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Christopher Griffith, Jack Lee, (2) Unknown NFU Professors; Middle Row: (1) Unknown Student Mentor, Maya Rudolph, Jason Wang, (1) Unknown Professor, Dr

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Christopher Griffith, Jack Lee, (2) Unknown NFU Professors; Middle Row: (1) Unknown Student Mentor, Maya Rudolph, Jason Wang, (1) Unknown Professor, Dr This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1063101 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture under Grant No. 2009-51160-05462 Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views neither of the National Science Foundation nor of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Research Experiences for Undergraduates and Graduates in China funded by the National Science Foundation & the National Institute of Food and Agriculture & proudly co-hosted by Alabama A&M University and Nanjing Forestry University 2013 REU students, mentors from AAMU and NFU, and NFU student mentors posing on Nanjing Forestry University campus, 2013. Top row: Jacob Drucker, Christopher Griffith, Jack Lee, (2) unknown NFU professors; Middle row: (1) unknown student mentor, Maya Rudolph, Jason Wang, (1) unknown professor, Dr. Gowang Liaw, (1) unknown professor, Dr. Yulong Ding, Abreeotta Williams, Michael Knotts; Front row: Gilda Naka, Melissa Dellatorre, Antionette Fowlkes, Tangelia Hatch, Jonjala Jackson, Dr. Elica Moss, Dr. Malinda Gilmore, (4) unknown student mentors. Table of Contents Preface ………………………………………………………………………………….. viii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………… vi List of participating REUG students ………………………………………………………. vii List of participating graduate students…………………………………………………… ... x List of participants ……………………………………………………………………….. xv Alabama A&M University mentors ……………………………………………. xv Nanjing Forestry University mentors …………………………………………… xvi Other participants …………….………………………………………………….. xix Other participating institutions ………………………………………………….. xx SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PAPERS Undergraduates Melissa DellaTorre ………….………………………………………………….. 2 Christopher Griffith and Jacob Drucker ………………………………………… 12 Antionette Fowlkes ……………………………………………………………… 33 Michael Knotts …………………………………………………………………. 44 Gilda Naka ……………………………………………………………………… 52 Maya Rudolph …………………………………..……………………………… 58 Sarah Katie Springthorpe ……………………………………………………….. 67 Justin Waraniak .……………………………………………………………….. 81 Tangelia Hatch ………………………………………………………………….. -- Graduates Jonjala Jackson …………………………………………………………………. 91 Abreeotta Williams ……………………………………………………………... 102 ESSAYS ON CULTURAL TRIP EXPERIENCES Undergraduates Melissa DellaTorre ………….………………………………………………….. 116 Christopher Griffith …………………..………………………………………… 122 Jacob Drucker …………………………………………………………………… 128 Antionette Fowlkes ……………………………………………………………… 132 Michael Knotts …………………………………………………………………. 137 Gilda Naka ……………………………………………………………………… 140 Maya Rudolph …………………………………..……………………………… 144 Sarah Katie Springthorpe ……………………………………………………….. 147 Justin Waraniak .……………………………………………………………….. 152 Tangelia Hatch ………………………………………………………………….. 156 Graduates Jonjala Jackson …………………………………………………………………. 159 Jack Lee …………………………………………………………………………. 164 Abreeotta Williams ……………………………………………………………... 168 Preface Alabama A&M University (AAMU) was awarded a three-year grant by the USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) International Science and Education Program (ISE) in 2009 (Grant number: 2009-51160-05462) to develop an international exchange program with China. The program is designed to strengthen AAMU's ability to develop globally competent students and faculty through collaborative partnerships with higher education institutions and research organizations in China. The program focuses on the fields of agricultural and environmental sciences. The exchange program also aims to enhance courses with international contexts to prepare and mentor students for international opportunities in agricultural and environmental sciences, as well as to add new dimensions to scientific research and teaching capabilities of AAMU faculty via exposure to international resources and technologies. Our primary Chinese partner for this program is Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), a comprehensive university with a tradition of forestry programs. In the summer of 2010 and 2011, a total of twenty-five students and faculty participated in this program and traveled to China. The development and the opportunities created by this program led to a new three-year program: Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) in China, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 2011 (Grant number: 106310). The goal of the REU program is to expose undergraduate students with an interest in pursuing a graduate research degree in science to hands-on research experiences. With two funding sources, we then created a jointed