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Regional Tilt of the Mount Stuart Batholith, Washington, Determined

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Regional Tilt of the Mount Stuart Batholith, Washington, Determined Brandon and Ague's reply follows after this discussion, which is included for completenesss. Regional tilt of the Mount Stuart batholith, Washington, determined using aluminum-in-hornblende barometry: Implications for northward translation of Baja British Columbia: Discussion and reply Discussion Scott R. Paterson* Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0740 Robert B. Miller Department of Geology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192-0102 INTRODUCTION and roughly parallel to paleohorizontal; rock probably began during emplacement and (3) tilting of the batholith did not occur during certainly was active during cooling, suggesting Ague and Brandon (1996) calculated a best-fit cooling. We suggest that all three of these as- that tilting was occurring during cooling of the surface through Al-in-hornblende paleobaromet- sumptions may fail for the Mount Stuart batholith. Paterson et al. (1994) specifically ric data to determine the paleohorizontal in the batholith. First, there remain considerable noted that cordierite porphyroblasts in the Mount Stuart batholith, North Cascades, Wash- problems with calculations of crystallization hanging wall of the Tumwater Mountain shear ington, and thus attempted to provide a means to pressures in this batholith, as outlined by zone (which deforms and displaces the north- better interpret paleomagnetic results obtained Anderson (1996, 1997). Anderson, using min- east margin of the batholith) are partially from this pluton. Ague and Brandon (1996) then eral equilibria, and Francis et al. (1996), using pseudomorphed by staurolite, sillimanite, and used these results to reach conclusions about the oxygen isotopic data from the batholith and kyanite. These mineral relations indicate a tectonics of the northwestern Cordillera. We host rocks, concluded that mineral composi- pressure increase, analogous to the loading think that this is a useful approach and applaud tions and calculated paleopressures in the history of the Chiwaukum Schist. Since this their attempt to refine this technique. However, batholith reflect both magmatic and subsolidus shear zone was active during and only for a application of this technique to the Mount Stuart processes. We have concerns about whether short time after emplacement, this pressure in- batholith remains problematic for reasons out- any barometric data in the Mount Stuart crease (and thus loading) must have occurred lined in the following, and thus raises uncertain- batholith should currently fit a single plane. prior to or during emplacement of the 93 Ma ties about their tectonic conclusions. We address We have documented that much of the phase of the batholith. the following issues: (1) Ague and Brandon’s at- batholith was folded during final crystalliza- tempt to determine a paleobarometric surface in tion and that folding and ductile shear contin- REGIONAL RELATIONSHIPS the Mount Stuart batholith; (2) regional relation- ued in four domains during subsolidus cooling ships that may bear on possible tilt directions; of the batholith (Miller and Paterson, 1992, The only “regional relationships” that Ague (3) direction of motion of the Windy Pass thrust; 1994; Paterson et al., 1994). Although the and Brandon (1996, p. 482) offered in support of and (4) interpretation of existing paleomagnetic magnitude of displacement in these domains is their proposed tilt direction is that “From north- data. We hope that our comment emphasizes the generally unknown, at least in one case northwest to south-southeast across the Mount complexity of data sets from the Mount Stuart re- (Tumwater Mountain shear zone described Stuart area, one moves in an [stratigraphic] up- gion and thus the need for caution when inter- by Miller and Paterson, 1992, 1994) it was section direction from the Chiwaukum Schist preting its geologic history. enough to change pressures across the zone through the Ingalls ophiolite into the uncon- by >2 kbar (Paterson et al., 1994; see also formably overlying sedimentary strata of the PALEOBAROMETRIC SURFACES Magloughlin, 1994). Existing paleomagnetic Swauk Formation.” However, the contact be- and structural data (see the following) also in- tween the Chiwaukum Schist and Ingalls Com- Ague and Brandon (1996) noted that for dicate that the batholith may have undergone plex is the Windy Pass fault, which was active their technique to work the following three as- subsolidus rotations, but not as a single rigid during emplacement of the Mount Stuart sumptions must be met: (1) reliable measure- block (e.g., Beck et al., 1981; Lund et al., batholith, and likely displayed major ramps ments of crystallization pressures must be 1993, Paterson et al., 1994). Data summarized rather than forming a single, subhorizontal planar available; (2) barometric surfaces are planar in Paterson et al. (1994) and Davidson and surface (Paterson et al., 1994). The Ingalls- Evans (1995) indicate that a pressure increase Swauk contact represents a basin margin that *E-mail: [email protected] caused by loading of the batholith and its host formed well after emplacement, and the Swauk GSA Bulletin; May 1998; v. 110; no. 5; p. 685–690. 