements in to help them once they arrived. Crime was the bush, establishing employment agencies. commonplace, and there were three times as See also By 1842, she had ten agencies. She organised many men as women. ‘Bounty girls’ lived on the streets, relying on crime to survive. Ned Kelly (unlocking the volunteers with horses and carts to transport land), Volume 4

42 43 John Dunmore Lang Religious leader

John Dunmore Lang was a Publishing his ideas Controversial politician Presbyterian minister who In the 1830s, the colony was changing from a In 1843, Lang was elected to the New South prison, run by the army, into a free society. There Wales Legislative Council, representing Port influenced migration and political was more freedom to discuss different ideas. Phillip. He was a good political thinker with ideas in the colonies. When Lang returned from a visit to Britain, far-reaching ideas. He refused to follow the he brought back a printing press. He used it to rules, however, and verbally attacked people. Lang was the start The Colonist newspaper. He argued that the colonies should form a Life facts first Presbyterian united democratic nation, independent from minister in the Lang wrote many articles and books throughout 17 August 1799 Born in Britain. Lang wanted every adult to have Scotland Colony of New his life. He had a reputation for being fiery, the vote. With Henry Parkes, Lang formed 1823 Migrates to Sydney South Wales. He selfish and controversial.T wice in the 1850s the Australian League, which was the first 1826 Opens first Presbyterian was a Protestant he was imprisoned for libel, which is writing Church in Sydney Australian political party. Christian because he something false that can damage a person’s 1835 Publishes The Colonist reputation. newspaper disagreed with the Lang’s funeral 1843 Elected to New South Catholic Church. As Wales Legislative a Scotsman, he also Lang’s funeral in 1878 was the largest seen in Council opposed domination Australia at that time. He had helped many 1850 Publishes The United by England. migrant families start their new lives in the Provinces of Australia colonies, and five hundred Chinese immigrants 1851 Imprisoned for libel After he reached Lang was a member of the New South Wales led his mile-long funeral procession. The Legislative Council for many years. 1852 Publishes ideas for Sydney in 1823, Lang funeral was watched by Australian democracy worked hard to make Lang was a minister of Scots Church in Sydney. 70 000 people lining the 1855 Imprisoned for libel sure people who 8 August 1878 Dies in Sydney streets. were not Catholic or Lang thought there were too many Irish Anglican were fairly Catholics migrating to the colony. He treated. He built the first Presbyterian Church. also wanted Britain to stop transporting He also established church schools. convicts and he became a leader of the Anti- Transportation Movement. Encouraging migration Migration of free settlers to Australia became Developing colonial governments very important after the 1820s. Lang set up Lang argued that Australian colonies had a schemes to encourage people to sail to Australia. golden future if they were developed properly. In 1831, he encouraged skilled tradesmen to He published his ideas to promote the migrate to Sydney. Australian colonies in Britain. He argued for Lang wanted to influence the type of society democracy and self-government. He believed that would grow in the young colony. He was that churches should not run the government. See also William Wentworth (self- against domination by the Anglican Church, Lang supported the development of the new and he was also opposed to Caroline Chisholm’s government), Volume 3 colonies at Port Phillip Bay and Moreton Bay. Caroline Chisholm, work, because she was Catholic. He wanted the colonies to separate from New Volume 3 South Wales. Henry Parkes, Volume 4

