DOCSLIB.ORG

Classic Ships of Islam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Classic Ships of Islam Classic Ships of Islam agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd i 11/6/2007 3:10:54 PM Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 1, The Near and Middle East Editors H. Altenmüller B. Hrouda B. A. Levine R. S. O’Fahey K. R. Veenhof C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME 92 agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd ii 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM Classic Ships of Islam From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean by Dionisius A. Agius LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd iii 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM On the cover: Arabesque oral carved decoration on a river boat from a copy of al-bar r ’s Maqmt, Baghdad 635/1237. Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms 5847, fol. 119v. This book is printed on acid-free paper. A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 0169–9423 ISBN 978 90 04 15863 4 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishers, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd iv 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM To my wife Anne agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd v 11/6/2007 3:10:58 PM agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd vi 11/6/2007 3:10:59 PM CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................... ix Preface ......................................................................................... xiii Abbreviations .............................................................................. xv Transliteration System ................................................................ xxi Note ............................................................................................. xxiii Part One Chapter One A Journey into the Past .................................. 3 Part Two Chapter Two Early Maritime Contacts ................................ 37 Chapter Three Trade and Port Towns of the Classical and Medieval Islamic Period .................................................. 63 Part Three Chapter Four Primitive Boats and Bronze Age Construction Features: Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf .......................................................................... 111 Chapter Five Construction Features of Perso-Arabian and West Indian Ships in Medieval Islam .................................... 141 Part Four Chapter Six Seamanship ..................................................... 171 Chapter Seven The Ship at Sea: Trade and bajj .................. 215 Chapter Eight The Ship at Sea: Naval Incursions ................ 245 agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd vii 11/6/2007 3:10:59 PM viii contents Part Five Chapter Nine General Boat and Ship-Terms .................. 265 Chapter Ten Classic Ships ............................................... 277 Chapter Eleven River Boats and Deep-Sea Vessels: Types and Functions ............................................................... 297 Chapter Twelve Warships and Transport Vessels ................ 321 Part Six Chapter Thirteen Language and Culture Contact: Terminology and Technology ................................................ 361 Appendices .................................................................................. 385 Glossary and Index of General and Maritime Terms .............. 399 Bibliography of Works Cited .................................................... 427 List of Illustrations, Tables, Figures and Maps ......................... 457 Main Index ................................................................................. 463 agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd viii 11/6/2007 3:10:59 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for funding the research for this book. Generous thanks are due to so many friends for their help and guid- ance and to the anonymous readers who read the entire text in draft and made many comments and corrections. I extend my particular gratitude to Rex Smith and Francine Stone for their advice and support and the late Alan Kaye who was an inspiration on language and lan- guage contact; David Peacock and Lucy Blue deserve especial mention; they gave me the opportunity to study the Islamic maritime presence at Quseir al-Qadim; in particular Lucy Blue’s contribution to the excavation and conclusions on the Islamic harbour of Quseir during the Mamlk period; I also wish to thank Jørgen Christian Meyer for the most stimulating discussions on ancient history; David Frier, whose linguistic skills were invaluable in checking the citations from the Por- tuguese sources and Sally Church for her comments and helpful sug- gestions on medieval Chinese ships and Chinese sources. Many colleagues and friends have shared my enthusiasm for this subject; among those who contributed to the research and writing of the book, I am very grateful to Tom Vosmer and Rob Carter who drew my attention to Bronze Age boat construction features and for their stimulating discussion and advice. I extend particular thanks to Tom Vosmer whom I consulted on a number of occasions during the progress of my work; he steadfastly answered my queries, giving wise counsel on construction features of watercraft from antiquity to the present times; also Norbert Weismann, a meticulous researcher on boat architecture of both contemporary and late medieval Islamic periods; specialist advice came from Yousef Al-Hijji on navigation and ship- building in Kuwait; and Julian Whitewright on