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GREC, GRIEGO, GREC Language family: Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Language codes: ISO 639-1 el ISO 639-2 gre (B) ell (T) ISO 639-3 variously: grc – Ancient Greek ell – Modern Greek pnt– Pontic Greek gmy – Mycenaean Greek gkm – Medieval Greek cpg – Cappadocian Greek yej – Yevanic tsd – Tsakonian Greek Linguasphere: 56-AAA-a (Varieties: 56-AAA-aa- to-am) Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: Ελληνικά Ellīniká): ellinika alt greek [GRK]. graecae alt greek [GRK]. grec alt greek [GRK]. greek [GRK] hizk Grezia; baita AEB, Albania, Alemania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bulgaria, Egipto, Erresuma Batua, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Frantzia, Georgia, Hego Afrika, Hungaria, Italia, KED, Jordania, Kazakhstan, Kanada, Kongo, Mazedonia, Malawi, Paraguai, Polonia, Sierra Leona, Suedia, Tunisia, Turkia (Europa), Ukraina, Zipre, Jibuti. greek, ancient [GKO] hizk. Grezia. greek, romani dial romani, balkan [RMN]. romaic alt greek [GRK]. neo-hellenic alt greek [GRK]. ALBANIA greek [GRK] 60.000 hiztun, populazioaren % 1,8 (1989). Hegoaldea. Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Ikus sarrera nagusia Grezian. EGIPTO greek [GRK] 60.000 hiztun (1977, Voegelin and Voegelin). Alexandria. Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Ikus sarrera nagusia Grezian. ERRUMANIA greek [GRK] Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Karakatxanak grekos mintzatzen diren errumaniar artzain nomadak dira. GREZIA greek (ellinika, grec, graecae, romaic, neo-hellenic) [GRK] 9.859.850 hiztun, populazioaren % 98,5 (1986). Herrialde guztietako populazio osoa 12.000.000 (1999, WA). Herrialdean zehar. Halaber mintzatua beste 35 herrialdetan, hala nola AEB, Albania, Alemania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bulgaria, Egipto, Erresuma Batua, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Frantzia, Georgia, Hego Afrika, Hungaria, Italia, KED, Jordania, Kazakhstan, Kanada, Kongo, Mazedonia, Malawi, Paraguai, Polonia, Sierra Leona, Suedia, Tunisia, Turkia (Europa), Ukraina, Zipre eta Jibutin ere. Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Dialektoak: katharevousa, dimotiki, saracatsan. Katharevousa dialekto literario arkaikoa da, dimotiki dialekto literario mintzatua eta gaur dialekto ofiziala. Saracatsanak ipar Greziako artzain nomadak dira. Grekoak Errusian eta Ukrainan grekoz edo turkieraz mintzatzen dira eta ‘urumak’ deitzen zaie. Karamanliak turkiar kristau ortodoxoak ziren Turkiaren zentrotik etorri zirenean. Hizkuntza nazionala, hiztegia, gramatika. SVO. greek, ancient [GKO] Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Dialektoak: koine greek, classical greek. Koine greek erlijio hizkuntzan erabiltzen du Eliza Greko Ortodoxoak. Kristauen Testamentu Berriko testu hizkuntza. Iraungia. ITALIA greek [GRK] 20.000 hiztun (N. Vincent in B. Comrie, 1987). Reggioren hegoalde eta ekialdea; Salento (Colimera, Sternatía, Zollino) eta Aspromonte (Bova, Condofuri, Roghudi). Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Dialektoak: salento, aspromonte. Italian mintzatzen den grekoa eta Korsikakoa again bi hizkuntza bereiziak dira (R. Zamponi, 1992). Bereziki zaharrek mintzatua. Ez da erabiltzen eskolan. Ikus sarrera nagusia Grezian. TURKIA greek [GRK] 4.000 hiztun (1993). Istanbul hiria. Indo-European, Greek, Attic. Ia greko guztiek emigratu dute Turkiatik. 