Weber Quoting Maxwell
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
3.Joule's Experiments
The Force of Gravity Creates Energy: The “Work” of James Prescott Joule http://www.bookrags.com/biography/james-prescott-joule-wsd/ James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) was the son of a successful British brewer. He tinkered with the tools of his father’s trade (particularly thermometers), and despite never earning an undergraduate degree, he was able to answer two rather simple questions: 1. Why is the temperature of the water at the bottom of a waterfall higher than the temperature at the top? 2. Why does an electrical current flowing through a conductor raise the temperature of water? In order to adequately investigate these questions on our own, we need to first define “temperature” and “energy.” Second, we should determine how the measurement of temperature can relate to “heat” (as energy). Third, we need to find relationships that might exist between temperature and “mechanical” energy and also between temperature and “electrical” energy. Definitions: Before continuing, please write down what you know about temperature and energy below. If you require more space, use the back. Temperature: Energy: We have used the concept of gravity to show how acceleration of freely falling objects is related mathematically to distance, time, and speed. We have also used the relationship between net force applied through a distance to define “work” in the Harvard Step Test. Now, through the work of Joule, we can equate the concepts of “work” and “energy”: Energy is the capacity of a physical system to do work. Potential energy is “stored” energy, kinetic energy is “moving” energy. One type of potential energy is that induced by the gravitational force between two objects held at a distance (there are other types of potential energy, including electrical, magnetic, chemical, nuclear, etc). -
On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch
Andre Koch Torres Assis On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch Abstract The electrostatic, electrodynamic and electromagnetic systems of units utilized during last century by Ampère, Gauss, Weber, Maxwell and all the others are analyzed. It is shown how the constant c was introduced in physics by Weber's force of 1846. It is shown that it has the unit of velocity and is the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge. Weber and Kohlrausch's experiment of 1855 to determine c is quoted, emphasizing that they were the first to measure this quantity and obtained the same value as that of light velocity in vacuum. It is shown how Kirchhoff in 1857 and Weber (1857-64) independently of one another obtained the fact that an electromagnetic signal propagates at light velocity along a thin wire of negligible resistivity. They obtained the telegraphy equation utilizing Weber’s action at a distance force. This was accomplished before the development of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light and before Heaviside’s work. 1. Introduction In this work the introduction of the constant c in electromagnetism by Wilhelm Weber in 1846 is analyzed. It is the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge, one of the most fundamental constants of nature. The meaning of this constant is discussed, the first measurement performed by Weber and Kohlrausch in 1855, and the derivation of the telegraphy equation by Kirchhoff and Weber in 1857. Initially the basic systems of units utilized during last century for describing electromagnetic quantities is presented, along with a short review of Weber’s electrodynamics. -
Weberˇs Planetary Model of the Atom
Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Bearbeitet von Andre Koch Torres Assis, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr 1. Auflage 2011. Taschenbuch. 184 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 8424 0241 6 Format (B x L): 17 x 22 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Physik Allgemein schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Figure 0.1: Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891) Foto: Gudrun Wolfschmidt in der Sternwarte in Göttingen 2 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Band 19 Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt Hamburg: tredition science 2011 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Hg. von Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Technik, Universität Hamburg – ISSN 1610-6164 Diese Reihe „Nuncius Hamburgensis“ wird gefördert von der Hans Schimank-Gedächtnisstiftung. Dieser Titel wurde inspiriert von „Sidereus Nuncius“ und von „Wandsbeker Bote“. Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt: Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom. Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt. Nuncius Hamburgensis – Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Band 19. Hamburg: tredition science 2011. Abbildung auf dem Cover vorne und Titelblatt: Wilhelm Weber (Kohlrausch, F. (Oswalds Klassiker Nr. 142) 1904, Frontispiz) Frontispiz: Wilhelm Weber (1804–1891) (Feyerabend 1933, nach S. -
A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW of BASIC ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS for FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNICIANS Part 1 – Basic Electrical Concepts