44 45 Edmund Kennedy Glossary Explorer

Edmund Kennedy explored inland activist someone who works to bring about legislative making laws political or social change rivers and the northernmost point of pastoralists sheep or cattle farmers bounty payment given by the government to patriotic having love and devotion for a country Australia, the Cape York Peninsula. encourage people to do something penal colony settlement where convicts are sent people who break the law and hide Kennedy came bushrangers to carry out their sentence Life facts to Sydney from in the bush petition written request for government action that 5 September 1818 Born in England in 1840. He Christians who belong to the Roman Catholics is signed by many people the Channel Islands, became Assistant Catholic Church England Surveyor to pioneers people who lead the way forward for 1840 Arrives in Sydney Christian belonging to the religion based on the Surveyor-General others 1845–47 Goes on first teachings of Jesus Christ expedition Thomas Mitchell. Protestant belonging to Western Christian colonisation settlement of a group of people in a 1847–48 Goes on second Kennedy set out on churches, separate from the Roman Catholic expedition place in order to take control of the land his first expedition Church December 1848 Dies creed belief or faith near Cape York, with Mitchell. rationed given in fixed amounts to everyone democracy system of government in which all Queensland, on final There was great retaliate attack or fight back in return for a similar expedition citizens vote interest in finding an attack overland route and emancipation the freeing of convicts Rum Rebellion uprising in 1808 in which the port site on the northern coast, in the Gulf of emancipists convicts who have been given their army overthrew Governor Bligh because he Carpentaria. Mitchell found the Victoria River, freedom was trying to stop soldiers and settlers trading which flowed northwards towards the sea.T he rum expedition rode back to Sydney with the exciting enterprising resourceful self-government control of a place, such as a news. On his second expedition, Kennedy was exclusives wealthy settlers who were against colony, by its own people disappointed to find that the Victoria River Galmarra tried to save Kennedy after he was emancipation speared. smallpox epidemic smallpox disease that is flowed inland and did not reach the sea. He expeditions journeys to explore other areas renamed it Barcoo River. passed from person to person and has become Kennedy decided to leave twelve men behind frontier edge of settled land widespread and try to reach the supply ship himself. He Cape York expedition hectares measure of land equal to 10 000 square squatting settling on land without the took his guide Galmarra, also called Jacky Jacky, In 1848, Kennedy was appointed leader of an metres government’s permission a Wonnarua man from the Hunter Valley. expedition to Cape York. He planned to reach heritage traditions and objects that have been suffrage right to vote in political elections Cape York, meet a supply ship there, and Kennedy and Galmarra pushed through passed down from previous generations surveyed examined, measured and recorded the travel down the western coast and then back swamps and jungles. Near the Cape, they immigrants people who have come to live in a features of an area of land to Sydney. were trapped at the crocodile-infested Escape new country River. Kennedy was speared, probably by the treaty a formal agreement between two countries Things did not go according to plan. The Yadhaigana people. Galmarra nursed him until immunity resistance to viruses or diseases biggest problem was crossing the rugged Great he died, and then reached the supply ship alone. impartially treating all people fairly Dividing Range. The group of 14 men took two months to travel only 30 kilometres inland. Stores ran low. See also Charles Sturt (inland rivers), Volume 3 Thomas Mitchell (inland rivers), Volume 3

46 4747 Edmund Kennedy Glossary Explorer

Edmund Kennedy explored inland activist someone who works to bring about legislative making laws political or social change rivers and the northernmost point of pastoralists sheep or cattle farmers bounty payment given by the government to patriotic having love and devotion for a country Australia, the Cape York Peninsula. encourage people to do something penal colony settlement where convicts are sent people who break the law and hide Kennedy came bushrangers to carry out their sentence Life facts to Sydney from in the bush petition written request for government action that 5 September 1818 Born in England in 1840. He Christians who belong to the Roman Catholics is signed by many people the Channel Islands, became Assistant Catholic Church England Surveyor to pioneers people who lead the way forward for 1840 Arrives in Sydney Christian belonging to the religion based on the Surveyor-General others 1845–47 Goes on first teachings of Jesus Christ expedition Thomas Mitchell. Protestant belonging to Western Christian colonisation settlement of a group of people in a 1847–48 Goes on second Kennedy set out on churches, separate from the Roman Catholic expedition place in order to take control of the land his first expedition Church December 1848 Dies creed belief or faith near Cape York, with Mitchell. rationed given in fixed amounts to everyone democracy system of government in which all Queensland, on final There was great retaliate attack or fight back in return for a similar expedition citizens vote interest in finding an attack overland route and emancipation the freeing of convicts Rum Rebellion uprising in 1808 in which the port site on the northern coast, in the Gulf of emancipists convicts who have been given their army overthrew Governor Bligh because he Carpentaria. Mitchell found the Victoria River, freedom was trying to stop soldiers and settlers trading which flowed northwards towards the sea.T he rum expedition rode back to Sydney with the exciting enterprising resourceful self-government control of a place, such as a news. On his second expedition, Kennedy was exclusives wealthy settlers who were against colony, by its own people disappointed to find that the Victoria River Galmarra tried to save Kennedy after he was emancipation speared. smallpox epidemic smallpox disease that is flowed inland and did not reach the sea. He expeditions journeys to explore other areas renamed it Barcoo River. passed from person to person and has become Kennedy decided to leave twelve men behind frontier edge of settled land widespread and try to reach the supply ship himself. He Cape York expedition hectares measure of land equal to 10 000 square squatting settling on land without the took his guide Galmarra, also called Jacky Jacky, In 1848, Kennedy was appointed leader of an metres government’s permission a Wonnarua man from the Hunter Valley. expedition to Cape York. He planned to reach heritage traditions and objects that have been suffrage right to vote in political elections Cape York, meet a supply ship there, and Kennedy and Galmarra pushed through passed down from previous generations surveyed examined, measured and recorded the travel down the western coast and then back swamps and jungles. Near the Cape, they immigrants people who have come to live in a features of an area of land to Sydney. were trapped at the crocodile-infested Escape new country River. Kennedy was speared, probably by the treaty a formal agreement between two countries Things did not go according to plan. The Yadhaigana people. Galmarra nursed him until immunity resistance to viruses or diseases biggest problem was crossing the rugged Great he died, and then reached the supply ship alone. impartially treating all people fairly Dividing Range. The group of 14 men took two months to travel only 30 kilometres inland. Stores ran low. See also Charles Sturt (inland rivers), Volume 3 Thomas Mitchell (inland rivers), Volume 3

