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MUSLIMS of CENTRAL ASIA an Introduction GALINA M. YEMELIANOVA MUSLIMS OF CENTRAL ASIA An Introduction THE NEW EDINBURGH ISLAMIC SURVEYS SERIES EDITOR: CAROLE HILLENBRAND Muslims of Central Asia The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys Series Editor: Carole Hillenbrand Contemporary Issues in Islam Asma Asfaruddin Astronomy and Astrology in the Islamic World Stephen P. Blake The New Islamic Dynasties Clifford Edmund Bosworth Media Arabic Julia Ashtiany Bray An Introduction to the Hadith John Burton A History of Islamic Law Noel Coulson Medieval Islamic Political Thought Patricia Crone A Short History of the Ismailis Farhad Daftary Islam: An Historical Introduction (2nd Edition) Gerhard Endress A History of Christian–Muslim Relations Hugh Goddard Shi‘ism (2nd Edition) Heinz Halm Islamic Science and Engineering Donald Hill Muslim Spain Reconsidered Richard Hitchcock Islamic Law: From Historical Foundations to Contemporary Practice Mawil Izzi Dien Sufism: The Formative PeriodAhmet T. Karamustafa A History of Islam in Indonesia Carool Kersten Islamic Aesthetics Oliver Leaman Persian Historiography Julie Scott Meisami The Muslims of Medieval Italy Alex Metcalfe The Archaeology of the Islamic World Marcus Milwright Twelver Shiism Andrew Newman Muslims in Western Europe (4th Edition) Jørgen S. Nielsen and Jonas Otterbeck Medieval Islamic Medicine Peter E. Pormann and Emilie Savage-Smith Muslims in Eastern Europe Egdūnas Račius Islamic Names Annemarie Schimmel The Genesis of Literature in Islam Gregor Schoeler The Qur’an: A Historical-Critical Introduction Nicolai Sinai Modern Arabic Literature Paul Starkey Islamic Medicine Manfred Ullman A History of Islamic Spain W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia Introduction to the Qur’an W. Montgomery Watt Islamic Creeds W. Montgomery Watt Islamic Philosophy and Theology W. Montgomery Watt Islamic Political Thought W. Montgomery Watt The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe W. Montgomery Watt Muslims of Central Asia: An Introduction Galina M. Yemelianova edinburghuniversitypress.com/series/isur Muslims of Central Asia An introduction Galina M. Yemelianova Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Galina M. Yemelianova, 2019 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/13pt Baskerville MT Pro by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 1632 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 1633 7 (paperback) ISBN 978 1 47441634 4 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 1635 1 (epub) The right of Galina M. Yemelianova to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of figures vi Acknowledgements vii Note on transliteration viii Abbreviations and acronyms ix Glossary xii Introduction 1 Part I Central Asia in the pre-Russian, Russian and Soviet periods 1 Muslims of Central Asia before the Russian conquest 11 2 The Russian conquest and rule of Central Asia 32 3 The Sovietisation of Central Asian Muslims 52 Part II Central Asian Muslims after independence 4 Muslims of Uzbekistan 77 5 Muslims of Kazakhstan 105 6 Muslims of Kyrgyzstan 129 7 Muslims of Tajikistan 153 8 Muslims of Turkmenistan 175 Conclusion 191 Bibliography 194 Index 212 Figures 1.1 Monument to Amir Timur 22 1.2 Registan 24 1.3 Map of Central Asia in the seventeenth century 28 4.1 Map of Central Asia after 1991 79 4.2 Boys of Samarqand 82 4.3 Non traders in Samarqand 85 4.4 Samarqand street traders 88 4.5 At the market restaurant 93 4.6 Tashkent schoolchildren 95 5.1 Supreme Muftii Absattar-Hajjee Derbissali of Kazakhstan and the author 117 5.2 Deputy Muftii Muhammad Alsabekov of Kazakhstan and the author 118 5.3 At the Nur Islamic University 119 5.4 British and Kazakh students at Nowruz at KBTU 121 5.5 Dungan wedding 122 6.1 Men at the Andarak mosque 135 6.2 Baisanov-mullo 136 6.3 Students at the female madrasah in Batken 138 6.4 Children in the Ala-Too mountains 140 6.5 Kyrgyz girls at the leavers’ party 142 6.6 A Kyrgyz samsa-maker 144 6.7 Central mosque in Isfana 145 6.8 Bibi-otun Badabaeva 147 7.1 Chairman Ibragimov of the Council of ‘Ulama’ of the Sughd oblast’ of Tajikistan 163 Acknowledgements This book would not have been possible without my numerous friends and colleagues in Central Asia, who through many years generously shared with me their invaluable insights on the region and connected me with leading articula- tors and practitioners of Central Asian Islam. My special thanks are due to Zhulduzbek Abylkhozhin, Bakhtiyar Babadzhanov, Zuhra Halimova, Ashirbek Muminov, Nargis Nurulla-Khodzhaeva, Zumrat Salmorbekova, Suhrat Sirozhiddinov, Anara