The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field
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The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field Frederick David Tombe Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom [email protected] 15th February 2006, Philippine Islands Abstract. The historical linkage between optics and electromagnetism can be traced back to a paper published in the year 1856 by Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch. By discharging a Leyden Jar (a capacitor), they showed that the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge is numerically equal to the directly measured speed of light. Weber interpreted this result as meaning that the speed of light is a kind of escape velocity for electricity in motion, such as would enable the associated magnetic force to overcome the electrostatic force. An alternative interpretation was advanced a few years later by James Clerk-Maxwell who connected the result to the elasticity in an all pervading solid medium that serves as the carrier of light waves. As a consequence, he concluded that light waves are electromagnetic undulations. These two perspectives can be reconciled by linking the speed of light to the circumferential speed of the molecular vortices which Maxwell believed to be the constituent particles of the solid luminiferous medium. If we consider these molecular vortices to be tiny electric current circulations, magnetic repulsion can then be explained in terms of centrifugal force. And if these molecular vortices should take the form of an electron and a positron in mutual orbit, we can then also explain magnetic attraction in terms of the more fundamental electrostatic force being channeled through space along double helix chains that constitute magnetic lines of force. Introduction I. The idea that space is dielectric can be inferred from Kepler’s second law of planetary motion. This law, which is essentially the law of conservation of angular momentum, can be used to show that centrifugal force is an outward radial pressure that obeys the inverse cube law in distance. Whereby the inverse square law of gravity indicates a monopole field, the inverse cube law suggests that space contains an electric dipole field as well. The dielectric nature of space might also be inferred from the electric capacitor circuit in the dynamic state. It is unlikely that the surrounding magnetic field will discontinue in the capacitor region while the current is 1 flowing. When a dielectric slab is present in the space between the capacitor plates, we acknowledge the existence of a polarization current. There is no reason to assume that the situation should be any different when the dielectric slab is not present. Since a wave requires a medium of propagation, and since light exhibits wave behavior, it is reasonable to assume that a dielectric luminiferous medium pervades all of space. It then becomes necessary to explain how such a dielectric medium permits the inverse square law of gravity to act in tandem with the inverse cube law of centrifugal force. The Aether (The Electric Fluid) II. ET Whittaker wrote “ - - - All space, according to the young [John] Bernoulli, is permeated by a fluid Aether, containing an immense number of excessively small whirlpools. The elasticity which the Aether appears to possess, and in virtue of which it is able to transmit vibrations, is really due to the presence of these whirlpools; for, owing to centrifugal force, each whirlpool is continually striving to dilate, and so presses against the neighbouring whirlpools - - -”. [1] John Bernoulli was working on the refraction of light. In 1861, James Clerk-Maxwell attempted to explain the magnetic field in terms of a sea of such excessively small whirlpools. In his paper “On Physical Lines of Force” [2], he used such a concept to explain magnetism on the basis that these vortices are aligned solenoidally with their rotation axes tracing out magnetic lines of force. He explained magnetic attraction between unlike poles in terms of a tension existing along the lines of force that connect directly between the two poles. In the case of magnetic repulsion, magnetic field lines spread laterally outwards in the space between two like poles. Maxwell explained the repulsion as being due to centrifugal pressure existing in the equatorial plane of the vortices, hence causing a lateral pressure between the lines of force. Maxwell’s model can be better understood if we replace his molecular vortices with rotating electron- positron dipoles, each of which consists of an electron in a mutual circular orbit with a positron. [3] Such a vortex will then double for both an electric dipole and a magnetic dipole. Aether (electric fluid or free electricity) is the stuff of all matter. Electrons will be considered to be sinks in the aether. Aether