A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF BASIC ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS FOR FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNICIANS Part 1 – Basic Electrical Concepts Gerry Pickens Atmos Energy 810 Crescent Centre Drive Franklin, TN 37067 The efficient operation and maintenance of electrical and metal. Later, he was able to cause muscular contraction electronic systems utilized in the natural gas industry is by touching the nerve with different metal probes without substantially determined by the technician’s skill in electrical charge. He concluded that the animal tissue applying the basic concepts of electrical circuitry. This contained an innate vital force, which he termed “animal paper will discuss the basic electrical laws, electrical electricity”. In fact, it was Volta’s disagreement with terms and control signals as they apply to natural gas Galvani’s theory of animal electricity that led Volta, in measurement systems. 1800, to build the voltaic pile to prove that electricity did not come from animal tissue but was generated by contact There are four basic electrical laws that will be discussed. of different metals in a moist environment. This process They are: is now known as a galvanic reaction. Ohm’s Law Recently there is a growing dispute over the invention of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law the battery. It has been suggested that the Bagdad Kirchhoff’s Current Law Battery discovered in 1938 near Bagdad was the first Watts Law battery. The Bagdad battery may have been used by Persians over 2000 years ago for electroplating. To better understand these laws a clear knowledge of the electrical terms referred to by the laws is necessary. Voltage can be referred to as the amount of electrical These terms are: pressure in a circuit. -
History (From Wikipedia)
History (from Wikipedia) November 13, 2019 There’s a reason math things are named after physicists: 1. Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel was a German astronomer, mathematician, physicist and geodesist. He was the first astronomer who determined reliable values for the distance from the sun to another star by the method of parallax. A special type of mathematical functions were named Bessel functions after Bessel’s death, though they had originally been discovered by Daniel Bernoulli and then generalised by Bessel. 2. Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace: was a French scholar whose work was important to the devel- opment of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics) (1799–1825). This work translated the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, opening up a broader range of problems. In statistics, the Bayesian interpretation of probability was developed mainly by Laplace. 3. Adrien-Marie Legendre: Whoops, he’s a mathemetician. But much of his work was completed by Gauss. Legendre is known for the Legendre transformation, which is used to go from the Lagrangian to the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics. In thermodynamics it is also used to obtain the enthalpy and the Helmholz and Gibbs (free) energies from the internal energy. He is also the namesake of the Legendre polynomials, solutions to Legendre’s differential equation, which occur frequently in physics and engineering applications, e.g. electrostatics. 4. Carl Gottfried Neumann, while in Königsberg, studied physics with his father, and later as a working mathematician, dealt almost exclusively with problems arising from physics. -
The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field
The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field Frederick David Tombe Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom [email protected] 15th February 2006, Philippine Islands Abstract. The historical linkage between optics and electromagnetism can be traced back to a paper published in the year 1856 by Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch. By discharging a Leyden Jar (a capacitor), they showed that the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge is numerically equal to the directly measured speed of light. Weber interpreted this result as meaning that the speed of light is a kind of escape velocity for electricity in motion, such as would enable the associated magnetic force to overcome the electrostatic force. An alternative interpretation was advanced a few years later by James Clerk-Maxwell who connected the result to the elasticity in an all pervading solid medium that serves as the carrier of light waves. As a consequence, he concluded that light waves are electromagnetic undulations. These two perspectives can be reconciled by linking the speed of light to the circumferential speed of the molecular vortices which Maxwell believed to be the constituent particles of the solid luminiferous medium. If we consider these molecular vortices to be tiny electric current circulations, magnetic repulsion can then be explained in terms of centrifugal force. And if these molecular vortices should take the form of an electron and a positron in mutual orbit, we can then also explain magnetic attraction in terms of the more fundamental electrostatic force being channeled through space along double helix chains that constitute magnetic lines of force. -