Tabyshalieva and Zaur Zhalilov. I am especially grateful to Svetlana Zhanabayeva who ‘co-opted’ me into her wonderful extended family and greatly facilitated my access to and interaction with Kazakh Sufis and other representatives of Kazakh Islam. I am indebted to many of my other contacts in the region who for obvious reasons I cannot name. I am grateful to Carole Hillenbrand for being the first encouraging external reader of my typescript and to the anonymous reviewer of the book’s first draft for constructive and improving comments and suggestions. I also want to thank the United Nations Publication Board for permitting me to reproduce the UN map of Central Asia. At Edinburgh University Press I would also like to thank Ellie Bush and Kirsty Woods for their helpful editorial assistance. My particular thanks, however, goes to Nicola Ramsey, who first approached me with the idea of writing this book, and has been terrific through the whole writing journey. I would also like to make special mention of my children Misha, Alex and Katya for counterbal- ancing my preoccupation with the book and to thank Alex in particular for his assistance with formatting the typescript and sorting out its endnotes. Above all, I thank my husband Brian for being my rock and my most critical reader and editor. I dedicate this book to him. Birmingham 26 April 2018 Note on transliteration The use of a consistent system of transliteration has been problematic due to at least four script changes that occurred during the lengthy historical period covered in the book. I have therefore decided to combine more familiar simpli- fied English spellings for the period before the region’s Sovietisation and the Library of Congress system of transliteration for most names and terms taken from Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Tajik. I have, however, retained other transliterations in the case of widely known individuals and places, as, for example, Turajonzoda rather than Turazhonzoda, and Andijan rather than Andizhan. For words in Arabic I have omitted diacritics for long vowels, for example, Bukhara instead of Bukhârâ. I have, however, retained ayn and hamza, as in shari‘a and qira’at. I have rendered plural forms of foreign words by adding an ‘s’, instead of the form used in the language of origin; thus oblasts instead of oblasti. The exception to this is words appearing very frequently, like ‘ulama’ instead of ‘alims. In most cases I have used place names that were used in the period under discussion; where these have since changed, present-day names are provided in parentheses. For the purposes of simplicity I have not used the Hijri (ha) calendar which was prevalent in the region prior to its inclusion within the Russian empire. All dates before February 1918 have been given according to the Julian calendar, which was twelve days behind the Gregorian calendar in the nineteenth century and thirteen days in the twentieth century. Dates after February 1918 have been rendered in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Abbreviations and acronyms ADP Azod Dehkonlar Partiiasi (Party of Free Peasants) ARA Agency for Religious Affairs ATC Anti-Terrorist Centre AUCA American University of Central Asia AUK American University in Kyrgyzstan CARC Council for Affairs of Religious Cults CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CNS Committee of National Security CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPT Communist Party of Turkmenistan CRA Committee for Religious Affairs CST Collective Security Treaty CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organisation DMU Directorate of Muslims of Uzbekistan DPT Democratic Party of Tajikistan or Democratic Party of Turkmenistan DRA Department for Religious Affairs DWG Dala Wilaiiatining Gazeti (Newspaper of the Steppe Province) EABD Eurasian Bank of Development EACU Eurasian Customs Union EAEC Eurasian Economic Commonwealth EAEU Eurasian Economic Union Gosplan Gosudarstvennyi Planovoi Komitet (State Commission for Planning) HCUT High Council of the ‘Ulama’ of Tajikistan HTI Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islamii (Party of Islamic Liberation) IDB Islamic Development Bank IDU Islamskoe Dvizhenie Uzbekistana (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) IIJ Ittihad Islamii-Jihad (Islamic Jihad Union) IPV Islamskaia Partiia Vozrozhdeniia (Islamic Revival Party) IPVT Islamskaia Partiia Vozrozhdeniia Tajikistana (Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan) ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria x Muslims of Central Asia KAU Kyrgyz
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