sails, Seth Priestman on the Persian Gulf during the Ssnian period, Barbara Jockers and James Montgomery on the nautical terminology of pre-Islamic poetry and the Qurn, and to Stefan Heidemann on sixteenth century Raqqa and the Euphrates river. I would also like to express my appreciation to David Nicolle whose approach to the study of the fursiyya works gave me a better insight into Muslim warships, and to Vassilios Christides whose expertise on Byzantine and Muslim warships and technology of agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd ix 11/6/2007 3:10:59 PM x acknowledgements the Classical and Medieval Mediterranean was of great bene\ t; I am indebted to Joseph Muscat for his generous hospitality at his home in Rabat, Malta; his knowledge and expertise on galleys of the Order of St John contributed to the understanding of shipbuilding techniques and technology of their Muslim counterparts. Exploring the Indian and Islamic maritime culture I bene ted enor- mously from the knowledge of Himanshu Prabha Ray and Paul Lunde who helped me in nding my way through the history of the Indian Ocean world; I would also like to include Sila Tripati for his expertise on stone anchors and underwater archaeology on the south-west Indian coast. For the Chinese civilization, Sally Church, answered my queries with great patience, enthusiasm and detail; her untiring help in guiding me through the history of the voyages of Zheng He’s eets and her knowledge and advice was invaluable; I also wish to thank her for her linguistic skills in translating Chinese titles and citations from text. I am indebted to a number of Arabian mariners who were there beside me when I needed their help to explain and demonstrate ship- building methods and navigational techniques and who provided me with an insight into the distant seafaring past. I have listed their names in my two previous works: In the Wake of the Dhow (2002), and Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman (2005). Their knowledge was indispensable for the making of this book. I am sure that there are colleagues and friends I have omitted to mention; apologies if I inadvertently forgot to include them. If I did not heed to good advice I bear responsibility for any misunderstand- ings and errors. I should like also to extend my gratitude to Keble College, Oxford and its staff for their hospitality during my archival research at the Bodleian Library, and to the Penn Club, who offered a little oasis of peace, a stone’s throw from the British Library and Victoria & Albert Museum. My thanks are due to all the librarians and archivists who assisted me with all sorts of queries: the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Dubai; the Centre for Documentation and Research at Abu Dhabi; the Centre for Research and Studies on Kuwait; the Museum and Antiquities at Doha, Qatar; the Arab Gulf States Folklore Centre, Doha; the Ministry of National Heritage and Culture, Muscat; and the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. My thanks also go to Robert Hillenbrand and Charles Melville who provided me with copies of Persian miniatures. agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd x 11/6/2007 3:10:59 PM acknowledgements xi The forbearance of my publishers must be acknowledged, for their patience and trust in allowing me to submit my work three years after the deadline. My sincerest thanks go to Harriet Nash for her meticu- lous compilation of the index; and to David Appleyard for assistance with maps and illustrations. Finally, I give my profound thanks to my wife, Anne who has acted as proofreader and editor, patiently reading several drafts of the manuscript and providing invaluable help with my occasional infelicities with the English language. agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd xi 11/6/2007 3:10:59 PM agius_f1_i-xxiv.indd
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ). the Golden Age of Arab and Islamic
    ). THE GOLDEN AGE OF ARAB AND ISLAMIC CULTURE "BAGHDAD,AT THE coNFLUENcE oF Two cuLTUREs, Aramaean and Greek, became,in the tenth century, the intellectual center of the world." As capital of the caliphate,Baghdad rvasalso to becomethe cultural capitalof the Islamic world. Our purposeis to show,as briefly aspossible, the role that this region played in the transmissionof the knowledge of antiquity, in the evolution of religious attitudes,and in the flowering of Arabic literature.We shall no[ try to flnd out, any more than did the caliphs of the period, whether the actorsrvere Iranians, Arabs, Moslems,Christians, or |ews. Mcn of lettersand of sciencehad gatheredin this city either through cultural affinityor becausethey had beensummoned to the caliph'scourt for their worth or their competence. An effort was made to keep the languageand the religion at an indispensablecultural level.In reality, there was but a single aim: It was necessary to study the structureand the rules of the language of the Koran in order to have the languagerespected and understood.We shall not spendtoo much time on the grammaticalwork, sincewe want to fol- low the more universal tendencies,especially in their in- fluenceon medievalEurope. We shall mention only Khalil, the inventor of Arabic prosody,the first author of a diction- 64 THE GOLDEN AGE ary, and especiallyhis pupil Sibawaih, who has the dis- tinction of having codified definitively all the problems of grammar. Later, Mubarrad wrote a work which is not only didactic but a valuablecollection of poetic quotations. He also shareswith his rival and contemporary,Tha'lab, the honor of having contributedto the philological training of severalpoets.
