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). the Golden Age of Arab and Islamic
). THE GOLDEN AGE OF ARAB AND ISLAMIC CULTURE "BAGHDAD,AT THE coNFLUENcE oF Two cuLTUREs, Aramaean and Greek, became,in the tenth century, the intellectual center of the world." As capital of the caliphate,Baghdad rvasalso to becomethe cultural capitalof the Islamic world. Our purposeis to show,as briefly aspossible, the role that this region played in the transmissionof the knowledge of antiquity, in the evolution of religious attitudes,and in the flowering of Arabic literature.We shall no[ try to flnd out, any more than did the caliphs of the period, whether the actorsrvere Iranians, Arabs, Moslems,Christians, or |ews. Mcn of lettersand of sciencehad gatheredin this city either through cultural affinityor becausethey had beensummoned to the caliph'scourt for their worth or their competence. An effort was made to keep the languageand the religion at an indispensablecultural level.In reality, there was but a single aim: It was necessary to study the structureand the rules of the language of the Koran in order to have the languagerespected and understood.We shall not spendtoo much time on the grammaticalwork, sincewe want to fol- low the more universal tendencies,especially in their in- fluenceon medievalEurope. We shall mention only Khalil, the inventor of Arabic prosody,the first author of a diction- 64 THE GOLDEN AGE ary, and especiallyhis pupil Sibawaih, who has the dis- tinction of having codified definitively all the problems of grammar. Later, Mubarrad wrote a work which is not only didactic but a valuablecollection of poetic quotations. He also shareswith his rival and contemporary,Tha'lab, the honor of having contributedto the philological training of severalpoets. -
History of Islam
Istanbul 1437 / 2016 © Erkam Publications 2016 / 1437 H HISTORY OF ISLAM Original Title : İslam Tarihi (Ders Kitabı) Author : Commission Auteur du Volume « Histoire de l’Afrique » : Dr. Said ZONGO Coordinator : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Faruk KANGER Academic Consultant : Lokman HELVACI Translator : Fulden ELİF AYDIN Melda DOĞAN Corrector : Mohamed ROUSSEL Editor : İsmail ERİŞ Graphics : Rasim ŞAKİROĞLU Mithat ŞENTÜRK ISBN : 978-9944-83-747-7 Addresse : İkitelli Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Mahallesi Atatürk Bulvarı Haseyad 1. Kısım No: 60/3-C Başakşehir / Istanbul - Turkey Tel : (90-212) 671-0700 (pbx) Fax : (90-212) 671-0748 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.islamicpublishing.org Printed by : Erkam Printhouse Language : English ERKAM PUBLICATIONS TEXTBOOK HISTORY OF ISLAM 10th GRADE ERKAM PUBLICATIONS Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE ERA OF FOUR RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS (632–661) / 8 A. THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST CALIPH .............................................................................................. 11 B. THE PERIOD OF ABU BAKR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (632–634) ....................................... 11 C. THE PERIOD OF UMAR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (634–644) ............................................... 16 D. THE PERIOD OF UTHMAN (May Allah be Pleased with him) (644–656) ........................................ 21 E. THE PERIOD OF ALI (May Allah be pleased with him) (656-661) ...................................................... 26 EVALUATION QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................... -
The Golden Age of Islamic Achievement a Five-Part Social Studies Unit for Middle School
The Golden Age of Islamic Achievement a five-part social studies unit for middle school Created by the Middle East Studies Center at Portland State University Written by: Courtney Ferrari, Sarah Segal, Elisheva Cohen The Golden Age of Islamic Achievement a five-part social studies unit for middle school Created by the Middle East Studies Center at Portland State University Lessons: 1. History of the Abbasid and Umayyad Dynasties 2. Geography of Islamic Expansion 3. Cities of Baghdad and Cordoba 4. House of Wisdom—scholarship in the Abbasid Dynasty 5. Scholarship, Art and Architecture in Muslim Spain Unit goal: Students will understand the role of Islamic civilization in the medieval world: its geographic and historical context, its achievements, scope and impact. Curriculum framing questions for the unit: Lesson 1: ‹ What events constitute the Abbasid and Umayyad Golden Ages? ‹ How are events in distant empires related? ‹ When and how did the empires begin and end? ‹ What events constitute the Golden Age of Islamic empires? Lesson 2: ‹ What was the geographic extent of the dynasties that made up the Islamic Golden Age? ‹ How were these societies shaped by the physical geography of their empires? Lesson 3: ‹ How are events in distant empires related? ‹ In what ways were the achievements of the Abbasid and Umayyad dynasties similar? In what ways were they different? ‹ Where did the Golden Age take place and how did geography affect its character? Lesson 4: ‹ What was the House of Wisdom and why was it important? ‹ Why did Caliph al-Ma’mun create the House of Wisdom and why did he choose Baghdad for its location? Lesson 5: ‹ What can objects tell us about the people who made them? ‹ In what ways were the achievements of the Abbasid and Umayyad dynasties similar? In what ways were they different? ‹ How did the achievements of these dynasties influence the world around them? Golden Age of Islamic Achievement: Overview 2 Learning objectives for the unit: Lesson 1: ‹ Students will be able to construct a proportional, parallel timeline to compare political units. -
