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Press, Politics and People in Papua New Guinea 1950-1975 by Philip Cass Is Licensed Under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 4.0 International License Press,Page 1 politics and people in Papua New Guinea 1950 -1975 Philip Cass As Tingting Bilong ol Politikal Pati BOI: A CORRUPTION, VIA PORTUGESE, OF BHOI, A BEARER OR SERVANT. IN TOK PISIN, A SERVANT, AS STRONGEST TREMOR AT RABAUL IN TWO YEARS ‘KILL VUIA!’ BUNG WANTAIM! WAN BROKE HANDCUFFS SENTENCED FOR HE CRIED As Tingting Bilong ol Politikal Pati PRISON ESCAPE THAT SOME MUST SUFFER FOR THE GREATER GOOD Published in 2014 by Unitec ePress ISBN - 978-1-927214-09-1 Press, Politics and People in Papua New Guinea 1950-1975 by Philip Cass is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Contents Acknowledgements P4 Glossery P6 Chapter 1. The Turning Mirror. P10 Map 1.1 p22 Map 1.2 p23 Chapter 2. Mercenaries, missionaries, misfits and Melanesians. p24 Illustration 2.1 p45 Illustration 2.2 p46 Illustration 2.3 p47 Chapter 3. ‘Kill Vuia! he cried.’ The Rabaul Times and political developments on the Gazelle Peninsula, 1950-59. p48 Illustration 3.1 p71 Illustration 3.2 p72 Illustration 3.3 p73 Chapter 4. 1969: ‘The onus is on us.’ p74 Chapter 5. ‘That some must suffer for the greater good’: p89 The Post-Courier and the Bougainville crisis. Illustration 5.1 p106 Illustration 5.2 p107 Illustration 5.3 p108 Chapter 6. Wanpela tok, wanpela nesen: Tok Pisin, the press and national consciousness in PNG. p109 Table 6.1 p125 Chapter 7. Bung wantaim! Wantok niuspepa and the path to independence, 1970-75. p130 Table 7.1 p143 Table 7.2 p144 Table 7.3 p147 Table 7.4 p147 Illustration 7.1 p150 Illustration 7.2 p151 Illustration 7.3 p152 Illustration 7.4 p153 Chapter 8. Press, politics and independence in Melanesia p154 Table 8.1 p159 Table 8.2 p162 Table 8.3 p163 Table 8.4 p164 Postscript p174 Appendix 1. Some notes on the origins of Tok Pisin. p176 Bibliography. p181 All reasonable attempts have been made to identify the copyright holders of illustrations and, where appropriate, to obtain permission to reproduce them. Acknowledgements 4 In 1992 I returned to Papua New Guinea for the first time since my parents went finish in 1976. I was researching my MA thesis on the missionary press in German New Guinea and over the next few years made several visits to the country. Since I taught journalism and was spending most of my time with missionaries, it seemed natural that I eventually ended up at Word Publishing. Word was started by a Divine Word missionary and is now owned jointly by the mainstream churches in PNG, a tribute to the ecumenical spirit in the country and to the church’s recognition of the importance of the media in a developing nation. Word is the Port Moresby-based publisher of Wantok, PNG’s first commercially successful Tok Pisin newspaper and although I was researching another period entirely, there was an obvious connection between mission activities at different ends of the 20th century. The missions’ decisions on whether to work in Tok Pisin or Tok Ples affected the way their successor churches used the media decades later, so I took notes against the day when the material might be useful. Eventually this became the starting point of my doctoral thesis and now, after a few more years of wandering, tinkering, revising and adding, this book; one way or another I seem to have been working on the thing for about 20 years. The doctoral thesis on which this book is based was researched and written while I was working in Abu Dhabi during the last years of Baba Zayed’s stewardship of the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi is not a noted centre for Pacific studies and this presented certain challenges. Some of them were overcome by the helpful staff at a number of libraries, particularly the Australian National Library in Canberra and the extremely helpful people of the State Library of New South Wales’ online service. My main physical source of newspapers was the British Newspaper Library in London and I am grateful that their staff did not actually turf me out into the sleet after a full and frank exchange of views on the sense of imposing copyright restrictions on the Rabaul Times when the paper had been dead for 50 years. In Abu Dhabi my wife Anne and my sister Lee read the draft chapters and offered invaluable comments, albeit from entirely different perspectives. My wife constantly reminded me that just because I knew what I was writing about, not everybody else did and that perhaps just a little more explanation might be helpful. My sister, being somewhat older than me and having as a consequence lived in PNG for longer, provided her own insights. They have my