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Doctoral Dissertation Russia's Nationalist-Patriotic Opposition Autonomous University of Barcelona Faculty of Political Science and Sociology Department of Public Law and Legal History Studies PhD Program in International Relations and European Integration Doctoral Dissertation Russia's Nationalist-Patriotic Opposition: The Shifting Politics of Right-Wing Contention in Post-Communist Transition Author Supervisor Sofia Tipaldou Dr. Francesc Serra Massansalvador Barcelona, June 2015 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................................6 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................8 Abstract (en castellano)........................................................................................................................9 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................10 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................11 1.1. The puzzle...............................................................................................................................11 1.2. The outcome variables: emergence and organizational change of the Russian nationalist- patriotic movement........................................................................................................................13 1.3. The Argument.........................................................................................................................15 1.3.1. Definition of the radical right in the existing literature...................................................17 1.3.2. From the radical right to the “nationalist-patriotic opposition”......................................22 1.4. Why study the nationalist-patriotic opposition in Russia?.....................................................24 1.5. Dissertation Outline................................................................................................................26 2. The Theoretical Debate on the Radical Right................................................................................28 2.1. Dominant approaches on the rise of the radical right.............................................................28 2.1.1. Demand-side theories......................................................................................................28 2.1.2. Supply-side theories........................................................................................................36 2.1.3. Internal supply-side theories...........................................................................................44 2.2. Externalist versus internalist studies on the radical right.......................................................48 2.3. My argument...........................................................................................................................53 3. Research Design and Methodology................................................................................................58 3.2. Single-case country studies on Russia....................................................................................58 3.2. Comparative studies on the radical right in Eastern Europe..................................................60 3.3. The Russian nationalist-patriotic movement..........................................................................62 3.4. Methods for data gathering and constraints ...........................................................................68 3.5. Data analysis...........................................................................................................................73 3.6. Ethics and risks.......................................................................................................................76 4. Radical right mobilization in Russia in the 1990s..........................................................................79 4.1. Short History of the Russian Radical Right Movement.........................................................79 4.2. Russian National Unity (RNE)...............................................................................................81 4.2.1. Description of the organization, its leaders and its background.....................................81 4.2.2. Ideological features, influences, symbols.......................................................................86 4.2.3. Internal structure............................................................................................................90 4.2.4. Activities.........................................................................................................................93 4.2.4.1. Relations with the Russian Orthodox Church.........................................................93 4.2.4.2. Propaganda..............................................................................................................93 4.2.4.3. Activities for attracting new members....................................................................94 4.2.4.4. Electoral activities...................................................................................................94 4.2.4.5. Violence...................................................................................................................95 4.2.5. Collapse or transformation in the 2000s.........................................................................96 4.3. National-Bolshevik Party (NBP)............................................................................................99 4.3.1. Description of the organization, its leaders, and its background....................................99 4.3.1.1. Dugin.......................................................................................................................99 4.3.1.2. Limonov................................................................................................................101 4.3.2. Ideological features, influences, symbols.....................................................................102 4.3.3. Internal structure...........................................................................................................105 4.3.4. Activities.......................................................................................................................106 4.3.5. Collapse or transformation in the 2000s.......................................................................107 4.4. Conclusion: overview of the 1990s......................................................................................110 5. The “new” Russian nationalist-patriotic opposition, 2000-2012.................................................113 5.1. The Movement Against Illegal Immigration (DPNI)...........................................................113 5.1.1. Description of the organization, its leaders and its background...................................113 5.1.2. Ideological features, influences, symbols.....................................................................120 5.1.3. Internal Structure...........................................................................................................125 5.1.3. Activities.......................................................................................................................127 5.2. Russian People's Movement (ROD).....................................................................................135 5.2.1. Description of the organization, its leaders and its background...................................135 5.2.2. Ideological features, influences, symbols.....................................................................140 5.2.3. Internal Structure...........................................................................................................145 5.2.4. Activities.......................................................................................................................147 5.3. Conclusion: The radical right movement of the 2000s and its future perspectives..............154 6. Changing structural conditions and organizational change of nationalist-patriotic organizations ..........................................................................................................................................................156 6.1. Changing structural conditions and new societal cleavages.................................................156 6.1.1. The Russian transition...................................................................................................156 6.1.2.The ideological vacuum.................................................................................................159 6.1.3. The demographic factor................................................................................................163 6.1.4. Chechen wars and the rise of terrorist attacks...............................................................165 6.2. The institutional context.......................................................................................................169 6.2.1. Assessment of Russian democracy...............................................................................169 6.2.2. Vladimir Putin's regime................................................................................................170 6.3. The migration issue...............................................................................................................180
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