program “Research Experiences for Undergraduates and Graduates (REUG) in China” by using NIFA funding to support graduates and some faculty mentors. In the summer of 2012, we implemented this program with twelve students from six different institutions across USA and five faculty and staff members. In the summer of 2013, ten undergraduate students from seven different institutions across the U.S. (including AAMU), three AAMU graduate students, and six faculty and staff participated the REUG program. The program started with a three day orientation to prepare for international travel. Once they arrived at China, students and faculty engaged in language, cultural, and history classes at NFU. Each student was then paired with mentors—including graduate students and faculty from both universities—with similar research interests to conduct a research project. The research projects included a diversity of subjects such as " Effect of Urbanization on the Environment and Local Avifauna of Nanjing", "Foraging Ecology of Bats in Developed and Forested Areas in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China", "Identification of Various Techniques to Identify Oxidative Damage in Bamboo Plants", "Comparative Analysis of Nitrification at Poplar and Metasequoia Plantations in Jiangsu Province," and "The Diversity of Herpetofauna in Cultivated Bamboo Stands and Forested Land in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, China," among others. Students learned to design research, collect data, operate research equipment, analyze data, and communicate their research results with peers—some even with their newly learned Chinese language skills! The team took a three-day field tour to northern Jiangsu Province, including the poplar tree plantation and industry base at Shiyang County. In the early 1980s, faculty from NFU helped to introduce a hybrid poplar (genus Populus, hybridized in part from eastern cottonwood originating in Mississippi), to Shiyang. Once one of the poorest counties in China because of its high human population density, shortage of natural resources, and frequent flooding, Sheyang’s economy has been transformed, and the poplar has played a major role in its economic growth. A visit to Dafeng National Milu Reserve demonstrated the initiative and interest of Chinese to recover and protect endangered species by setting aside lands necessary for the survival of a species of deer that is extinct in the wild, the Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus), known simply as milu in China. The Chinese are working diligently to increase the population of their small herd, to eventually release individuals back into the wild. While at Nanjing, the AAMU team experienced the culture, people, and a whole host of foods that they never in their lives dreamed they would eat! They explored the city by foot, bus, taxi, and subway and became intimately familiar with the city in a way that tourists almost never experience when visiting a foreign land. Students climbed Purple Mountain; visited Dr. Sun Yat- sen’s Mausoleum; observed as weavers created hand-made silk tapestries in the Jacquard Museum; paid tribute to the fallen victims of the massacre by the Japanese during World War II, as commemorated in the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall; posed with enormous hand-carved mythical figures at the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty; celebrated the Chinese traditional Dragon Boat Festival with a big crowd of locals and foreign visitors; and visited a wide variety of stunningly beautiful gardens. During the time in China, the REUG students and faculty visited Xi'an. Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty. Since the 1990s, as part of the economic revival of interior China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xi'an has re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial and educational centre of the central-northwest region, with facilities for research and development, national security and China's space exploration program. It is now one of the most populous built-up areas in inland China with 7,168,005 inhabitants. While in X’ian, students and faculty had the opportunity to visit Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University (NAFU), where the REUG students participated in a graduation party with the university’s graduating class. Concurrent with the team’s visit to Xi’an, AAMU’s own President, Dr. Andrew Hugine, Jr. and Dean of the College of Agricultural, Life, and Natural Sciences, Dr. Lloyd Walker, visited China to reinforce on-going partnerships and initiate new ones. The faculty was present for the formal signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between NAFU and AAMU by the Presidents of both Universities. The group then visited the Terracotta Warrior museum, the most significant archaeological excavations of the 20th
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