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Languages of the World--Indo-European

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Languages of the World--Indo-European REPORT RESUMES ED 010 363 48 LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD-INDO-EUROPEAN FASCICLE ONE. BY- VOCGELIN, C. F. VOEGELIN, FLORENCE M. INDIANA UNIV., BLOOMINGTON REPORT NUMBER NDEA-VI-63-16 FU6 DATE NOV 65 CONTRACT OEC- SAE -9488 ERRS PRICE MF-$0.45 Hr.-$12.04 301P. ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS, 7(6)/1-294, NOV. 1965 DESCRIPTORS- *INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, CLASSICAL LANGUAGES, ROMANCE LANGUAGES, RUSSIAN, GERMAN, FRENCH, SPANISH; PORTUGUESE, *LANGUAGES, *MODERN LANGUAGES, ARCHIVES OF LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD, BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA THIS PUBLICATION PROVIDES A HISTORICAL REVIEW AND LISTING OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, BOTH ANCIENT AND MODERN. THE VOLUME DEALS WITH THE LESSER-KNOWN BRANCHES OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY -AND THE WIN LANGUAGES OF THIS GROUP COMMON TO MODERN TIMES. (THE REPORT IS PART OF A SERIES, ED 010 350 TO ED 010 367.)(JK) U. S. DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH, EDUCATIONAND WELFARE Office of Education This document has Laenreproduced exactly Parson or organization as received from the originating it. Points stated do of view oropitions not necessarflyrepresent official Position or policy, Office of Education Anthropological Linguistics PP Volume 7 Number 8 November 19 65 LANGUAGES OF TFIE WORLD:, INDO-EUROPEAN FASCICLE ONE A Publication of the ARCHIVES OF LANGUAGES OF THEWORLD Anthropology Department Indiana Untversity ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS is designed primarily,but not exclusively, for the immediate publication of data-orientedpapers for which attestation is available in the form oftape recordings on deposit in the Archives of Languages of the World.This does not imply that contributorswill be re- stricted to scholars working in the Archivesat Indiana University, in fact, one motivationfor the publication cf ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICSis to increase the usefulness of theArchives to scholar: elsewhere by making publishable data and conclusionsand their tape recorded attestation more widely available.(Recorded attestation ofpapers from scholars elsewhere will be copied by the Archives and the original recordings returnedto the collector; others may then work with thetape copy either in the Archives or elsewhere by havinga copy sent to them.)In addition to heavily exemplified papers in the form of preliminaryor final statements on restricted problems in phonemics, morphophonemic:, morphemics, syntax andcomparative grammar, ANTHROPOLOGICALLINGUIS- TICS will include lexical lists and analyzedtexts (especially in the otherwise hard-to-publishrange of 20 to 100 pages) and theoretical and methodologicalpapers(especially in the form ofpapers from sYmPalia). Each volume of ANTHROPOLOGICALLINGUISTICS consists of nine numbersto be issued during the months of January, February,March, April, May, June, October, Novemberand Deem er. Subscriptions ($3.50a year) and papers for publication should be sent to the editor,Dr. Florence M. Voegelin, Anthropology Department,Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Entered as second class matter at the postoffice at Bloomington, Indiana LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD: INDO-EUROPEAN FASCICLE ONE C.F. and F.M. Voegelin Indiana University 1. Branches of the Indo-European family 2. Italic 3.Germanic 4. Celtic 5.Slavic 6. Baltic Greek 8.Albanian 9.Armenian 10.Iranian 11. Indic 2. Dardic The research reported hereinwas performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Officeof Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 2 Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 7, No, 8 BRANCHES OF THEINDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY 1.0. Indo-Europeanitself is a branch ofan early language family from which it split,as is indicated below (1.1.).Subsequently, several early splits have beenpostulated;some of these are controversial (inconflict with each other),some not 1.2 ).It is possible to chat thebranches of Indo- European family fromthe point of view ofextinct and still spoken daughter languages in. each (1.3).It gowns simpler, however,to state some subrelationshipsamong modern Indo-Europeanlanguages in terms of their sub-branch, and othersin terms of theirmajor-branch affiliations (1.4and 2 to 12 ff). 