Submission from Pat Naughtin
Inquiry into Australia's future oil supply and alternative transport fuels Submission from Pat Naughtin Dear Committee members, My submission will be short and simple, and it applies to all four terms of reference. Here is my submission: When you are writing your report on this inquiry, could you please confine yourself to using the International System Of Units (SI) especially when you are referring to amounts of energy. SI has only one unit for energy — joule — with these multiples to measure larger amounts of energy — kilojoules, megajoules, gigajoules, terajoules, petajoules, exajoules, zettajoules, and yottajoules. This is the end of my submission. Supporting material You probably need to know a few things about this submission. What is the legal situation? See 1 Legal issues. Why is this submission needed? See 2 Deliberate confusion. Is the joule the right unit to use? See 3 Chronology of the joule. Why am I making a submission to your inquiry? See: 4 Why do I care about energy issues and the joule? Who is Pat Naughtin and does he know what he's talking about? See below signature. Cheers and best wishes with your inquiry, Pat Naughtin ASM (NSAA), LCAMS (USMA)* PO Box 305, Belmont, Geelong, Australia Phone 61 3 5241 2008 Pat Naughtin is the editor of the 'Numbers and measurement' chapter of the Australian Government Publishing Service 'Style manual – for writers, editors and printers'; he is a Member of the National Speakers Association of Australia and the International Association of Professional Speakers. He is a Lifetime Certified Advanced Metrication Specialist (LCAMS) with the United States Metric Association. -
Research Papers-Mechanics / Electrodynamics/Download/7797
The Full Significance of the Speed of Light Frederick David Tombe, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, [email protected] 15th June 2019 Abstract. In the year 1855, German physicists Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch performed a landmark experiment of profound significance. By discharging a Leyden jar (a capacitor), they linked the speed of light to the ratio between electrostatic and electrodynamic units of charge. This experiment was electromagnetism’s Rosetta Stone because the result can be used to, (i) identify the speed of light as the speed of circulation of electric current, (ii) identify the speed of light as the speed of electromagnetic waves through a dielectric solid that pervades all of space, while noting that inertial centrifugal force and dipole fields share in common an inverse cube law in distance. The result can also be used to, (iii) identify magnetic repulsion as a centrifugal force, and hence to establish the double helix pattern that characterizes magnetic lines of force. Weber’s Interpretation I. Weber and Kohlrausch’s 1855 experiment involved discharging a Leyden jar (a capacitor) that had been storing a known amount of charge in electrostatic units, and then seeing how long it took for a unit of electric current, as measured in electrodynamic units, to produce the same deflection in a galvanometer [1]. From these readings they discovered that the ratio of the two systems of units was equal to c√2 where c is the directly measured speed of light, although it’s not clear that they immediately noticed the numerical value of c explicitly. Had they however used electromagnetic units instead of electrodynamic units for the electric current, the result would have stood out as c exactly. -
Applied Electromagnetics
Dan Sievenpiper - UCSD, 858-822-6678,[email protected] Applied Electromagnetics Dan Sievenpiper, 2018-10-29 1 Dan Sievenpiper - UCSD, 858-822-6678,[email protected] History: A Few of the Early Pioneers in Electromagnetics Andre-Marie Ampere Michael Faraday James C. Maxwell Heinrich Hertz Invented telegraph Invented electric motor Unified electricity, magnetism Proved existence of (among many other things) (among many other things) and light into one theory electromagnetic waves Guglielmo Many, many others: Nicola Tesla Marconi • Alessandro Volta • James Prescott Joule • Georg Simon Ohm • Charles William Siemens • Charles-Augustin Coulomb • Joseph Henry • Wilhelm Eduard Weber • Hans Christian Orsted Invented AC, wireless Invented radio • … communication 2 power transfer Dan Sievenpiper - UCSD, 858-822-6678,[email protected] Courses in Applied Electromagnetics • Undergrad Courses – ECE107 – Electromagnetism – ECE123 – Antenna Systems Engineering – ECE166 – Microwave Systems and Circuits – ECE182 – Electromagnetic Optics, Guided-wave and Fiber Optics • Graduate Courses – ECE221 – Magnetic Materials Principles and Applications – ECE222A – Antennas and their System Applications – ECE222B – Electromagnetic Theory – ECE222C – Computational Methods for Electromagnetics – ECE222D – Advanced Antenna Design 3 Dan Sievenpiper - UCSD, 858-822-6678,[email protected] ECE107 Electromagnetism • Electrostatics, magnetostatics • Vector analysis • Maxwell’s equations • Plane waves, reflection, refraction • Electromagnetic -
Measurements of Electrical Quantities - Ján Šaliga