Global History, Periodisation and the Year 751 Ce
original article histórias em contextos globais CONNECTING WORLDS, CONNECTING NARRATIVES: GLOBAL HISTORY, PERIODISATION AND THE YEAR 751 CE Otávio Luiz Vieira Pintoa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5628-3263 Email: [email protected] a Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História, Curitiba, PR, Brazil DOSSIÊ Toda história é história conectada? Esboços, Florianópolis, v. 26, n. 42, p. 255-269, maio/ago. 2019. 255/452 ISSN 2175-7976 DOI https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2019v26n42p255 ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to propose a historiographical exercise through a Global History approach, more precisely, Connected History, trying to understand aspects of pre-modern chronology from a different perspective regarding geographical limits and Eurocentric traditions. Starting from the Battle of Talas, famous for putting Arabs and Chinese against each other, I will establish a connective narrative between East and West, highlighting how the year of 751 CE is paradigmatic regarding the formation of frontiers and patterns of political interaction. In order to demonstrate such pattern, I will analyse the presence of the ʾAbbāsids and the Tang in Central Asia, the crowning of Pippin the Short in Europe, and the destruction of the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Byzantine Iconoclasm. I hope this exercise demonstrates how synchronicity and global connections can be a viable historical approach, allowing us to understand and to relocate pre-modern periodisation beyond its Eurocentric roots. This chronological/ geographical shift has the potential to unravel wider, richer, and better-connected narratives and interpretations on pre-modern subjects, breaking with the traditional normalisation of Europe as the ruler to measure and define historical periods, especially the MiddleAges. -
The Advent of Islam in China: Guangzhou Fanfang During the Tang-Song Era Meng Wei
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 1-1-2010 The Advent of Islam in China: Guangzhou Fanfang during the Tang-Song Era Meng Wei Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Wei, Meng, "The Advent of Islam in China: Guangzhou Fanfang during the Tang-Song Era" (2010). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 814. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/814 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Department of East Asian Studies THE ADVENT OF ISLAM IN CHINA GUANGZHOU FANFANG DURING THE TANG-SONG ERA by Meng Wei A thesis presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts August 2010 Saint Louis, Missouri TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations………………………………………………………iii Introduction………………………………………………………………1 Significance of Study……………………………………………………2 Sources…………………………………………………………………4 1 Sino-Islamic Contacts before the Mongol Rule………………………6 2 The Maritime Silk Road Linking China and the Islamic World……15 3 The Making of the Guangzhou fanfang……………………………18 4 State-Sanctioned Non-Han Communities: A Comparison between jimizhou and fanfang………………………………………………22 Conclusion………………………………………………………………37 Bibliography………………………………………………………………41 ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 The Location of the Belitung Wreck on Google Map…………7 iii Introduction Islam is a religion noted by its powerful concern for Muslim community which is known as the umma1. -
A History of Islam in Central Asia
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in A History of Islam in Central Asia Ilyas Sadvakassov1 & Gulzhan Bedelova2 1,2 Faculty of History, Archeology and Ethnology Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Abstract: Islam is the most widely practiced religion known as folk Islam, the most prominent proponent in Central Asia. The Hanafi school of thought of of which was Khoja Akhmet Yassawi who's Sufi Sunnism is the most popular, with Shiism of Imami Yeseviye sect appealed greatly to local nomads. and Ismaili denominations predominating in the Some have proclaimed that Yassawi was a Pamir plateau and the western Tian Shan mountains Khwajagan, however some scholars insist that his (almost exclusively Ismailis), while boasting to a influence on the Shi'a Alevi and Bektashi cannot be large minority population in the Zarafshan river underestimated. Until the Mongol invasion of valley, from Samarkand to Bukhara (almost Central Asia in the 13th century, Samarkand, exclusively Imamis). Islam came to Central Asia in Bukhara and Urgench flourished as centers of the early part of the 8th century as part of the Islamic learning, culture and art in the region. Muslim conquest of the region. Many well-known Mongol invasion halted the process for a half Islamic scientists and philosophers came from century. Other areas such as Turkistan became more Central Asia, and several major Muslim empires, strongly influenced by Shamanist elements which including the Timurid Empire and the Mughal can still be found today [1]. Central Asian Islamic Empire, originated in Central Asia. -