    [Show full text]
  • Investing and Providing the Solutions to Confront The
    Abstract: Today, tourism industry is considered as the largest and the most various industries in the world and many countries regard the industry as a part of their main source of income, employment, the growth of the private sector and the development of infrastructure. Coastal areas naturally attract human beings and include the required potential for tourists. And coastal tourism can be undoubtedly seen as a source of added value and special income for coastal cities. But, the point is necessary that coastal INVESTING AND PROVIDING THE environment is so sensitive and vulnerable and the resulted pressures from tourism-based activities such SOLUTIONS TO CONFRONT THE as creating different projects to attract tourist like hotels, markets, diving clubs, docks, etc. may destroy ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF THE the environment’s ecological balance. The method PROJECTS RELATED TO COASTAL of the present research is descriptive-analytical, and data collection has been performed through library TOURISM IN KISH ISLAND studies and field observations. The research’s purpose is practical; and next to the basic knowledge of coastal tourism, it has been embarked on the study of the INVESTIR E FORNECER SOLUÇÕES PARA role of tourists in destroying the environment of Kish Island and the environmental effects of tourism-based ENFRENTAR AS QUESTÕES AMBIENTAIS projects. In the following, the research has studied the intruder factors like users’ changes and their effects on DOS PROJETOS RELACIONADOS AO the transformation of coasts as well as the changes TURISMO COSTEIRO NA ILHA DE KISH made on sandy coasts caused by the impact of human structures. The results show that the increasing number of tourists and building the tourism and welfare facilities for them have destroyed and transformed the natural form of the coasts and the issue makes it Alireza Moshabbaki Isfahani 1 necessary to planning for the sustainable development Vahideh Mojahed 2 of the coasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Bay of Bengal Programme Small-Scale Fisherfolk Communities
    Bay of Bengal Programme Small-Scale Fisherfolk Communities DEVELOPMENT OF OUTRIGGER CANOES BOBP/WP/6 IN SRI LANKA 1 (REVISED) I FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS BAY OF BENGAL PROGRAMME BOBP/WP/61 (Revised) Small-Scale Fisherfolk Communities GCP/RAS/1 18/MUL DEVELOPMENT OF OUTRIGGER CANOES IN SRI LANKA by O Gulbrandsen Naval Architect Consultant Bay of Bengal Programme Small-Scale Fisherfolk Communities in the Bay of Bengal. Madras, India, November 1990 Mailing Address : Post Bag No. 1054, Madras 600 018, Street Address : 91, St. Mary’s Road, Abhiramapuram, Madras 600 018, India. Cable : FOODAGRI Telex : 41-8311 BOBP Fax: 044-836102 Phones : 836294, 836096, 836188, 836387, 836179 This paper discusses the role of outrigger canoes, traditional and modern, in Sri Lanka’s fisheries, and their future in the context of the availability of boatbuilding materials. It also discusses the aims and design features of new canoes developed and demonstrated in Sri Lanka with the assistance of BOBP, the Bay of Bengal Programme for Fisheries Development, and the performance of these canoes during trials in Negombo and Dodanduwa in southern Sri Lanka. Some suggestions have been made for future development. The development work with new outrigger canoes, including the trials, was carried out in co-operation with private fishermen and boatyards. The outrigger canoe subproject, and this paper which reports on it, have been sponsored by the BOBP’s project “Small-scale fisherfolk communities in the Bay of Bengal,” GCP/RAS/l 18/MUL. The project is funded jointly by SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority) and DANIDA (Danish International Develop- ment Agency) and executed by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).