PHYSICAL METHODS, INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS - Measurements Of Electrical Quantities - Ján Šaliga MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES Ján Šaliga Department of Electronics and Multimedia Telecommunication, Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic Keywords: basic electrical quantities, electric voltage, electric current, electric charge, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, electrical power, digital multimeter, digital oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, vector signal analyzer, impedance bridge. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Basic electrical quantities 2.1. Electric current and charge 2.2. Electric voltage 2.3. Resistance, capacitance, inductance and impedance 2.4 Electrical power and electrical energy 3. Voltage, current and power representation in time and frequency 3. 1. Time domain 3. 2. Frequency domain 4. Parameters of electrical quantities. 5. Measurement methods and instrumentations 5.1. Voltage, current and resistance measuring instruments 5.1.1. Meters 5.1.2. Oscilloscopes 5.1.3. Spectrum and signal analyzers 5.2. Electrical power and energy measuring instruments 5.2.1. Transition power meters 5.2.2. Absorption power meters 5.3. Capacitance, inductance and resistance measuring instruments 6. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography BiographicalUNESCO Sketch – EOLSS Summary In this work, a SAMPLEfundamental overview of measurement CHAPTERS of electrical quantities is given, including units of their measurement. Electrical quantities are of various properties and have different characteristics. They also differ in the frequency range and spectral content from dc up to tens of GHz and the level range from nano and micro units up to Mega and Giga units. No single instrument meets all these requirements even for only one quantity, and therefore the measurement of electrical quantities requires a wide variety of techniques and instrumentations to perform a required measurement. -
Lindley, D., Never at Rest, American Scientist, 96, 504-508
Never at Rest » American Scientist http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/id.4826,content.true,cs... BOOK REVIEW Never at Rest David Lindley KELVIN: Life, Labours and Legacy. Edited by Raymond Flood, Mark McCartney and Andrew Whitaker. 376 pp. Oxford University Press, 2008. $110. Lord Kelvin, especially in the last decades of his long life, was a genuine celebrity. Beyond his achievements in science, he had gained prominence for his forays into industrial engineering—his efforts were crucial to the success of the transatlantic telegraph cable—and had established himself as one of the earliest examples of what we might call a technologist, a man who applied scientific principles to commercial ventures. He made himself wealthy in the process, rose to the peerage and traveled widely. His visits to North America were noted on the front page of the New York Times and other newspapers, and reporters eagerly sought out his views—which he was equally eager to supply—on science, industry, commerce, even politics. On his death in 1907, at the age of 83, he was interred next to Isaac Newton in Westminster Abbey, to reside forever alongside perhaps the most supreme mind of science. But how quickly his star faded! To be sure, he died just as the emergence of radioactivity, quantum theory and relativity transformed physics, but still, we remember and celebrate such contemporaries of Kelvin as James Clerk Maxwell, Michael Faraday, James Prescott Joule and Ludwig Boltzmann. In his day, Kelvin was far better known than any of them, but in 1999, when the U.K. Institute of Physics polled its members for the top physicists of all time, Kelvin didn't even crack the top 30. -
James Prescott Joule
READING COMPREHENSION JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) was born in Salford, near and the square of the current Manchester, Great Britain. He studied mainly within the itself. He had thus discovered walls of the family home, was self-taught, and was interested what we now call the Joule effect in electromagnetism (at the time, the main field of study in (or Joule’s first law). physics); his scientific research appeared very meticulous from But the great insights of the the beginning, so much so that in 1839, when he was just 21 British physicist did not stop years old, he constructed a fully functioning laboratory inside there. A brilliant and tireless his home and devoted himself to the study of the efficiency of experimenter, Joule was able to electric motors. So it was that in a short time he became the build mechanical apparatuses with which he demonstrated the greatest expert on the theory of heat of his era. link between heat and mechanical work, and the possibility of After a short period of his life spent in Leiden (in the converting the one into the other, whilst maintaining their sum Netherlands), where he obtained a degree in physics, Joule constant. Joule understood that heat is nothing more than a returned to Salford to manage the brewery inherited from his form of mechanical energy and had thus set the stage for the first father, while still continuing to cultivate his passion for science. law of thermodynamics and for the principle of conservation of In 1841 he sent an article entitled On the production of heat by energy for thermodynamic systems.