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The Imagination Game Riflessioni Sulla Narrazione Della Storia Dell’Informatica

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The Imagination Game Riflessioni Sulla Narrazione Della Storia Dell’Informatica The Imagination Game riflessioni sulla narrazione della storia dell’informatica Accademia Giovani per la Scienza Bertinoro, 23 marzo 2019 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 1/80 premesse Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 2/80 Un progetto di ricerca, dal 2006 • Hackerando la Macchina Ridotta • Il primo calcolatore costruito in Italia, dimenticato • Riscoperto aprendolo e studiandolo • Attività • Studio, ricerca, pubblicazioni, interventi... • Il corso di Storia dell’Informatica a InfoUma.UniPi • Eventi, mostre, esperimenti di comunicazione… • Una pagina web e una “testata” su Fb • Fra gli obiettivi: raccontare bene Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 3/80 Raccontare storia e tecnologia • C’è una crisi del raccontare? • Intendendo “raccontare” come “riportare fatti” • Post-verità, verità veloci, clickbait, fake news... • Si comunicava meglio quando si comunicava meno? • Il fascino della “storia vera” • Gli sceneggiatori lavorano per il botteghino (giusto!) • Trucchi: semplificazione, esagerazione, mitizzazione • Un problema di educazione del pubblico • “The Imitation Game”, un caso di studio Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 4/80 Gli elementi del racconto • I protagonisti • Turing: scienziato, storia personale densa e tragica, stereotipi: genio incompreso, diverso, discriminato • Enigma: macchina, nome intrigante, nera, stereotipi: cattiva, impegnativa, ma battuta • Una storia da film • Breaking the Code (1996), H. Wise • Enigma (2001), M. Apted • The Imitation Game (2014), Morten Tyldum Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 5/80 Sarà mantenuta la promessa? Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 6/80 persone Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 7/80 La squadra del film Alistair Jack Joan Peter Hugh John Stewart Denniston Good Clarke Hilton Alexander Cairncross Menzies Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 8/80 Le redshirt • Due, di fantasia, spariscono subito • Charles Richards • Keith Furman • “mediocre linguists, positively poor codebreakers” Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 9/80 MIA1: William Gordon Welchman • Da Cambridge, matematica • Già preside del Sidney Sussex College • Reclutato fra i primi da Denniston • Firmatario della famosa lettera • Sua la diagonal board della Bombe • Responsabile di Hut 6 • Meccanico, si ricrederà • Docente al MIT • 1982, The Hut 6 Story Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 10/80 MIA2: Stuart Milner-Barry • Da Cambridge, lettere & scacchi • Nazionale di scacchi, con Alexander • Broker nella City • Reclutato da Welchman (Cambridge) • Lavorò con lui in Hut 6 • Tramite fra Hut 6 e Hut 8 • Firmatario e latore della lettera • Analisi lessicale, crib • Poi responsabile di Hut 6 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 11/80 Alexander G. “Alastair” Denniston • Dalla Royal Navy, lettere • Bronzo per l’hockey nel 1908 • Nella Room40 dal 1914 • Capo della GC&CS dal 1919 • Compra BP, fra Oxford e Cambridge • Lo adatta e lo organizza • Recluta, fra gli altri, Welchman e Turing • Organizza le missioni con i Polacchi • Lascia a Edward Travis nel 1942 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 12/80 Sir Stewart Graham Menzies • Da Eton, lingue • Carriera nel Royal Army • Ferito a Ypres nel 1915 • Poi nell’MI6 (anche se non esiste) • Forse, nell’affare Zinoviev, nel ’24 • Capo del MI6 dal ’39 al ’52 • Grande sostenitore di BP... • ...ma non solo, Canaris per esempio • Molto vicino a Churchill (1500 incontri) Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 13/80 Conel Hugh O’Donel Alexander • Da Cambridge, matematica e scacchi • Campione inglese nel 1938 • Reclutato da Milner-Barry (con Golombek) • Hut 6 con Welchman, fino al 1940 • Hut 8 con Turing, firmatario • Responsabile di Hut 8 dopo Turing • Nel progetto Venona dal ’43 (vs URSS) • Resp. Sez. H del GCHQ nel 1949 • Rimane nel GCHQ fino al 1971 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 14/80 Irving John “Jack” Good • Da Cambridge, matematica • Smith Prize nel 1940 • Scacchista, ma non professionista • A BP nel 1941, con Turing • All’inizio problemi con i pisolini... • ...ma poi si trovano sul Banburismus • Dopo Hut 8 lavorerà su tunny • E, con Max Newman, al Colossus • Singolarità e cinema Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 15/80 Peter Hilton • Da Oxford, matematica • Richiamato in artiglieria dopo la laurea • Notato per tedesco e matematica • Arriva a Bletchley Park nel 1942 • Inizialmente a Hut 8 con Turing • Poi alla Newmanry insieme a Turing • Doc note, I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod • Non risultano fratelli imbarcati Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 16/80 John Cairncross • Da Cambridge, lingue • Avviato alla carriera diplomatica • Nel 1942/43 lavorò a Bletchley Park • Soprattutto su tunny • Mai con Turing • Dopo Bletchley Park passò al MI6 • Era una spia russa • Forse il 5° dei Cambrifge Five • Ma fu scoperto solo nel 