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History (from Wikipedia) November 13, 2019 There’s a reason math things are named after physicists: 1. Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel was a German astronomer, mathematician, physicist and geodesist. He was the first astronomer who determined reliable values for the distance from the sun to another star by the method of parallax. A special type of mathematical functions were named Bessel functions after Bessel’s death, though they had originally been discovered by Daniel Bernoulli and then generalised by Bessel. 2. Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace: was a French scholar whose work was important to the devel- opment of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics) (1799–1825). This work translated the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, opening up a broader range of problems. In statistics, the Bayesian interpretation of probability was developed mainly by Laplace. 3. Adrien-Marie Legendre: Whoops, he’s a mathemetician. But much of his work was completed by Gauss. Legendre is known for the Legendre transformation, which is used to go from the Lagrangian to the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics. In thermodynamics it is also used to obtain the enthalpy and the Helmholz and Gibbs (free) energies from the internal energy. He is also the namesake of the Legendre polynomials, solutions to Legendre’s differential equation, which occur frequently in physics and engineering applications, e.g. electrostatics. 4. Carl Gottfried Neumann, while in Königsberg, studied physics with his father, and later as a working mathematician, dealt almost exclusively with problems arising from physics. Stimulated by Bernhard Riemann’s work on electrodynamics, Neumann developed a theory founded on the fi- nite propagation of electrodynamic actions, which interested Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Clausius. 1.

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On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch
Andre Koch Torres Assis On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch Abstract The electrostatic, electrodynamic and electromagnetic systems of units utilized during last century by Ampère, Gauss, Weber, Maxwell and all the others are analyzed. It is shown how the constant c was introduced in physics by Weber's force of 1846. It is shown that it has the unit of velocity and is the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge. Weber and Kohlrausch's experiment of 1855 to determine c is quoted, emphasizing that they were the first to measure this quantity and obtained the same value as that of light velocity in vacuum. It is shown how Kirchhoff in 1857 and Weber (1857-64) independently of one another obtained the fact that an electromagnetic signal propagates at light velocity along a thin wire of negligible resistivity. They obtained the telegraphy equation utilizing Weber’s action at a distance force. This was accomplished before the development of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light and before Heaviside’s work. 1. Introduction In this work the introduction of the constant c in electromagnetism by Wilhelm Weber in 1846 is analyzed. It is the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge, one of the most fundamental constants of nature. The meaning of this constant is discussed, the first measurement performed by Weber and Kohlrausch in 1855, and the derivation of the telegraphy equation by Kirchhoff and Weber in 1857. Initially the basic systems of units utilized during last century for describing electromagnetic quantities is presented, along with a short review of Weber’s electrodynamics.
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Weberˇs Planetary Model of the Atom
Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Bearbeitet von Andre Koch Torres Assis, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr 1. Auflage 2011. Taschenbuch. 184 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 8424 0241 6 Format (B x L): 17 x 22 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Physik Allgemein schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Figure 0.1: Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891) Foto: Gudrun Wolfschmidt in der Sternwarte in Göttingen 2 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Band 19 Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt Hamburg: tredition science 2011 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Hg. von Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Technik, Universität Hamburg – ISSN 1610-6164 Diese Reihe „Nuncius Hamburgensis“ wird gefördert von der Hans Schimank-Gedächtnisstiftung. Dieser Titel wurde inspiriert von „Sidereus Nuncius“ und von „Wandsbeker Bote“. Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt: Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom. Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt. Nuncius Hamburgensis – Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Band 19. Hamburg: tredition science 2011. Abbildung auf dem Cover vorne und Titelblatt: Wilhelm Weber (Kohlrausch, F. (Oswalds Klassiker Nr. 142) 1904, Frontispiz) Frontispiz: Wilhelm Weber (1804–1891) (Feyerabend 1933, nach S.