    [Show full text]
  • Pbس‎بغa @ ٍÎچbîژغa @ @ٍÎنî–غa ٍÎišبغa @ @ ق‎پ@@†Èا ٍغ‎چ@حمbm@I @M Âh
    ISSN: 2170-1822, Al Naciriya: Journal of sociological and EISSN: 2600-6189 historical Studies Vol. 10, N°2, Décembre 2019 pp. 863-883 The Sino-Arab political relations The Sino-Arab political relations during the T’ang Dynasty (618-907AD) Imane CHABANE 1, Ahmed CHERIFI 2 University of Algiers 2 - Abu Qasim Saadallah, [email protected] 1 University of Algiers 2 - Abu Qasim Saadallah, [email protected] 2 Received: 02 /07 /2019; Accepted: 19/11 /2019 @òîiŠÈÛa @òîäî–Ûa @òîbîÛa @pbÓýÈÛa @ Hâ907 @M 618 I@Íãbm @òÛý @†èÇ @Þý @ @ Z@ —‚ܽa @Íãbm@ òÛý @ †èÇ @ Þý@ òîiŠÈÛa @ òîäî–Ûa@ pbÓýÈÛa@ òa‰…@ †Èm @Ò†è @ ‡gm @ L òbnÛa @ @ tb¡þa @ ¿@ òàè½a @ Éî™aì½a @ åß â@H 907 @M 618 I @ïbßìÜi†Ûa L@ ïbîÛa@†îÈ–Ûa@óÜÇ @´ÏŠİÛa@´i@Þ…bjn½a@qdnÛa@‰bèà ⁄ @ƒí‰bnÛa@ ìçë âL@ 907 @òíbË @ âµg@ 618 @ åß @ ñ†nà½a @ ñÐÛa@ ¿ @ ðŠØÈÛaë @¿@ õbu @ @sîy@L´–Ûaë@lŠÈÛa@´i@ïbî@Þb–ma@Þëc @éîÏ @@ ðˆÛa @µg@ p†Ïëc@ lŠÈÛa@ …ýi@ æc @ òîiŠÈÛaë @ òîäî–Ûa@ òbnÛa@ ‰…b–½a æbjÈ‘@æb¹g @ZÝaŠ½a@ÑÛû½a @@ò튕bäÛa [email protected] 2019 @àí… @2@…†Ç @10 @Z †Ü© 863 ISSN: 2170-1822, Al Naciriya: Journal of sociological and EISSN: 2600-6189 historical Studies Vol. 10, N°2, Décembre 2019 pp. 863-883 The Sino-Arab political relations @òÐîܨa @ÝjÓ@åß @òîbßìÜi…@òrÈi@Þëc @ Íãbm @ òÛý @†èÇ@¿@´–Ûa @òíì ßþa@ òÛë†Ûa@ †èÇ @ ¿@ ôŠc@ pbrÈi@ bènÜm ë@ LæbÐÇ@ åi@ æbàrÇ @pa‰ìİnÛbi@bib¯gë bjÜ@ @´ÏŠİÛa@òÓýÇ@pŠqdm@†Óë @N òîbjÈÛa@òÛë†Ûa ë @òybÛa@ óÜÇ@ bàèäß@ Ý×@ é‰b¹@ ðˆÛa@ ‰ë†Ûaë@ òîÛë†Ûaë @ òîàîÜÓ⁄a @ @ Nòîbî Ûa @ÕíŠ [@ ÷ý [@ òjînÓ ó[@ İìÛa@bîe [@ òîbjÈÛa òÛë†Ûa @Zòîybnнa@pbàÜØÛa @ @ .ŠíŠ§a Abstract: The study of " The Sino-Arab political relations during the T’ang Dynasty (618-907 AD) " is one of the most important topics that had occupied a large part of the historical researches; it aims to highlight the first contact among Arabs and China which took place during the T’ang Dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Islam
    Istanbul 1437 / 2016 © Erkam Publications 2016 / 1437 H HISTORY OF ISLAM Original Title : İslam Tarihi (Ders Kitabı) Author : Commission Auteur du Volume « Histoire de l’Afrique » : Dr. Said ZONGO Coordinator : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Faruk KANGER Academic Consultant : Lokman HELVACI Translator : Fulden ELİF AYDIN Melda DOĞAN Corrector : Mohamed ROUSSEL Editor : İsmail ERİŞ Graphics : Rasim ŞAKİROĞLU Mithat ŞENTÜRK ISBN : 978-9944-83-747-7 Addresse : İkitelli Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Mahallesi Atatürk Bulvarı Haseyad 1. Kısım No: 60/3-C Başakşehir / Istanbul - Turkey Tel : (90-212) 671-0700 (pbx) Fax : (90-212) 671-0748 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.islamicpublishing.org Printed by : Erkam Printhouse Language : English ERKAM PUBLICATIONS TEXTBOOK HISTORY OF ISLAM 10th GRADE ERKAM PUBLICATIONS Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE ERA OF FOUR RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS (632–661) / 8 A. THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST CALIPH .............................................................................................. 11 B. THE PERIOD OF ABU BAKR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (632–634) ....................................... 11 C. THE PERIOD OF UMAR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (634–644) ............................................... 16 D. THE PERIOD OF UTHMAN (May Allah be Pleased with him) (644–656) ........................................ 21 E. THE PERIOD OF ALI (May Allah be pleased with him) (656-661) ...................................................... 26 EVALUATION QUESTIONS .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Land of Glory and Beauties