685 DISCUSSION AND REPLY Formation was unlikely to have extended for any PALEOMAGNETIC DATA main incompatible or poorly understood. How- significant distance laterally over the Ingalls ever, we also believe that the greatest understand- Complex and Chiwaukum Schist (cf. Taylor As noted by Ague and Brandon (1996), ing of the geology of this region will eventually et al., 1988). Furthermore, significant segments Lund and coworkers (Lund et al., 1993, 1994; come from an integration of these data sets rather of the Ingalls-Swauk contact have been modified Paterson et al., 1994) collected new paleomag- than an emphasis on a single set. by Eocene or younger faulting (Tabor et al., netic data from the Mount Stuart batholith. This Ague and Brandon (1996), emphasizing a sin- 1982; Miller et al., 1990). Thus, the Chiwaukum- study (as stated in Paterson et al., 1994) was gle data set, reached conclusions about pa- Ingalls-Swauk complex is largely a structural se- able to reproduce, and is completely compatible leobarometric surfaces in the Mount Stuart quence that in part reflects lateral variations in with, the Beck et al. (1981) results. We thus find batholith, possible tilt directions, direction of mo- geology and may easily record effects other than it surprising that Ague and Brandon chose to ac- tion of the Windy Pass thrust, and interpretations tilting. In addition, one may also move from the cept only the older and less-extensive results of of existing paleomagnetic data that we feel are Chiwaukum Schist through the Ingalls ophiolite Beck et al. (1981). In addition, we urge caution not justified given evaluation of all data sets. and into overlying Tertiary sedimentary strata in in interpretation of either data set. Magnetic However, we support two of the main points of a southwest, southeast, east, and northeast direc- remanence values are weak in this batholith and their paper: (1) when certain assumptions are tion rather than only to the south-southeast, as questions remain about the magnetic carrier, the met, calculation of paleobarometric surfaces is a stated by Ague and Brandon. timing of magnetic remanence, and the signifi- useful tool for evaluating geologic and paleo- We were disappointed that Ague and Brandon cance of patterns of the paleomagnetic values. magnetic data; and (2) available data do not re- (1996) did not discuss regional structural pat- However, initial conclusions using both data quire large tilts of the Mount Stuart batholith, terns, metamorphism, and in part geochronologic sets are intriguing. In contrast to statements thus permitting large latitudinal displacement data sets, which have been used previously to ar- made by Ague and Brandon (1996), these data since Cretaceous time. gue for a northeast-up tilt (e.g., Beck et al., 1981; indicate that (1) paleomagnetic results are avail- Haugerud, 1987). Without at least some mention able for the northern loaded part of the REFERENCES CITED of these data sets, and discussion of why they batholith; (2) widespread pyrrhotite and in local conclude that their paleobarometric data set is domains magnetite dominate the magnetic min- Ague, J. J., and Brandon, M. T., 1996, Regional tilt of the Mount Stuart batholith, Washington, determined using more reliable, we feel that it leaves readers with eralogy; (3) paleomagnetic results preserve both aluminum-in-hornblende barometry: Implications for the an overly simplistic view of regional relation- normal polarity (southeast “unloaded” domain) northward translation of Baja British Columbia: Geolog- ical Society of America Bulletin v. 108, p. 471–488. ships and thus possible tilt scenarios. It would be and reversed polarity (northwest “loaded” do- Anderson, J. L., 1996, Status of thermobarometry in granitic particularly helpful to know the nature and loca- main); and (4) the paleomagnetic results require batholiths: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, tion of structure(s), given their conclusion of a vertical axis rotation of 20°–40° between at Earth Sciences v. 87, p. 125–138. Anderson, J. L., 1997, Regional tilt of the Mount Stuart northeast-trending tilt axis, that caused their pro- least two crustal blocks, separated by a poorly batholith, Washington, determined using aluminum-in- posed tilt so that others may look for and exam- defined northwest-striking structure
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