is pulled into these electron sinks, hence causing a tension in the surrounding aether which will cause a ‘pull force’ to act on other particles. A positron is an aether source from which a pressurized fountain of aether emerges. The aether is dynamical, compressible, stretchable, and it gives fluids their characteristics. There will be a vector A equal to ρv, where ρ is the density of the aether, and v is the velocity of an element of the aether relative to the rest of the aether. Modern textbooks refer to A as the ‘magnetic vector potential’, but it more accurately constitutes a 2 momentum per unit volume. The vector A can represent both gravity and electric current. Free electric current is however commonly denoted by the symbol J, whereas A tends to be reserved for the circulating current in a molecular vortex. Maxwell identified the quantity A with Faraday’s electrotonic state. If we keep the aether density constant in time, we can expand the force expression F = dA/dt to obtain, F = ∂A/∂t − v×B + (A.v) (1) where B =×A. See Appendix A. Eq. (1) is recognizable as the ‘Lorentz force’, but the terms in the Lorentz force appeared in Eqs. (5) and (77) of Maxwell’s 1861 paper, which was written when Lorentz was only eight years old. It would be more accurately called the ‘Maxwell Force’. Taking the curl of Eq. (1) we obtain, ×F = ∂B/∂t + (v.)B = dB/dt (2) which is a total time derivative expansion of Eq. (54) in Maxwell’s 1861 paper. See Appendix B. Oliver Heaviside always referred to Maxwell’s Eq. (54) as Faraday’s law, even though it is not strictly speaking Faraday’s law as such. Maxwell’s Eq. (54) is similar to Faraday’s law, but it doesn’t account for convectively induced electromotive force. The first term on the right hand side of Eq. (1) represents the force due to tension or pressure in the aether. Around a sink or a source, this tension or pressure can be split into a radial (irrotational) component and a transverse (angular) component. The irrotational radial component can be represented in the form Ψ, where Ψ is a scalar potential function. The second and third terms on the right hand side of Eq. (1) can each be either the Coriolis force or the centrifugal force. In a sea of molecular vortices, these convective forces can manifest themselves in a number of fashions. The transverse Coriolis force arises in cyclones and in non-circular planetary orbits in conjunction with the conservation of angular momentum. We also witness a Coriolis force in a rigid rotating body when it is forced to precess. This induced Coriolis force can prevent a gyroscope from toppling under gravity. Centrifugal force acting on the individual elements of a rigid body that is rotating on an asymmetrical axis causes the rotation to realign. This can completely reverse the direction of rotation, as is witnessed in the case of a rattleback. Centrifugal pressure in the electron-positron sea keeps the planets from falling down, while differential centrifugal pressure between air molecules, above and below a wing, keeps aeroplanes in flight. The convective forces are also responsible for both the magnetic force that is induced on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field, 3 and the induced electromotive force in a wire that is moving at right angles through a magnetic field. The Double Helix Alignment III. Lenz’s law can be understood on the basis that any stretching of the aether will have a tendency to tighten the electron sinks and to widen the positron sources. This will result in the generation of aether pressure that will oppose the tension that has created it. Tension in the aether may be caused by 1) stretching the dipoles linearly, hence causing them to precess, and 2) stretching the dipoles torsionally so as to increase their vorticity. These actions both lead to the centrifugal and Coriolis pressures that underlie magnetization and gyroscopy. When a dipole is caused to precess out of its solenoidal alignment, it will be forced back into line again by induced aether pressure, and during this process, the circumferential motion of the electrons and the positrons will be deflected at right angles into the axial direction. This fundamental axial Coriolis force underlies Ampère’s Circuital Law. In the solenoidal equilibrium state, the electron-positron dipoles, all rotating in the same direction, will be aligned in a double helix fashion, with their rotation axes tracing out magnetic lines of force. An electrostatic tension will exist along these lines of force due to the fact that the electrons and the positrons will be alternately stacked. See Fig. 1, Fig. 1. A single magnetic tube of force. The electrons are shown in red and the positrons are shown in black. The double helix is rotating about its axis with a circumferential speed equal to the speed of light, and the rotation axis represents the magnetic field vector H.