RODRIGO GARCIA GARAY O FONEMA – LINGUÍSTICA E

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RODRIGO GARCIA GARAY O FONEMA – LINGUÍSTICA E RODRIGO GARCIA GARAY O FONEMA – LINGUÍSTICA e HISTÓRIA PORTO ALEGRE 2016 2 CIP - Catalogação na Publicação Garay, Rodrigo Garcia O FONEMA - LINGUÍSTICA E HISTÓRIA / Rodrigo Garcia Garay. -- 2016. 185 f. Orientadora: Luiza Ely Milano. Dissertação (Mestrado) -- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Letras, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Porto Alegre, BR-RS, 2016. 1. fonema. 2. Fonologia. 3. Saussure. 4. Courtenay. 5. sânscrito - grego - russo. I. Ely Milano, Luiza , orient. II. Título. Elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração Automática de Ficha Catalográfica da UFRGS com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). 3 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE LETRAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS ÁREA: ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM ESPECIALIDADE: TEORIAS DO TEXTO E DO DISCURSO O FONEMA – LINGUÍSTICA e HISTÓRIA RODRIGO GARCIA GARAY ORIENTADORA: Profa. Dra. LUIZA MILANO Dissertação de Mestrado em TEORIAS DO TEXTO E DO DISCURSO, apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. PORTO ALEGRE 2016 4 Para minha família, sem a qual não haveria história; em especial para minha mãe, Lúcia (in memoriam) e meu pai, Paulo. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à minha orientadora Luiza Milano pelo suporte, por compartilhar o conhecimento, e por acreditar no meu trabalho. Agradeço à professora Ana Zandwais, que foi minha orientadora durante a graduação. Agradeço imensamente ao professor Bruno Fregni Bassetto, cujos cursos me ―despertaram do sono profundo‖. Agradeço aos professores do curso de Letras pela oportunidade para aprender, e pela paciência nos momentos difíceis. Agradeço aos professores e professoras dos Departamentos de Grego e Latim (e aos colegas destas disciplinas igualmente) pela inestimável ajuda com as traduções, com os textos mais complicados e com indicações de leitura. Agradeço ao prof. Craig Brandist (Sheffield University) pelo extenso material de pesquisa sobre Baudouin de Courtenay e pelas orientações de leitura. Agradeço em especial ao pessoal da Biblioteca da PUC-RS, pela disponibilidade e atenção, principalmente no período em que nossa Biblioteca da Letras-UFRGS esteve fechada. Agradeço às professoras Tanira Castro e Svitlana Voloshyna, pela gentil atenção e disponibilidade com minhas dúvidas nas traduções do russo, e em especial, agradeço à professora Denise Regina de Sales pela correção das minhas traduções dos dois textos em russo que apresento nos Anexos. Agradeço aos meus colegas dos grupos de pesquisa e leitura pelas inúmeras manhãs e tardes agradáveis em que dividimos o saber. Agradeço ao colega do curso de Letras, Marcelo Tassinari Rodrigues, pela inestimável ajuda com a tradução correta dos vocábulos em polonês. 6 ॐ श़िति 7 RESUMO O presente trabalho é o produto de minha pesquisa acerca dos aspectos históricos e linguísticos que subjazem o conceito do fonema. Nossa ideia originou-se a partir de dois extratos diferentes escritos pelo linguista russo Roman Jakobson: 1) sobre a gênese do fonema: ―A procura pelos constituintes diferenciais discretos mais elementares da linguagem nos faz remontar à doutrina do sphoṭa dos gramáticos do sânscrito e a concepção do ζηνηρεῖνλ de Platão, mas o verdadeiro estudo linguístico desses invariantes iniciou-se apenas em 1870‖ (Jakobson, 1962:467); e 2) acerca dos fundadores da Fonologia: ―Os primeiros alicerces da Fonologia foram assentados por Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure e seus discípulos‖ (Jakobson, 1962:232). Desta forma, tentamos realizar uma ―reconstrução‖ desta trajetória histórica e linguística, dos nomes, fatos e teorias que formam o conceito da unidade fonológica no estudo científico da língua. Iniciamos com o estudo da ciência da linguagem na Índia antiga (em particular, o estudo da gramática do sânscrito), seguido pelo estudo do alfabeto grego (incluindo aí os problemas relativos à língua grega, assim como à Gramática e à Filosofia). Finalmente, tentamos fazer um recorte preciso do momento na história das ideias linguísticas quando o conceito científico do fonema foi delineado, definido e incorporado à terminologia da epistemologia linguística. Os grandes teóricos da escola incipiente da Linguística Geral, da Fonologia e do fonema, são, como disse Jakobson, o linguista e filólogo suíço Saussure, e o filólogo e foneticista polonês Courtenay; mas a história do fonema não é nada simples. Recentemente, um trabalho meticuloso por parte dos pesquisadores tem resgatado grande parte desta história já há muito esquecida, no que tange as teorias antigas dos gramáticos filósofos hindus e gregos, e os manuscritos de Saussure recentemente publicados, assim como os artigos de Courtenay e seus alunos (entre eles o polonês Mikołaj Kruszewski), escritos que, em sua maioria, permanecem sem tradução ao português. Nossa tarefa, então, foi trazer à luz esta história, seus desenvolvimentos no campo da Linguística em geral, e da Fonologia em particular. Realizamos nossa análise por meio de um cuidadoso estudo do fonema, um conceito no qual vários séculos de história e de ideias linguísticas estão sedimentados. Palavras-chave: fonema, sânscrito, grego, Courtenay, Saussure, Fonologia. 