1951 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 17/80 Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke • Da Cambridge, matematica • Fu Double first e Wrangler • Ma, fino al 1948, niente master per le donne • Reclutata dal suo tutor, Welchman • Con Turing e Alexander a Hut 8 • Banburista eccellente • Vice responsabile di Hut 8, nel ’44 • Amica di Turing, fidanzati nel ’41 • Rimase nel GCHQ fino al 1977 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 18/80 Alan Mathison Turing • Era un nerd? • Un po’ trascurato, aveva le sue manie • Se si concentrava, si concentrava • Non balbettava, sapeva ridere • Era un ottimo fondista (2h 46’ 3”) • Brillante, affidabile, richiesto • Non a Sherborne • A Cambridge e Princeton • A Bletchley Park • Ai NPL e a Manchester Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 19/80 Turing criptoanalista • Risultati • Bombe, con Welchman e Harold “doc” Keen • Banburismus, con Jack Good • Turingery, con Peter Hilton, Donald Michie • Delilah, con Donald Bayley • Responsabilità • Gennaio 1940, a Parigi dai polacchi di PC Bruno • Responsabile di Hut 8 dal 1940 al 1942 • Novembre 1942, in USA per le Navy Bombe Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 20/80 Turing informatico • Computabilità • Risoluzione dell’Entscheidungsproblem (1936) • Macchina di Turing, anche universale • Calcolatori e intelligenza artificiale • Il progetto del NPL-ACE (1946/47) • Programmazione sul Manchester Mk1 (1948-52) • La prova di Turing (1950), gli scacchi (1948-52) • Altro (fra l’altro) • Zeri della funzione di Riemann (anni ’30 e ’50) • Morfogenesi (dal 1952) Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 21/80 Non solo lavoro • Filosofia e sport • Ratio Dining Club • Walton Athletic Club Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 22/80 organizzazione Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 23/80 Un posto strategico Bletchley Park - Gayhurst - Wavendon - Stanmore - Eastcote - Adstock Cambridge Banbury Letchworth Oxford London Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 24/80 Nel film, ci somiglia... Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 25/80 … ma non è Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 26/80 Bletchley Park, 1942ca Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 27/80 Il nume tutelare • 1941.10.21: Action this day! • In un momento di successo • Dopo una visita di Churchill • Le Bombe ci sono, mancano persone • Garanzie per i tecnici BTM • Personale per la catena • Intercettazione in grande • Risorse per una pesca industriale • Un po’ come “Echelon” Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 28/80 Il personale • Una grande industria • Da 9000 a 10000 persone, centinaia di macchine • Piuttosto stabile, circa 12000 nomi • Escluso l’indotto, fornitori e logistica • Reclutamento • Inizialmente diretto, da persona a persona • Poi attraverso controlli e selezioni metodiche • Soprattutto nell’ambito delle leve militari • Ma con un occhio anche ai civili Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 29/80 Cruciverba? • La sfida dell’Eccentric Club, £ 100 • 5 vincitori, uno squalificato • Stanley Sedgewik reclutato a BP Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 30/80 D. Telegraph, cw. 5062, 1942.01.13 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 31/80 BP: 3/4 donne, per lo più WRNS • Women’s Royal Naval Service • O Wrens, scriccioli • Dal 1917 al 1919 • Poi riattivato nel 1939 • Nel 1944 erano 75000 • Compiti di servizio e supporto • Inquadrate nei ranghi normali nel 1993 Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 32/80 Dietro a una scrivania? Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 33/80 Joan Clarke, ma non solo • Le Dilly’s Fillies • Dillywin “Dilly” Knox, Cambridge, papirologista • Dalla Room40, nota Zimmermann • A Bletchley Park nel Cottage • Mavis Lever-Batey, Margaret Rock, Jean Perrin, Clare Harding, Rachel Ronald, Elisabeth Granger • Risultati • Enigma D (RMI), Capo Matapan • Enigma G31, Abwehr Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 34/80 dilemmi Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 35/80 Cosa, quanto, a chi, come? • Uso delle informazioni recuperate • Non far sapere al nemico che lo leggiamo • Non aiutare troppo alleati di oggi, ma domani chissà Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 36/80 Citazioni e scenografie Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 37/80 Shark, da U-534 QBHEWTDFEQITKUWFQUHLIQQGVYGRSDOHDCOBFMDH XSKOFPAODRSVBEREIQZVEDAXSHOHBIYMCIIZSKGN DLNFKFVLWWHZXZGQXWSSPWLSOQXEANCELJYJCETZ TLSTTWMTOBW.UFQ..CEN.QQ..CB..XAW.OHOYPDN LUXMGOZFZBFLOXJNSSTLPHXJDYSSBNBOZLVPXJBA TNNJDLCKKBZNRSTKPMPNVSRETKOIZTVSDBSYPZEB SJLODSJGCXFJVENZTQTFI KOMXBDMXUUUBOOTEYFXDXUUUAUSBILVUNYYZWOSE CHSXUUUFLOTTXVVVUUURWODREISECHSVIERKKREM ASKKMITUUVZWODREIFUVFYEWHSYUUUZWODREIFUN FZWOYUUFZWL.REI..NFP.EB..YU..ZWO.RZIFUNF NYANYUUROFDDEEISEFHSNULFUUZGWRDQEISECHSD REIUNDUUUZWODREISECHSFUNFEINSCECHSUHRWAR NEMUONDEAUSNACZEIGLHL Kom. Adm. U-Boote, F.d.U. Ausbildung, 26. U-Flott., von U-2364 "Remus": Mit U-2356, U-2352, U-2357, U-2359, U-2360, U-2363 und U-2365 16 Uhr Warnemünde aus nach Befehl. www.enigma.hoerenberg.com Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto
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