    IRAN The Land of Glory and Beauties Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization www.tourismiran.ir Iran is the land of four seasons, history and culture, souvenir and authenticity. This is not a tourism slogan, this is the reality inferred from the experience of visitors who have been impressed by Iran’s beauties and amazing attractions. Antiquity and richness of its culture and civilization, the variety of natural and geographical attractions, four - season climate, diverse cultural sites in addition to different tribes with different and fascinating traditions and customs have made Iran as a treasury of tangible and intangible heritage. Different climates can be found simultaneously in Iran. Some cities have summer weather in winter, or have spring or autumn weather; at the same time in summer you might find some regions covered with snow, icicles or experiencing rain and breeze of spring. Iran is the land of history and culture, not only because of its Pasargad and Persepolis, Chogha Zanbil, Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Yazd and Shiraz, Khuzestan and Isfahan, and its tangible heritage inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List; indeed its millennial civilization and thousands historical and archeological monuments and sites demonstrate variety and value of religious and spiritual heritage, rituals, intact traditions of this country as a sign of authenticity and splendor. Today we have inherited the knowledge and science from scientists, scholars and elites such as Hafez, Saadi Shirazi, Omar Khayyam, Ibn Khaldun, Farabi, IRAN The Land of Glory and Beauties Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ferdowsi and Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi. Iran is the land of souvenirs with a lot of Bazars and traditional markets.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Age of Islamic Achievement a Five-Part Social Studies Unit for Middle School
    The Golden Age of Islamic Achievement a five-part social studies unit for middle school Created by the Middle East Studies Center at Portland State University Written by: Courtney Ferrari, Sarah Segal, Elisheva Cohen The Golden Age of Islamic Achievement a five-part social studies unit for middle school Created by the Middle East Studies Center at Portland State University Lessons: 1. History of the Abbasid and Umayyad Dynasties 2. Geography of Islamic Expansion 3. Cities of Baghdad and Cordoba 4. House of Wisdom—scholarship in the Abbasid Dynasty 5. Scholarship, Art and Architecture in Muslim Spain Unit goal: Students will understand the role of Islamic civilization in the medieval world: its geographic and historical context, its achievements, scope and impact. Curriculum framing questions for the unit: Lesson 1: ‹ What events constitute the Abbasid and Umayyad Golden Ages? ‹ How are events in distant empires related? ‹ When and how did the empires begin and end? ‹ What events constitute the Golden Age of Islamic empires? Lesson 2: ‹ What was the geographic extent of the dynasties that made up the Islamic Golden Age? ‹ How were these societies shaped by the physical geography of their empires? Lesson 3: ‹ How are events in distant empires related? ‹ In what ways were the achievements of the Abbasid and Umayyad dynasties similar? In what ways were they different? ‹ Where did the Golden Age take place and how did geography affect its character? Lesson 4: ‹ What was the House of Wisdom and why was it important? ‹ Why did Caliph al-Ma’mun create the House of Wisdom and why did he choose Baghdad for its location? Lesson 5: ‹ What can objects tell us about the people who made them? ‹ In what ways were the achievements of the Abbasid and Umayyad dynasties similar? In what ways were they different? ‹ How did the achievements of these dynasties influence the world around them? Golden Age of Islamic Achievement: Overview 2 Learning objectives for the unit: Lesson 1: ‹ Students will be able to construct a proportional, parallel timeline to compare political units.