gratitude for their patience and assistance. As always, with an enterprise like this, thanks are due to many people. In PNG many people at Word Publishing in Port Moresby, Kristen Press in Madang, Wirui Press in Wewak and Toksave Buk in Rabaul furnished me with information. My posthumous thanks go to the late Bishop Leo Arkfeld and Fr Frank Mihalic, who spoke to me so many years ago. My boss at Word Publishing, Anna Solomon, shared her memories of the launch of Wantok and Patrick Matbob at Divine Word University wrote about the role of the media when he was a young man. A heartfelt gracias to my colleague Diosnel Centurion for his companionship and introducing me to the work of the Divine Word mission. In Australia, my thanks go first and foremost to my doctoral supervisors at Central Queensland University, Professor Denis Cryle and Dr Steve Mullins. I must also acknowledge Professor 5 Hank Nelson at ANU for having given me, many years ago, a copy of his seminal paper on the PNG press. The Rev Neville Threlfall gave me the benefit of his many years of living and working in Rabaul. Don Woolford shared his recollections of covering the landowners’ dispute on Bougainville and the reaction in Australia to his stories. Don Dunbar-Reid wrote about his perspective as a planter on the Gazelle in the 1950s. Ray and Fran Goodey spoke about their experiences of Wantok’s first years, as did former ABC journalist the late John Ryan. My former colleague at CQU, Gerry O’Connor, lent me Tok Pisin material his father had brought back from his wartime service in PNG. In the United Arab Emirates I thank my former dean at Zayed University, Dr Janet Keefer for approving travel funds and time off for various research trips and conference presentations utterly unrelated to the university’s normal Middle Eastern interests. For travel arrangements, I thank the inestimable Miss Girija and Mr George at Al Rostamani Travel for arranging cheap package deals with Emirates Airlines that included the Phoenix Hotel in Bayswater. The less said about that place in Paddington, the better. In New Zealand I thank David Robie from Auckland University of Technology, who hosted my last visit to Fiji when he was working at the University of the South Pacific. I also thank my editor at Unitec e-press and colleague, Evangelia Papoutsaki for chivvying me into finally handing over this manuscript. Hammering what was supposed to be the final (hah!) version of this manuscript into place began on Delma Island in the Arabian Gulf where I was teaching in Zayed University’s summer camp. The writing then moved to the village of Sepx in southern France where my host, Richard Mapstone, gave me a quiet place to work. Michelle, Marie-Claude, Michael and Pauline provided some delightfully unquiet moments. At the end of that summer my three children, Ariadne, Tristan and Alex provided coffee, criticism and quiet gardens in which to write and think in Norwich and Edinburgh. Finally, I thank my late parents, Les and Kay Cass. In the last year of his life my father helped me considerably with the research on educational policy in PNG. My parents spent the best years of their lives in PNG and gave me the inestimable gift of having been born in that marvelous country. This book is dedicated to their memory. Philip Cass Auckland, 2014 6 Glossary Tok Pisin Ars bilong sospan: Literally the bottom of a saucepan. PNG mainland term for a Bougainvillean, based on skin colour. Ars tanget: The strategically placed leaves or grass placed fore and aft to protect one’s modesty and vital organs. Not to be confused with ars grass. This is what expatriates used to call ars tanget, but it really means pubic hair. Arsples: Literally the place behind. A person’s place of origin or birth. If somebody asked me: “Wanem arsples bilong yu?” I would reply: “Arsples bilong me emi Wewak taun.” Balus: Aeroplane. Boi: A corruption, via Portugese, of bhoi, a bearer or servant. In Tok Pisin, a servant, as in hausboi, or cookboi. It does not necessarily mean a young person. Didiman: Agricultural extension officer. Doktaboi: A local medical assistant trained to give basic treatment at a village aid station. Known in the German times as a heiltultul. Grassruts: Literally the grassroots. Villagers, the urban poor, those at the bottom of the heap. Gris: Literally grease. The art of lying, cajoling and flattering; an indispensable political accomplishment. Guria: An earthquake. Kanaka: A Polynesian loan word meaning, in its original sense, a man. In Tok Pisin, it became a term of abuse by expatriates. Kes bilong singaut sapos yu paitim em long han. Also Bokis sapos yu paitim em, emi kraiaut: Largely mythological phrases, supposedly meaning a piano.
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