8 ABSTRACT The present work is the product of my research into the historical and linguistic aspects that underlie the concept of the phoneme. Our main idea originated from two different extracts by the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson: 1) on the genesis of the phoneme: ―the search for the ultimate discrete differential constituents of language can be traced back to the sphoṭa doctrine of the Sanskrit grammarians and to Plato‟s conception of ζηνηρεῖνλ, but the actual linguistic study of these invariants started only in the 1870s‖ (Jakobson, 1962:467); and 2) on the founders of Phonology: ―The first foundations of Phonology were laid by Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure and their disciples‖ (Jakobson, 1962:232). Thus, we attempted a historical and linguistic reconstruction of names, facts and theories that comprise the concept of a phonological unit and that of the phonological structure of language. We started with the study of the Science of Language in ancient India (in particular the grammar of Sanskrit), followed by the study of the Greek alphabet (including its implications concerning the Greek language, as well as Grammar and Philosophy). Finally, we attempted a precise cut, so to speak, on the moment in the history of Linguistic ideas when the scientific concept of the phoneme was outlined, defined and incorporated into the terminology of modern linguistic epistemology. The great theoreticians of the incipient school of General Linguistics, of Phonology and of the phoneme are, as Jakobson stated, the Swiss linguist and philologist Saussure, and the Polish philologist and phonetician Courtenay; yet the story inside the phoneme is anything but a simple one. Recently, meticulous scholarship has rescued a great part of this long forgotten history, in what concerns the ancient theories of both the Hindu and the Greek grammarian-philosophers, and the unpublished manuscript works of Saussure and the works of Courtenay and his students (among them the Polish professor Mikołaj Kruszewski), works that so far have remained without translation into Portuguese. Our task, then, has been to bring this history to light, its developments in the field of Linguistics in general, and Phonology in particular. We have carried out this analysis by means of a careful study of the phoneme, a concept in which several hundred years of history and linguistic ideas have crystallized. Key words: phoneme, Sanskrit, Greek, Courtenay, Saussure, Phonology 9 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO I – “A Recompensa do Ouvir” – A Ciência da Linguagem Hindu.. 18 1. Introdução....................................................................................................... 18 2. A Importância dos Sons para o Pensamento Hindu........................................ 19 2.1 Vyākaraṇa e Saṃskaraṇa.................................................................. 23 2.2 O Sânscrito......................................................................................... 24 3. Os Vedas e a Tradição Oral............................................................................ 28 3.1 A Fonética Védica e a Fonética Clássica.......................................... 30 3.2 Chandas, Pada e Akṣara.................................................................... 31 3.3 Akṣara e Varṇa – A Padronização do Sânscrito................................ 32 3.4 Os Tratados de Fonética – Prātiśākhya e Śikṣā................................ 34 3.5 O Varṇasamāmnāya……..........……………………….…………... 36 4. Pāṇini e o ‗Aṣṭādhyāyī‘.................................................................................. 43 4.1 Os Fonemas em Pāṇini – Śivasūtrā................................................... 46 4.2 Guṇa e Vṛddhi.................................................................................... 52 5. Conclusão....................................................................................................... 56 CAPÍTULO II – “Légō, Gráphō” – A Ciência da Linguagem Grega................. 59 1. Introdução...................................................................................................... 59 2. Uma Língua, Vários Dialetos........................................................................ 61
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