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Language Related Research Gorani, Hawrami, and Kurdish: a Linguistic

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Language Related Research Gorani, Hawrami, and Kurdish: a Linguistic Language Related Research E-ISSN: 2383-0816 Vol.11, No.4 (Tome 58), T. M .U. September, October & November 2020 Gorani, Hawrami, and Kurdish: A Linguistic Investigation in Reply to Chamanara (1390) and Bamshadi et al (1393, 1394, 1395, 1396) Received: 31/07/2018 Mahdi Sadjadi Accepted: 5/11/2018 Ph.D in Linguistics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. ∗ Corresponding Author's Abstract E-mail: [email protected] The present research aims at investigating the linguistic relationship between Gorani, Hawrami, and Kurdish in reply to Chaman Ara (1390) and Bamshadi et al (1393, 1394, 1395, 1396). To this end, authorities ’ views in this field, linguistic, literary evidence, and the author ’s observations and linguistic intuition have been used. The study of all the cases indicates that Gorani and Hawrami are two signifiers with a single linguistic signified, separate and distinct from Kurdish: Gorani or Hawrami is not a Kurdish variety, but a separate language belonging to the northwestern branch of Iranian languages and possessing its own dialects, despite the public image. The cause of considering Gorani/ Hawrami a Kurdish variety has been only the speakers ʼ residence of these two varieties in a specific geographical area, their fusion, and the linguistic similarities between the varieties, especially lexical and morphological, resulting from the influence of Gorani/ Hawrami on Kurdish that has been the official, literary, and court language of the so-called Kurdistan until the second part of the 19 th century.The development of Kurdish nationalist movements in recent decades based on the notion of "nation- state" and "one nation-one language" in consequence of it, has also aggravated the situation leading to linguistic assimilation of most Gorans/ Hawrams and preventing them from their linguistic self-awareness Keywords : Iranian linguistics, Gorani, Hawrami, Kurdish. 327 Language Related Research E-ISSN: 2383-0816 Vol.11, No.4 (Tome 58), T. M .U. September, October & November 2020 Table Some words related to very common and general elements in Gorani (Hawrami), Assimilated Gorani/ Hawrami (Kalhori), Kalhori, Fayli, Laki, Lori, and Sorani Kurdish : ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ/ﻫﻮ راﻣﻲ ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ ﻛﺮدي ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻫﻤﮕﻮن- ﻛﻠﻬﺮي ﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻟﺮي2 (ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ) ﺳﻮراﻧﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه1 (ﻛﻠﻬﺮ ي) bɑwk bow/bowa bɑwa baw əɡ bɑwɡ bɑwək tɑta ﭘﺪر dɑjk dej/d ɑɑ dɑ dɑɫəɡ dɑɫəɡ dɑɫə k/d ɑ ʔaɹɑ ﻣﺎدر kəʧ doar/do χtər det düat düat düat kn ɑʧe دﺧﺘﺮ ɍaʃ se/se sə sja Sja sja sj ɑw ﺳﻴﺎه spi/ ʧarmu sefi/ ʔespe ʧarm ə sefed/ ʧarm əɡ ʧarm əɡ ʧarm əɡ ʧarma ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ jak ja/jek, je jak jak Jak jak jva (ﻋﺪد) ﺳﻪ se se se/se se se se se jare (ﻋﺪد) ʧɑ w teja/teja ʧam ʧam ʧaw ʧaw ʧam ﭼﺸﻢ kar χar/ χar χar χar χar/ kar χar har ﺧﺮ ʧun/ ɍoj ʃtə رﻓﺘﻦ n ɍatan/ ɍata ʧin ʧɡəɡə n ʧin ʧin lv(w) ɑj/ ʃjaj ʤo ʤo/ ʤo ʤü ʤwa ʤüa ʤüa java ﺟﻮ ʤɡ ar/ ʤar ʤəɡə r/ ʤ ﺟﮕﺮ ɡ ʤeɡr/ ʤəɡə r ʤeɡar ʤəɡə