7Western Europe and Byzantium
Western Europe and Byzantium circa 500 - 1000 CE 7Andrew Reeves 7.1 CHRONOLOGY 410 CE Roman army abandons Britain 476 CE The general Odavacar deposes last Western Roman Emperor 496 CE The Frankish king Clovis converts to Christianity 500s CE Anglo-Saxons gradually take over Britain 533 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Vandal kingdom in North Africa 535 – 554 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 560s CE Lombard invasions of Italy begin 580s CE The Franks cease keeping tax registers 597 CE Christian missionaries dispatched from Rome arrive in Britain 610 – 641 CE Heraclius is Byzantine emperor 636 CE Arab Muslims defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Yarmouk 670s CE Byzantine Empire begins to lose control of the Balkans to Avars, Bulgars, and Slavs 674 – 678 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 711 CE Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain, end of the Visigothic kingdom 717 – 718 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 717 CE Leo III becomes Byzantine emperor. Under his rule, the Iconoclast Controversy begins. 732 CE King Charles Martel of the Franks defeats a Muslim invasion of the kingdom at the Battle of Tours 751 CE The Byzantine city of Ravenna falls to the Lombards; Pepin the Short of the Franks deposes the last Merovingian king and becomes king of the Franks; King Pepin will later conquer Central Italy and donate it to the pope 750s CE Duke of Naples ceases to acknowledge the authority of the Byzantine emperor 770s CE Effective control of the city of Rome passes from Byzantium to the papacy c. -
Current Issues in the Middle East
CURRENT ISSUES IN THE MIDDLE EAST a graduate class project of Fairleigh Dickinson University by Mahmoud Aboud Alexandra Acosta Idrees Mohamed Ali Anwar Al-Barout Mohammed Al-Hadrami Nageeb Al-Jabowbi Waheed Al-Shami Abdullah Al-Shammari Adel Al-Sheikh Eve Burnett ‘Matankiso Chachane Ahmad Daoudzai Johannes de Millo Naseer Ahmed Faiq Khalid Faqeeh Bobette Jansen Nikolaos Kouroupis Shihana Mohamed Siham Mourabit Chan Pee Lila Ratsifandrihamanana Tania LaumanulupeTupou Sanaa Eltigani Uro Editor Ahmad Kamal Published by: Fairleigh Dickinson University 1000 River Road Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA May 2009 ISBN: 978-1-61539-567-5 The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors alone, and should not be taken as reflecting the views of Fairleigh Dickinson University, or of any other institution or entity. © All rights reserved by the authors No part of the material in this book may be reproduced without due attribution to its specific author. The Authors Mahmoud Aboud is the Permanent Representative of Comoros Alexandra Acosta is a Graduate Student from the USA Anwar Al-Barout is Counsellor at the Permanent Mission of the UAE Mohammed Al-Hadhrami is a Graduate Student from Yemen Nageeb Al-Jabowbi is a Graduate Student from Yemen Waheed Al-Shami is a Graduate Student from Yemen Abdullah Al-Shammari is Vice Consul of Saudi Arabia Adel Al-Sheikh is a Graduate Student from Yemen Idrees Mohamed Ali is First Secretary at the Permanent Mission of Sudan Eve Burnett is a Graduate Student from the USA ‘Matankiso Chachane is an Admin Assistant at -
From Barbarians to the Middle Kingdom: the Rise of the Title “Emperor, Heavenly Qaghan” and Its Significance
From Barbarians to the Middle Kingdom: The Rise of the Title “Emperor, Heavenly Qaghan” and Its Significance Han-je Park* INTRODUCTION The entrance of the Five Barbarians wuhu( 五胡) people into the Central Plain of China is a historical event of great significance in the East, comparable in importance to the migration of Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire. The Five Barbarians became the main actors in the establishment of an array of dynasties throughout the periods of the Sixteen Kingdoms of Five Hu, the Northern Dynasties, and eventually the cosmopolitan empires of the Sui (隋) and the Tang (唐). With the passing of time, they lost their original culture and customs, and many came to lose their ethnonym. This phenomenon is described as their sinicization (hanhua 漢化), although there is also a contrary view that the Han (漢) people in China were barbaricized (huhua 胡化) and thus widened the range of Chinese culture. But, we may ask, do the terms “sinicization” and “barbaricization” adequately convey what really happened? Aside from arguments regarding sinicization or barbaricization, what role did the Five Barbarians actually play in the history of China? Were they indeed a people without a culture, who could therefore not bring anything novel to China itself,1 or were they a civilization with a sophisticated culture of their own? *Seoul National University (Seoul, Korea) Journal of Central Eurasian Studies, Volume 3 (October 2012): 23–68 © 2012 Center for Central Eurasian Studies 24 Han-je Park The Han and Tang empires are often joined together and referred to as the “empires of the Han and the Tang,” implying that these two dynasties have a great deal in common. -