1.500.000 zeuden Turkian 1900ean. Ikus sarrera nagusia Grezian. ZIPRE greek [GRK] 578.000 hiztun (1995), populazioaren % 75. Ia denak hego Zipren. Indo- European, Greek, Attic. Dialektoa: cypriot greek. Informatu da dialektoa greko klasikotik gertuago dagoela Grezian mintzatzen denetik baino hainbat hitzetan eta gramatikan eta arabiar eta turkiar mailegu asko ditu. Hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Turkian. Hizkuntza / lengua: grekoa / grec / griego / grec. Hiztunak / hablantes: 13.100.000 (2002ko errolda, Wikipedia). Herrialdea / país: Grezia (10.400.000), Zipre (630.000), Kalabria italiarra (40.000). HISTORIA. Grekoa indoeuropar hizkuntz familia handiaren adar bat da, indoiraniera edo arioa, armeniera, baltoeslabiera, albaniera, germaniera, tokarikoa, zeltikoa eta italikoarekin batera; beraz latinaren ahizpa da eta ez ama. HISTORIA. La lengua griega es una rama de la gran familia lingüística indoeuropea, juntamente con el indoiranio o ario, el Grekozko lehenengo dokumentuak, mizeniarren garaikoak, Knosos-en eta Kretako beste hainbat lekutan aurkituak, K.a. XIV armenio, el baltoeslavo, el albanés, el germánico, el tocárico, el céltico y el itálico; hermana, por tanto y no madre, de la m.koak dira. B lineal bezala ezagutzen den idazkera silabikoan idatzitako buztinezko taula batzuk dira eta 1952 arte ez latina. ziren grekotzat jo. Los primeros documentos en griego, de la época micénica, descubiertos en Knosos y otros lugares de Creta, pertenecen al Bere historiak, hasierako eratze-aldi baten ondoren, bi aro handi hartzen ditu: s. XIV a.C. Se trata de unas tablas de arcilla en una escritura silábica conocida como lineal B que hasta 1952 no se identificó A) Klasikoa, dialektoen ugaritasunak ezaugarritua, Homerorekin hasi eta Periklesen mende loriatsuarekin amaitzen como griego. dena. Su historia, después de un período inicial de formación, abarca dos grandes épocas: B) Postklasikoa edo helenistikoa, literatur hizkuntzaren batasunak ezaugarritua. Aristoteles Estagirita handiak markatzen du bi aro hauen bereizketa. A) La clásica, caracterizada por la diversidad de dialectos, que empieza en Homero y termina con el glorioso siglo de Grekoa izan zen Grezia Zaharreko hizkuntza eta hau, berriz, bere literatura, filosofia, artea eta zientziarekin, Pericles. kristautasunarekin batera, kultura eta zibilizazio modernoen eratzaile espirituala. Gutxienez Kristo aurreko 10 mende lehenago mintzatzen zen gaurko Grezia osatzen duten lurraldeetan, Egeo itsasoko B) La posclásica o helenística, caracterizada por la unificación de la lengua literaria. irletan eta Asia Txikiko kostaldeetan. Grekoen hedakunde militar, komertzial eta kulturalarekin batera, greziar hizkuntza El gran Estagirita, Aristóteles, marca el límite de separación entre ambas épocas. mintzatu zen ez bakarrik Grezia Haundian, Sizilian eta Italiaren hegoaldean, baita Mediterranioa inguratzen duten La lengua griega fue el habla de la Antigua Grecia y ésta por su literatura, su filosofía, su arte y su ciencia, ha sido junto con lurraldeen parte handi batean ere. el cristianismo la formadora espiritual de la cultura y la civilización modernas. Alexandroren konkisten ondoren (356-323), grekoa ohiko hizkuntza izatera iritsi zen -koine delakoa- joniko-atikoa oinarri Se hablaba por lo menos 10 siglos antes de Cristo en los territorios que hoy día forman la Grecia actual, islas del mar Egeo hartuta dialektoen batasuna lortzean, eta mundu osoak ulertu eta miresten zuèn hizkuntza zelako. Erromatar ospetsu y costas del Asia Menor., Acompañando la expansión militar, comercial y cultural de los griegos, la lengua griega se habló askok, beren sendian eta lagunekin, grekoz hitz egin eta idazten zuten. Errenazimenduan, grekoa, latina eta hebraiera no solamente en la Magna Grecia, Sicilia y sur de Italia, sino en gran parte de los territorios que circundan el Mediterráneo. ziren “Homo trilinguis”aren harrotasuna sortzen zuten hiru hizkuntzak. Barbaroen inbasioaz gero, grekoa Bizantziar Inperioaren lurraldean erabili