r/ ʤar ɡ ar ɡ ʤəɡə r jahar how ɑr ﺧﻮردن χwɑrd ən χardan/harda dən χwɑrd ən χwɑrd ən χwɑdən wɑrɹ(d)aj we ʤ(ʒ ﺧﻮد χo χod/ χod ) χwaj χwad χwa we bɑ bɑj/b ɑd, b ɑj vɑ wɑ wɑ wɑ v(w) ɑ ﺑﺎد bɑrɑn bɑrun/b ɑo vɑro wɑrɑn wɑrɑn wɑrɑn v(w) ɑrɑn ﺑﺎران (v(w)arv(w ﺑﺮف baf ər barf/barf vjar waf ər waf ər waf ər a ﺧﻮاﺑﻴﺪ χawt ən χosajan/hoftej vətən χaft ən χaft ən χaft ən wtaj a ن ﭘﺸﺖ pəʃt pas/po ʃt, k ət pəʃ t pəʃ t mɑzəɡ pəʃ t mɑzi (ﺑﺪن) ﻓﺮوﺧ fro ʃtən ferotan/fro χta fərut ən fru ʃə n frat ən frut ən v(w)rataj ﺗﻦ kɑr kɑr/k ɑr kɑr kɑr kɑr kɑr harm ɑna ﻛﺎر ʤeɡa ʤɑ /ʤɑ , lez ʤɑ ʤi ʤe ʤe jɑɡ e ﺟﺎ mɑɫ huna/ χowna mɑɫ mɑɫ/χɑ nəɡ mɑɫ mɑɫ jɑna ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ١ ظور آن و ز ات س از ل ١٨٦٧ و وژه ٩ ١٩١ ، !"ت ! ر و ھی &!%ف ردی ( در ا+ %*ری) +ی &و د را آ* داده ا زوران آن ھوز ر اس ھوت &ود ( &ود( و را /ھورا ) آن را ھ ن ورا /ھورا ش از ل ھی داد (م داد(&ش ٣ ). ٢ &! ن واژه ھی ان !ون روط 4ری *3%و ای و ورا"دی و دو ن واژه ھ روط 4ری &ر م آد ی ات. 328 Language Related Research E-ISSN: 2383-0816 Vol.11, No.4 (Tome 58), T. M .U. September, October & November 2020 ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ/ﻫﻮ راﻣﻲ ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ ﻛﺮدي ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻫﻤﮕﻮن- ﻛﻠﻬﺮي ﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻟﺮي2 (ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ) ﺳﻮراﻧﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه1 (ﻛﻠﻬﺮ ي) ʔumajan/ ʔom آﻣﺪن hɑtən ɑja hɑtən hɑtən hɑtən hɑtən ʔɑ mɑj ɡaj(i) ʃtən rasijan/ ɍas əsa ɍasin ɍasin ɍasin ɍasin jɑv(w) ɑj رﺳﻴﺪن ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎد nɑrd ən ferest ɑjan/fr ə hen ɑrd kəl k ərd ən kəl kəl kj ɑnɑj/kj ɑs sn ɑja ən kərd ən kərd ən (t)aj ن vejs ɑjan/ ʔis ɑj mərɹɑ j/m əd اﻳﺴﺘﺎد ves ɑn hus ɑjn ws ɑn ws ɑn ws ɑn a rɑj ن ʔeʃkasan/ ʔeʃk ʃekon ə ﺷﻜﺴ ʃkɑn ʃə kj ɑn ʃkɑnən ʃkɑnən ma(e) ɍjɑj anaja n ﺗﻦ mɑmər/m mərg/m ərx/m ﻣﺮغ ri ʃk morq/mor ʁ mer χ ɑmər mɑmər mɑmər kar ɡa آﻟﺖ ker kir/kir kər kir/ta ʒak ker kir dəm ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻣﺮد kon sema/sil ɑ kon ɑ kon ɑ kon ɑ kon ɑ wɫa ﺳﻮراخ s(z) ək kom/ ɡəja lam zəɡ zəɡ zək lamma ﺷﻜﻢ sa ɡ/ɡam ﺳﮓ sa ɡ sa ɡ/sej sa ɡ sa ɡ/ɡam ɑɫ ɡam ɑɫ ɑɫ tuta ʔɑ wɑi/ ɡo روﺳﺘﺎ nd deh/ ʔɑ bɑdi dəhɑt djaka djaka ʔɑ wɑji da ɡɑ ﮔﻮﺳﻔ paz/ma ɍ mi ʃ/ɡusfa pas kɑwəɍ kɑwəɍ kɑwəɍ maj ﻧﺪ kaw ʧə k qɑʃoq/q ɑʃ oq kɑʃeχ qɑʃə q qɑʃə q ʧə mʧa ʧam ʧa ﻗﺎﺷﻖ kɑ ka/kah keja ke Ke kaj smari ﻛﺎه kaw ʃ kaf ʃ/kaw ʃ kəɫɑʃ kaw ʃ/pi ɫɑ kaw ʃ kaw ʃ pɑɫɑ ﻛﻔﺶ darzi sizan/siza darzen darzen darzi darzi ʧani ﺳﻮزن wərʧ χers/ χərs χers χərs/h ərʧ/q ərʧ χərs χərs ha ʃʃ a ﺧﺮس dweka di ɡ/du ʃ düna dwaka düka düaka hezi دﻳﺮوز ﭘﺲ dubaj ɑni pasab ɑ/dosu dusü dəsu dəsu dəsu pere ﻓﺮدا mn ɑɫ ba ʧa/ba ʧa owjl zɑɍu mn ɑɫ mn ɑɫ zɑro ɫa ﺑﭽﻪ kr ɑs ʤuma/pirhan kərɑs kərw ɑs ʃaw ʃawi ɡʤi ﭘﻴﺮاﻫﻦ bɑdɑm bɑjom/b ɑjm bɑjm bɑjam bɑɑ m bɑjam wɑmi ﺑﺎدام ʤɑʤ ka/b ʤɑʤə ﺳﻘﺰ ne ʃt saqez/bre ʒa k ʤɑʤəɡ ʤɑʤəɡ ʤɑʤə k ve ʒan ﻗﺎرچ qɑrʧə k qɑrʧ/q ɑrʧ χɑrʧ χar ʧəɡ qɑrʧə k qɑrʧə k hal ʧi (ﺧﻮرا ﻛﻲ) sɑn/bard/ko ʧə ﺳﻨﮓ bard bard/bard ko ʧə k k ko ʧə k ko ʧə k tavani 329 Language Related Research E-ISSN: 2383-0816 Vol.11, No.4 (Tome 58), T. M .U. September, October & November 2020 ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ/ﻫﻮ راﻣﻲ ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ ﻛﺮدي ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻫﻤﮕﻮن- ﻛﻠﻬﺮي ﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻟﺮي2 (ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ) ﺳﻮراﻧﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه1 (ﻛﻠﻬﺮ ي) ma ʃka ma ʃk/ma ʃk ma ʃka kona ma ʃka ma ʃka ha ɫiza ﻣﺸﻚ kaw kabk/kabk köj ɡ kaw Kaw kaw ʒara ʒi ﻛﺒﻚ از la va/da e da/ ʒa la/wa la ʤa (ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ) ﺳﻮﺧﺘ /sot ən ن/ sut ɑn/ sotan, sotan/ sozon ə sozj ɑn/ səzj ɑn/ sozj ɑn/ sotaj/so ʧnɑ sut ɑnd ən so χta, suz ənja n suzan ən sz ɑnən soz ɑnən j ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪ ن 330 دوﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ د 11 ، ش 4 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 58 )، ﻣﻬﺮ و آﺑﺎن 1399 ، ﺻﺺ 327 - 361 ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ، ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ و ﻛُﺮدي: ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ ﻲ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻤ ﻦآرا ( 1390 ) و ﺑﺎﻣﺸﺎدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( 1393 ، 1394 ، 1395 ، 1396) * ﻣﻬﺪي ﺳﺠﺎدي داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘ ﺔ دﻛﺘﺮي زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮ ان، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان. درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 09/05/ 97 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 97/08/14 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ ﻲ ﻣﻴﺎن ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ، ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ و ﻛُﺮدي در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻤ ﻦآرا ( 1390 ) و ﺑﺎﻣﺸﺎدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( 1393 ، 1394 ، 1395 ، 1396 ) اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، از دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮان در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ، ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، ادﺑﻲ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات و ﺷﻢ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﻤ ﺔ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣ ﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ و ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ دو دال داراي ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﻟﻮل زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ ﻲ واﺣﺪ، ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ و ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ از ﻛﺮد ي اﻧﺪ : ﺧﻼف ﺗﺼﻮر ﻋﺎﻣﻪ، ﮔﻮ راﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ا ي ﻛﺮدي ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ و ﻣﺠﺰا ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺔ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻟ ﻲ زﺑﺎنﻫﺎ ي اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد داراي ﮔﻮﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ. آﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ/ ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ا ي ﻛﺮدي ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺷﻮد، ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ زﺑﺎن وران اﻳﻦ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ، اﺧﺘﻼط آنﻫ ﺎ و ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ آن ﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه واژﮔﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﺎﺧﺖ واژي، ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ/ ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺮدي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻴﻤ ﺔ دوم ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ زﺑﺎن رﺳﻤﻲ، ادﺑﻲ و درﺑﺎري ﺑﻪ اﺻﻄﻼح ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮ ي ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺮا ي ﻛﺮدي در دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎ ي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم « دوﻟﺖ ـ ﻣﻠﺖ » و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ آن « ﻳﻚ ﻣﻠﺖ ـ ﻳﻚ زﺑﺎن » ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻮﻧﻲ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﻮرانﻫﺎ/ ﻫﻮرام ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺧﻮدآﮔﺎﻫﻲ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. واژه ﻫﺎ ي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ، ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ، ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ، ﻛُﺮدي. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪة ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: E-mail: [email protected] ﻣﻬﺪي ﺳﺠﺎد ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ، ﻫﻮراﻣﻲ و ﻛُﺮدي: ﻳﻚ ... 1 . ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﮔﻮراﻧﻲ از اﻋﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاد ة زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ ي اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺔ ﻏﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻟ ﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ از ﺳﻪ ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮان، ﻋﺮاق و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ (ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻄﻼح ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣ ﻲ ﺷﻮد ) ﺑﻪ آن ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻣ ﻲ ﺷﻮد .
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    Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Current issues in Kurdish linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Series Editor: Geofrey Haig Editorial board: Erik Anonby, Ergin Öpengin, Ludwig Paul Volume 1 2019 Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) 2019 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Diese Veröff entlichung wurde im Rahmen des Elite-Maststudiengangs „Kul- turwissenschaften des Vorderen Orients“ durch das Elitenetzwerk Bayern ge- fördert, einer Initiative des Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröff entlichung liegt bei den Auto- rinnen und Autoren. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über das Forschungsinformations- system (FIS; https://fi s.uni-bamberg.de) der Universität Bamberg erreichbar. Das Werk – ausgenommen Cover, Zitate und Abbildungen – steht unter der CC-Lizenz CC-BY. Lizenzvertrag: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press © University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2019 http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 2698-6612 ISBN: 978-3-86309-686-1 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-687-8 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-558751 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irbo-55875 Acknowledgements This volume contains a selection of contributions originally presented at the Third International Conference on Kurdish Linguistics (ICKL3), University of Ams- terdam, in August 2016.
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