Classic Ships of Islam
Classic Ships of Islam agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd i 11/6/2007 3:10:54 PM Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 1, The Near and Middle East Editors H. Altenmüller B. Hrouda B. A. Levine R. S. O’Fahey K. R. Veenhof C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME 92 agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd ii 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM Classic Ships of Islam From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean by Dionisius A. Agius LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd iii 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM On the cover: Arabesque oral carved decoration on a river boat from a copy of al-bar r ’s Maqmt, Baghdad 635/1237. Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms 5847, fol. 119v. This book is printed on acid-free paper. A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 0169–9423 ISBN 978 90 04 15863 4 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishers, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd iv 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM To my wife Anne agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd v 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd vi 11/6/2007 3:10:59 PM CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................... -
Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islam to South and Southeast Asia Remember
Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islam to South and Southeast Asia Remember . Beginnings of Islam Islam rapidly spreads because of its ability to transcend tribal and regional divisions in Arabia Spreads through military expansion of Islamic empire Sunni Muslims become the majority; support Abu Bakr The Rightly Guided Caliphs sometimes struggle but ultimately establish Muslim control Umayyads conquer many and expand, but lose legitimacy through extravagant lifestyles, and Abbasids rebel and overthrow them. Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) Capital at Baghdad Mid-9th c.: Abbasids began to lose control over vast empire Caliphs grew dependent on advisors, who increased their power. Luxurious living and many civil wars drained the treasury à increasing taxes à peasant revolts. Shi’a revolts, assassination attempts against Abbasids Increase in mercenary armies (professional soldiers hired to serve in an army). Aggressive; create social unrest; expensive. Caliphs attempted to build new cities and modernize old ones (extremely expensive) Women in Abbasid Caliphate Initially, women were not required to wear veils and were not secluded. During Abbasid period, freedom and influence of women declined: harems seclude women. Abbasidian society was patriarchal and polygamous, provided husband can care for them equally. Women began to be veiled: shield women from gaze of men Abbasid wealth generated large demand for concubines and female slaves. Buyids of Persia (945 – 1055) Abbasids’ difficulties in managing vast empire lead to a loss of territory and loss of control in outer reaches of empire. Independent kingdoms (ex: Buyids of Persia) form with the aim to supplant Abbasids The Buyids of Persia captured Baghdad in 945 CE. -
China During the Middle Ages (500 – 1650 C.E.) I
China During The Middle Ages (500 – 1650 C.E.) I. Introduction: • The fall of the Han Empire left a power vacuum in China, that was filled by several small kingdoms with various political styles. Some were run in the Chinese style with an emperor and Confucian bureaucrats. Other were affected by Tibetan, and Turkic cultures which depended on Buddhism to rule. • In 618 C.E., China was reunified under the reign of the Li family, who started what is called the Tang Dynasty. II. The Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E.): •Under the leadership of emperor Li Shimin, China expanded its influence by demanding tribute from Korea and Vietnam. • He reintroduced the use of Confucian scholars in running the government. • He established a universal law code. • And he built the 1,100 mile Grand Canal, which linked the Yellow River in northern China with the Yangzi River in southern China. Thus improving trade and communication in China. Tang Inventions: 1. Tang scholars developed block printing; a system of printing where characters are carved onto a wooden block. The block is then inked and pressed onto a sheet of paper. 2. Tang scientists invented gunpowder by combining saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. It was first simply used for fireworks. 3. Tang physicians developed the small pox vaccine in the 10th century C.E.. However, the widespread use of this vaccine did not occur in China until the 16th century, and it did not reach Europe until the 17th century. Tang Social Structure: • The Tang had a strict social structure; where, each class had its own rights and duties, However, social mobility was possible from one class to another, through education.