    [Show full text]
  • Global History, Periodisation and the Year 751 Ce
    original article histórias em contextos globais CONNECTING WORLDS, CONNECTING NARRATIVES: GLOBAL HISTORY, PERIODISATION AND THE YEAR 751 CE Otávio Luiz Vieira Pintoa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5628-3263 Email: [email protected] a Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História, Curitiba, PR, Brazil DOSSIÊ Toda história é história conectada? Esboços, Florianópolis, v. 26, n. 42, p. 255-269, maio/ago. 2019. 255/452 ISSN 2175-7976 DOI https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2019v26n42p255 ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to propose a historiographical exercise through a Global History approach, more precisely, Connected History, trying to understand aspects of pre-modern chronology from a different perspective regarding geographical limits and Eurocentric traditions. Starting from the Battle of Talas, famous for putting Arabs and Chinese against each other, I will establish a connective narrative between East and West, highlighting how the year of 751 CE is paradigmatic regarding the formation of frontiers and patterns of political interaction. In order to demonstrate such pattern, I will analyse the presence of the ʾAbbāsids and the Tang in Central Asia, the crowning of Pippin the Short in Europe, and the destruction of the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Byzantine Iconoclasm. I hope this exercise demonstrates how synchronicity and global connections can be a viable historical approach, allowing us to understand and to relocate pre-modern periodisation beyond its Eurocentric roots. This chronological/ geographical shift has the potential to unravel wider, richer, and better-connected narratives and interpretations on pre-modern subjects, breaking with the traditional normalisation of Europe as the ruler to measure and define historical periods, especially the MiddleAges.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Chi Square Statistics for Testing Results 6
    BAY OF BENGAL PROGRAMME BOBP/MAG/4 Marine Fishery Resources Management (RAS/81/051) SEPARATING MIXTURES OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS: BASIC PROGRAMS FOR BHATTACHARYA’S METHOD AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO FISH POPULATION ANALYSIS by H. Goonetilleke Computer Technician, BOBP K. Sivasubramaniam Senior Fisheries Biologist BOBP Executing Agency : Funding Agency : Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations of the United Nations Development Programme Marine Fishery Resources Management in the Bay of Bengal. Colombo, Sri Lanka, November, 1987 Mailing Address : C/o FAO, P 0 Box 1505, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. Street Address : NARA Building, Crow Island, Mattakuliya, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka. Cables : FOODAGRI Telex: 2203 A/B FAOR CE Phones: This manual describes computer programs written in Microsoft BASIC (version 2.20B) for use on an Apple Ile micro-computer (with CP/M operating system) and EPSON RX-80 F/T printer. These programs include a modification of Bhattacharya’s method for identi- fying and separating normal distributions, in a mixture of distributions in length frequency data, and computation of Chi square statistics for testing goodness of fit, as described by Pauly and Caddy (1985). This package includes a program that plots the frequency distributions for several samples of data. It is useful for estimating growth parameters and calculates the catch at length for each of the mean length groups separated, and gives 95% and 99% confidence limits for each mean. Growth parameters can also be estimated using length-at-age data by the Ford- Walford Plot and von Bertalanffy Plot programs. In cases where the ages of fish are not known and a series of sizes at relative ages is not available, growth para- meters can still be estimated using data on length increase in time (such as also obtained from tagging-recapture data) by the Gulland and Holt Plot program.