zen. Hizkuntza bizi bezala, gaurko Grezian mantendu da. Después de la conquistas de Alejandro (356-323), la lengua griega llegó a ser la lengua común -el llamado koiné- por la unificación de las formas dialectales, a base del jónico-ático, y porque era la lengua que toda la gente entendía y admiraba. Muchos romanos ilustres, en su vida familiar y relaciones amistosas, hablaban y escribían en griego. En le Renacimiento, el griego, el latín y el hebreo eran las tres lenguas de las que se jactaba el “Homo trilinguis”. Después de la Dokumentu zaharretan ikus daiteke grekoa dialekto anitzetan zatitua. Aristotelesek bere garaian berrehun bat zenbatu invasión de los bárbaros, el griego continuó hablándose en los dominios del Imperio Bizantino. Como lengua viva, el griego zituen, eta antzinatekoek 3 multzotan banatzen zituzten: se ha conservado en los territorios de la Grecia actual. Ya en los documentos más remotos vemos la lengua griega fraccionada en gran número de dialectos. Aristóteles en su A) Dorikoa. Batez ere Peloponeson mintzatzen zen. Literaturan bere figura argiena Pindaro poeta lirikoa izan zen. tiempo contaba unos doscientos, que los antiguos los clasificaban en 3 grupos: B) Eolikoa. Lesbos irlan mintzatzen zen, Asia Txikiko ipar-ekialdeko kostan eta Boezian. Altzeo poeta lirikoa eta Safo A) El dórico. Se hablaba sobre todo en el Peloponeso. En la literatura su representante más excelso es el poeta lírico emakumezko poeta dira bere ordezkari argienak. Píndaro. C) Jonikoa. Egeo itsasoko irletan mintzatzen zen, Asia Txikiko kostaldearen erdialdean, Esmirnan, Efeson eta Mileton eta B) El eólico. Se hablaba en la isla de Lesbos, en la costa nordeste del Asia Menor y en Boecia. El poeta lírico Alceo y la Atikan. Literarioki berau da dialektorik aberats eta harmoniatsuena. Hiru banaketa ditu: joniko zaharra (Homero eta poetisa Safo son sus representantes más significados. Hesiodo), joniko modernoa (Herodoto) eta atikoa, Atenas eta bere inguruan mintzatua. C) El jónico. Se hablaba en las islas del mar Egeo, en la parte central de la costa del Asia Menor, en Esmirna, Éfeso y Atikoa da grekoen dialekto literario bikaina. Hau erabili zuten Eskilo, Sofokles eta Euripides poeta tragikoek; Aristofanes Mileto y en el Ática. Es el dialecto literariamente más rico y armonioso. Se subdivide en jónico antiguo (Homero y poetak; Tuzidides eta Jenofonte historiadoreek; Platon eta Aristoteles
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  • Developments of the Lateral in Occitan Dialects and Their Romance and Cross-Linguistic Context Daniela Müller

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    Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross-linguistic context Daniela Müller To cite this version: Daniela Müller. Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross- linguistic context. Linguistics. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. English. NNT : 2011TOU20122. tel-00674530 HAL Id: tel-00674530 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674530 Submitted on 27 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. en vue de l’obtention du DOCTORATDEL’UNIVERSITÉDETOULOUSE délivré par l’université de toulouse 2 - le mirail discipline: sciences du langage zur erlangung der doktorwürde DERNEUPHILOLOGISCHENFAKULTÄT DERRUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄTHEIDELBERG présentée et soutenue par vorgelegt von DANIELAMÜLLER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LATERAL IN OCCITAN DIALECTS ANDTHEIRROMANCEANDCROSS-LINGUISTICCONTEXT JURY Jonathan Harrington (Professor, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) Francesc Xavier Lamuela (Catedràtic, Universitat de Girona) Jean-Léonard Léonard (Maître de conférences HDR, Paris