46 4747 Index

A farming 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 22, 27, 37 New Zealand 8, 23, 38, 41 activists First Fleet 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 Norfolk Island 8, 9 Chisholm, Caroline 42–3, 44 first settlers 9 O Flinders Island settlement 35 artists Oxley, John 24 Glover, John 36 free settlers 6, 9 Australia Felix 34 French settlement 29 P pastoralists 5, 39 B G political leaders gold rush 43 Batman’s treaty 37 Wentworth, William 30–1 governors 5 Battle of Waterloo 24 political writers Bligh, William 20 Bigge Report 21, 25 Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 38 Macquarie, Lachlan 14, 21, 24–5, ‘Black War’ 28, 37 population growth 24 30 Blue Mountains 24, 30 Port Phillip Bay settlement 5, 35, Phillip, Arthur 5, 8–11, 12, 13, 14, Botany Bay 8, 10, 16 44, 45 15, 16, 18 bounty girls 42 Protector of Aborigines 35, 41 Stirling, James 29, 32 bushrangers 35, 37 Eyre, Edward John 41 business 24, 27 I Robinson, George 35 C Indigenous Australian groups Protestants 22, 23, 24, 42, 44 Castle Hill Rebellion 22, 23 Bidjigal 16 R Catholics 23, 42, 44 Cadigal 10 religious leaders 5 convicts 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, Cammeraigal 12 Johnson, Richard 14–15, 22 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 33, 38, 43, 44 Dharawal 10 Lang, John Dunmore 44–5 Reibey, Mary 26–7 Eora 10 Robinson, George 28, 35 currency lads and lasses 30 Gweagal 10 resistance leaders 5 Kameygal 10 D Eumarrah 28 Tyerrernotepanner 28 democracy 6, 31, 44 Pemulwuy 16–17 Wajuk 32 Yagan 29 E Wangal 13 Rum Rebellion 20, 24 education 15, 27, 31 Woiworung 37 emancipists 6, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30 Yadhaigana 46 S Reibey, Mary 26–7 Indigenous Australian leaders Second Fleet 18 Evangelical movement 14, 22 Arabanoo 12 self-government 31, 38, 44 exclusives 25, 27, 30 Bennelong 13 smallpox 12 explorers 5 Irish rebellion 23 squatters 31, 34, 43 Blaxland, Gregory 24 J Wentworth, William 30–1 Eyre, Edward John 40 Swan River settlement 5, 29, 32, 39 journalists Kennedy, Edmund 46 Wentworth, William 30 T Lawson, William 24 transportation of convicts 18, 25, Leichhardt, Friedrich Ludwig 39 L 26, 43, 44 Mitchell, Thomas 34, 46 landscape painting 36 V Sturt, Charles 33 M Wentworth, William 24, 30–1 Van Diemen’s Land 5, 27, 28, 34, 37 migration 38, 43, 44 voting rights 31, 45 F Moreton Bay settlement 5, 39, 44 farmers Myall Creek massacre 31 W Batman, John 37 N wool industry 6, 21, 22 Macarthur, Elizabeth 18–19, 23 wool traders New South Wales colony 8, 11, 14, Macarthur, John 18–19, 25, 27 Marsden, Samuel 22–3 18, 24, 26, 31, 37, 42, 44 Marsden, Samuel 22–3

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