    [Show full text]
  • A Note on the Katha Font, Catamaran
    A NOTE ON THE KATHA FONT, CATAMARAN The catamaran is an amazingly simple and sturdy sea-going vessel that stands for daring and adventure. A single or at the most two logs, tied together with simple coir rope, it is a ‘jugaad’ innovation that has stood the test of time. Wikipedia says: Catamarans were seldom constructed in the West before the 19th century, but they were in wide use as early as the 5th century by the Tamil people of Tamil Nadu, South India. The word "catamaran" is derived from the Tamil word, kattumaram, which means "logs bound together." The 17th-century English adventurer and privateer William Dampier encountered the Tamil people of south-eastern India during his first circumnavigation of the globe. He was the first to write in English about the primitive watercraft he observed in use there. In his 1697 account of his trip, A New Voyage Round the World, he wrote, “On the coast of Malabar they call them Catamarans. These are but one log, or two, sometimes of a sort of light wood ... so small, that they carry but one man, whose legs and breech are always in the water.” We are proud to have the Catamaran font designed by Pria Ravichandran, as the font for the Katha website. It both signifies the adventurous spirit of Katha and its ability to leverage a simple, bold idea to reach far and wide, effectively. THE FONT: Catamaran is a Unicode-compliant Latin and Tamil text type family designed for the digital age. The Tamil is monolinear and was designed alongside the sans serif Latin and Devanagari family Palanquin.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MODERNIZATION of the OTTOMAN NAVY DURING the REIGN of SULTAN ABDÜLAZİZ (1861-1876) By
    THE MODERNIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN NAVY DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN ABDÜLAZİZ (1861-1876) by DİLARA DAL A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham April, 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The main focus of this study is to examine the modernization of the Ottoman navy during the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz, exploring naval administration, education, and technology. Giving a summary of the transformation of shipbuilding technologies and bureaucratic institutions of the Ottoman naval forces between 1808 and 1861, it analyses the structure of the Ottoman navy, its level of development in comparison to previous periods of time, and the condition of the vessels making up the naval fleet from 1861 to 1876. It also intends to evaluate the character of existing administrative structures at the outset of Abdülaziz’s reign in 1861 and the nature of subsequent changes, including structural reorganization of the Imperial Naval Arsenal, the Ministry of Marine, and the Naval Academy, as well as advancements in military training and seafaring; all within the context of the impact of these changes on the military, political, and economic condition of the Empire during the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz.
    [Show full text]
  • FRP Boat Boom in Tamil Nadu, India
    Boat-building trends in Tamil Nadu, India FRP boat boom in Tamil Nadu, India oatyards in Tamil Nadu, shortages and price escalation – FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 321 India, are humming with made traditional crafts too provides basic information and Bactivity. The magic word in expensive. Construction of new guidelines on FRP and its limitations fisheries along the Coromandel wooden kattumarams and vallams, in boat-building. It goes into some coast today is FRP or fiberglass and replacement of old vessels, was detail on the design, construction reinforced plastic. Kattumarams in becoming increasingly difficult. and planning of FRP boats. The wood-FRP transition took FRP are fast-replacing the wooden Resins used in FRP versions which have dotted the place in Tamil Nadu almost a coastline for centuries. decade after that in Kerala. Polyester, epoxy and to a lesser extent vinyl resins are commonly Kattumarams and vallams (canoes) By the mid-‘90s, FRP fishing boats used as the bases for resin systems in have long been the backbone of had gained ground in Tamil Nadu. FRP composites. Both are traditional fisheries in the state. The Many boatyards sprung up to essentially thermosetting resins with kattumaram (“logs bound together” produce kattumarams and canoes in several advantages: in Tamil) is made up of 5 to 7 logs FRP. Some statistics indicate that (a) Relatively high strength/ weight of Albizia wood with tapering ends by 2004 about 70-75 per cent of the ratio and rigidity as well as good and tied together. Vallams are wooden kattumaram fleet in Tamil electrical and thermal properties; dugout boats often constructed with Nadu had been replaced by FRP.
    [Show full text]