1.1. The followingchart (alter EdgarH. Sturtevant, 1947)represents the ludo-Hittitehypothesis: la o Hittite ,..... Anatol Indo-ropean '%, HittiteLuwiartPalaicHieroglyphic ycian L ianSanskrit Greek Latin, Hittite etc. This chart lists threeof the so- called olderIndo- European languages- -theones best preserved inwriting - -onone line (under Indo- European).But placing these daughterlanguageson one line is a matter of conveniencerather than an argument in favor ofthe view that all, threesplit from the parentlanguage (Indo-European) at thesame time. This parentlanguage, however did break Indo-European Fascicle One away from a prior parent language (Indo-Hittite).The intermediate daughter languages - -or rather the two branches after this earliestattested split--are indicated as the middle level in the chart just given (Indo-Europeanand Anatolian). Though Hittite offers the fullest attestation for theAnatolian branch, Hittite was not the only language in the AnatolianBranch. AU have become extinct. We list them, nevertheless, to gaincritical perspective on the old problem of recontructing the Indo-European homeland (culture)without re- ference to languages spoken ina parallel branch of an earlier language family (e.g. Herman Hirt, DieIndogermanen, ihre Verbreitung, ihre Urheimat, and ihre Kultur; 2 volumes, Strassburg, 1905,1907). The dix ancient Anatolian languages shownin the chart above may be regarded as constitutingone ranch of Indo-Hittite, as Sturtevant urges; or as representing a branch of ndo-European,as other scholars have urged; or their subrelat ionshitoil among themselvesor even to Indo-European, in the usual sense, may be left =specifiedbeyond the cautious point of admitting that evidence exists for their relationshipwith Indo-European. Early in the 2nd millenium B.C.two important developments took place in AnatoAia: the arrival ofLudo-European-speaking peoples and/or their relatives in a related branch (e.g. Hittites)from the north (as is suggested by cultural associat3ons), andthe introduction of literacy in the form of cuneiform writing diffusingfrom Mesopotamia. Cuneiform writing reached the Hittites via the Hurrianswho were also invaders, but from 4 Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 7, No. 8 northern Mesopotamia. (Hurrian and othernon-Indo-European andnon- Semitic languages of Mediterranean Europeand the Most Ancient Eastare listed under 2 in Languages of the World:Ibero-Caucasian and Pidgin Creole Fascicle One.) Hittite (Hatti) was widely spoken throughoutAsia Minor during the 2nd millenium B.C. The capital city of theHittites was Hattusas (now Bolaz-kiSy) located in north-centralAnatolia. The archives of the Hittite empire, found at Bo/az-10y, giveample evidence that there existed inter- national communication in Hittite,Akkadian and Hurrian-- three languages belonging to three different languagefamilies, respectively: Indu-European, Semitic, and neither. The Old Akkadiancuneiform script whichwas used to write Hittite obscures the phonemiccontrasts of Hittite, particularly by in- cluding redundant vowelsnot present in actual pronunciation. Hittite has only one stop series / p t . Of particular interest in Hittite phonologyis the presence of several laryngeal consonants, supporting theIE laryngeal hy- pothesis. 1.2- Some of theearly splits from the parents' Indo-Europeanlanguage left no descendants e.g. Tocharian A and Tocharian B, spoken in Central Asi and preserved in 6thcentury manuscripts found in Chinese Turkestan. What is often supposedto represent the earliest division of parental Indo- European is a division into eastern languagesbelonging to the satem-languages which have sibilants insteadof velars in such formsas satem hundred (Balto- Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian,and Albanian), and western languages which Indo-European Fascicle One 5 have velars in the cognates of thesibilant forms, as centum hundred(Germanic, Greek, Italic, and Celtic). Since Tocharian was locatedgeographicallyamong the eastern languages, it would beexpected to be a satem-language,but this expectation is contrary to fact;Tocharian, spoken in Asia,turns out to be a centum-language, like Indo-Europeanlanguages spoken in Europe. This is citedas one of a half dozen overlapping features oftypological samenesses among Indo-European languagesthat conflict with the family-tree model-- cited by Leonard Bloomfield (Language, N.Y. 1933), after Schrader; the other representsameness which are: shared by Balto-Slavic andGermanic (case-endings with [m]for [bh]); shared by Celtic and Italic (passive-voiceendings with [r]); shared by Greek, Indo-Iranianand Armenian (prefix [6-] inpast tenses); shared by Italic and Greek (femininenouns with masculine suffixes); Shared by Italic and Germanic (perfecttense used as a general past tense). 1.3.It is, as mentioned above, possibleto chart the branches of the Indo-European family in terms of thedaughter languages in eachbranch. Not counting the Anatolian branch ofIndo-Hittite, whose descendedlanguages have all become extinct, andinstead viewing only the branchesor sub-branches descended from Indo-Europeanproper, it appears that one languageor sub- branch in the Germanic branchbecame extinct (Gothic);a dozen or more languages in the Italic branch (orrelated in someway to Italic) became extinct; and two languages whichmay have once been members of the Armenianbranch 6 Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 7,No. 8 (Phrygian and Thracian) also becameextinct. There are other instances of language extinction
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