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Weber Quoting Maxwell
Weber quoting Maxwell Zur Anseinandcrsetzun!!; zwit;chen der Weberschen Theorie del" Elektrizitat lind der emfkommenden lVIaxwelIschen Elektrodynaillik Andf(~ Koch Torres Assis, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil, and Karl Heinrich \Vicdcrkehr, Hamburg Zusamrnenfassung Die Abhandlllllg spt7:t sidl mit del' Ablos\lll!-\ der iilterPIl Ekktrodynamik vou \Vilhdill \Ve bef und Fran;. Npumunll durch die .\laxwf'lJschr Theoric im lebten Drittel des 19. .lahr h\llldf'rt~ aus!'inClIHirr. AuflliingrT fiir die Darst.ellllng der Pl'oblcl11<Jtik sind <iiI" w€nigen i':ltatp, dk sidl bci VI/ilhe]m \Ve!wr findcn. Di(' Diskuf'sioll wUrci(' daIllals h,mpt~iicblich (lurch Carl Nculllanu lind Johann Karl Friedrich Z;ii1hwr gcfUhrt" Ikidc warell cngagienE' und !eidpIIschaftlidlP AnhiiTlger lind Vertei<iiger (\r-~r \\"f'bcr~dlPII Sieht uml Darstl'lluIlg der Thl'orie von d('r ElekLrb:iUit" Streit,pnnkte waf(~n (1) dk N<l,hwirkungHtlH'orie, die mit dem \laxwell~c1wn Feldkoll7Ppt identiHch illt unci 1m Gegel1H<l,tz zur FermvirkUllg-~theorie (Pro toLyp: ~ewtonscheH Gravitati()lI~gesetz) c,t,anli, und (2) die Annalilne der ExiSlenz piner ~ub~tant.iellen EkktrizitiiL \V("\H'r beharrte his ;;ulpt7.t auf scinPHl Konzept nnt! entwickeite ein ,\t,omnH)(\ell, d,u.; ab Vor~tufe des Jlutherford-Hohr~chE'n At()lllIllOdcJl~ angesehen wer den kalln. Konsen~ bestand Lei den absoluten eiektrischpn :'\,Ia.i;sYHt,emen. J_ Cl. lvI~wel1 Ii\..'; au~ d('lll Kohlransch-\VclwT-E::qJPrinwnt die LirhtgeHthwindigkeit heraU'" die flir ~eine ('lektnJInagnl'tiHthc l .. ichttheorie cine wiehtige Stiitze war. Da.s absolnte elektrornagneLi~che I\IaJ~SVHr,em (\icnLe <lh Crul1dlagp fur die InternaLionalen 'l\Iar~einheiten 1881.
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The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field
The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field Frederick David Tombe Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom [email protected] 15th February 2006, Philippine Islands Abstract. The historical linkage between optics and electromagnetism can be traced back to a paper published in the year 1856 by Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch. By discharging a Leyden Jar (a capacitor), they showed that the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge is numerically equal to the directly measured speed of light. Weber interpreted this result as meaning that the speed of light is a kind of escape velocity for electricity in motion, such as would enable the associated magnetic force to overcome the electrostatic force. An alternative interpretation was advanced a few years later by James Clerk-Maxwell who connected the result to the elasticity in an all pervading solid medium that serves as the carrier of light waves. As a consequence, he concluded that light waves are electromagnetic undulations. These two perspectives can be reconciled by linking the speed of light to the circumferential speed of the molecular vortices which Maxwell believed to be the constituent particles of the solid luminiferous medium. If we consider these molecular vortices to be tiny electric current circulations, magnetic repulsion can then be explained in terms of centrifugal force. And if these molecular vortices should take the form of an electron and a positron in mutual orbit, we can then also explain magnetic attraction in terms of the more fundamental electrostatic force being channeled through space along double helix chains that constitute magnetic lines of force.
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Research Papers-Mechanics / Electrodynamics/Download/7797
The Full Significance of the Speed of Light Frederick David Tombe, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, [email protected] 15th June 2019 Abstract. In the year 1855, German physicists Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch performed a landmark experiment of profound significance. By discharging a Leyden jar (a capacitor), they linked the speed of light to the ratio between electrostatic and electrodynamic units of charge. This experiment was electromagnetism’s Rosetta Stone because the result can be used to, (i) identify the speed of light as the speed of circulation of electric current, (ii) identify the speed of light as the speed of electromagnetic waves through a dielectric solid that pervades all of space, while noting that inertial centrifugal force and dipole fields share in common an inverse cube law in distance. The result can also be used to, (iii) identify magnetic repulsion as a centrifugal force, and hence to establish the double helix pattern that characterizes magnetic lines of force. Weber’s Interpretation I. Weber and Kohlrausch’s 1855 experiment involved discharging a Leyden jar (a capacitor) that had been storing a known amount of charge in electrostatic units, and then seeing how long it took for a unit of electric current, as measured in electrodynamic units, to produce the same deflection in a galvanometer [1]. From these readings they discovered that the ratio of the two systems of units was equal to c√2 where c is the directly measured speed of light, although it’s not clear that they immediately noticed the numerical value of c explicitly. Had they however used electromagnetic units instead of electrodynamic units for the electric current, the result would have stood out as c exactly.
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– by Julia Cipo, Holger Kersten –
THE GAS DISCHARGE PHYSICS IN THE 19th CENTURY (PART I) – by Julia Cipo, Holger Kersten – Sir Vasily Humphry Petrov * July 19th, 1761 in Oboyan, Russia Davy † August 5th, 1834 in Saint Petersburg, Russia * December 17th, 1778 in Penzance, Cornwall in England Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov was a russian physicist and member of the Russian † May 29th, 1829 in Genf, Switzerland *4 Academy of Sciences. After A.Volta introduced his voltaic battery in the year *1 1800, Petrov began constructing a larger battery by using 4200 copper and zinc Sir Humphry Davy was an english chemist, inventor and presi- discs, stowed in four huge boxes. The boxes were about 3 m long and placed dent of the Royal Society. Unaware of Petrov’s work, Davy con- parallel to each other. They alternately ended with zinc and copper, so when structed a larger voltaic battery with an electrode area of 80 m2. connected they could be used as a serial circuit of Using his huge battery in 1807 he could decompose potash and 4200 electric cells. The motivation of building an soda by gaining the metals potassium and sodium. Later he could “enormous” battery as called by Petrov was the obtain barium, calcium, strontium and magnesium. During these observation of new effects. In his report of the experiments he experienced new gas discharge phenomena such year 1803 “Announcements on Galvano-Volta- as continuous arcs, which he presented often in front of a large ic experiments” he describes the observation of aristocratic audience. In his Bakerian Lecture he writes: “By the ar- *5 the ﬁ rst continuous arc discharge.
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The Ampère House and the Museum of Electricity, Poleymieux Au Mont D’Or, France (Near Lyon)
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Gauss and Weber's Creation of the Absolute System of Units Inphysics
Gauss and Weber's Creation of The Absolute System of Units InPhysics by Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karin Reich, and Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr A specialist in Weber's electrodynamics, and leading Museum or the City 01 Gottmgeo biographers of Weber and Gauss, tell how Gauss's 7832 Wifhelm Weber (1804-1891J. Physics work in magnetism changed physics, and led to Wilhelm professor in Gottingen from 1831; expeffed Weber's development of the laws of electricity. by the King Ernst Augustus in 1837. ere we discuss the work of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777- bodies. A "terrestrial current" flowing over the surface of the 1 ~55) in mag~etism, centering o~r analysis in his work Earth from east to west, according to Ampere, would force a H ot 1832 and Its consequences tor physics.1 We also magnetic compass needle to its orientation. analyze the extension of this line of research accomplished by Beyond this general interest in the themes of magnetism and Gauss's collaborator Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891 ).2 electromagnetism, there were two key factors which motivat Electricity and magnetism had become very active fields by ed Gauss to initiate his real work in this field: the direct influ the 18305, when Gauss turned his full attention to them. The ence of Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1 B59) and that of his science of Earth magnetism, which until then had been isolat collaborator, Wilhelm Weber, who filled the vacant chair or ed from other fields, suddenly became a center of attention physics in Gbttingen in 1B31. Humboldt had already created when the close connection between magnetism and the sci a European network of regular, synchronous magnetic obser ence of electricity was discovered.
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The 1856 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)
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Carl Friedrich Gauss English Version
CARL FRIEDRICH G AUSS (April 30, 1777 – February 23, 1855) by HEINZ KLAUS STRICK, Germany Even during his lifetime, the Braunschweig (Brunswick) native CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS was called princeps mathematicorum, the prince of mathematics. The number of his important mathematical discoveries is truly astounding. His unusual talent was recognized when he was still in elementary school. It is told that the nine-year-old GAUSS completed almost instantly what should have been a lengthy computational exercise. The teacher, one Herr Bu¨ttner, had presented to the class the addition exercise 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100. GAUSS’s trick in arriving at the sum 5050 was this: Working from outside to inside, he calculated the sums of the biggest and smallest numbers, 1 + 100, 2 + 99, 3 + 98, . , 50 + 51, which gives fifty times 101. Herr BÜTTNER realized that there was not much he could offer the boy, and so he gave him a textbook on arithmetic, which GAUSS worked through on his own. Together with his assistant, MARTIN BARTELS (1769-1836), BüTTNER convinced the boy’s parents, for whom such abilities were outside their ken (the father worked as a bricklayer and butcher; the mother was practically illiterate), that their son absolutely had to be placed in a more advanced school. From age 11, GAUSS attended the Catherineum high school, and at 14, he was presented to Duke CARL WILHELM FERDINAND VON BRAUNSCHWEIG, who granted him a stipend that made it possible for him to take up studies at the Collegium Carolinum (today the University of Braunschweig). So beginning in 1795, GAUSS studied mathematics, physics, and classical philology at the University of Go¨ttingen, which boasted a more extensive library.
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