Beiträge Zu Centaurea Cyanus L

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Beiträge Zu Centaurea Cyanus L Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 98 B Suppl. 317-327 Wien, Dezember 1996 Beiträge zu Centaurea cyanus L. E. Hübl*, W. Holzner* & H. Glauninger** Abstract Originally, Centaurea cyanus probably was a species of open forests in SE-Europe and Turkey. Today it can still be found there in the secondary vegetation (like Phrygana-scrub or pastureland), where it prefers relatively moist microsites protected by rocks or under shrubs. It is practically unable to invade arable land, neither here nor in the Eu-Mediterranean areas of other parts of S-Europe, where it is quite rare or missing entirely. Only in areas to the N or W with a more summer-humid climate is the species able to colonize fields, thus becoming a "weed". It is interesting that here, in contrast to its "homeland" area, it is restricted to arable land only. Centaurea depressa replaces the former species towards the east and occurs in steppe-like vegetation and arable land from W-Anatolia up to the plateau of Tibet. From an ecological point of view it seems to be much better adapted to the conditions of Europe in the Pleistocene and early Holocene than Centaurea cyanus. As the pollen of the two species cannot be distinguished, the "cornflower" which, according to palynological evidence, has been considered to be native in the Central- and W-Europe of that time might have been the species from Inner Asia rather than Centaurea cyanus. Key words: Cornflower, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea depressa, weeds, origin of weeds, plant distribution history Zusammenfassung Centaurea cyanus ist eine südosteuropäisch-vorderasiatische Art lichter Wälder und bevorzugt geschützte Kleinstandorte, die zur Wuchszeit gut mit Wasser versorgt sind. In ihrem griechisch-türkischen Heimatareal gedeiht sie praktisch nur in naturnaher Vegetation und vermag nur sehr selten in Äcker einzudringen. Umgekehrt wächst sie in ihrem Sekundärareal, wo sie als "Unkraut" vorkommt, kaum außerhalb der Äcker. Im mediterranen Bereich des übrigen Europa tritt sie erst im Gebirge (als Ackerunkraut) auf. Es erhebt sich die Frage, ob Centaurea cyanus wirklich die Kornblume ist, deren Pollen in Funden aus Mittel- und Westeuropa aus Zeiten, in denen noch kein Ackerbau betrieben wurde, häufig auftaucht. Aus ökologischer Sicht würde die nahe verwandte Centaurea depressa, deren heutiges Areal östlich an das von Centaurea cyanus anschließt, viel besser in die Bedingungen des zwischen- und nacheiszeitlichen Mitteleuropa passen. Einleitung Centaurea cyanus L., eine der populärsten Pflanzen, wurde auch von der Wissenschaft viel beachtet. Eine ausgezeichnete Zusammenfassung ist erst 1994 (C. SCHNEIDER, U. und H. SUKOPP) erschienen. Trotzdem mögen einige eigene Beobachtungen, Gedanken und Hinweise auf noch ungelöste Fragen nicht ganz überflüssig erscheinen, umso mehr, als die unbestrittene Urheimat der Kornblume in einem Gebiet liegt, an dessen taxo- nomischer und floristischer Erforschung unser Jubilar einen bedeutenden Anteil hat. Prof. Dr. Erich Hübl, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Holzner, Institut für Botanik, Univ. f. Bodenkultur; Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A-l 180, Wien,Österreich. Dr. Hans Glauninger, Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Univ. f. Bodenkultur, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A-l 180, Wien, Österreich. 318 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 98 B Supplement - 90 Jahre K.H. Rechinger Seit BORNMÜLLER (1908), HAYEK (1928 - 31) und RECHINGER (1943) ist bekannt, daß im westlichen Kleinasien und im Süden der Balkanhalbinsel, einschließlich der festland- nahen östlichen und nördlichen ägäischen Inseln, Centaurea cyanus in der Regel nicht in Äckern, sondern in annuellenreichen naturnäheren Vegetationstypen wächst. Man be- trachtet daher das oben genannte Gebiet als Urheimat der Kornblume. Meist wurde in der Literatur auch Sizilien in dieses Heimatgebiet einbezogen. Nach PIGNATTI (1982) kommt Centaurea cyanus in Sizilien allerdings nur in anthropogenen Gesellschaften vor und ist daher dort als Archäophyt zu betrachten. Auch im übrigen europäischen Verbreitungsgebiet hielt man Centaurea cyanus selbstverständlich für einen Archäo- phyten, bis (zuerst durch IVERSEN 1947) Pollen von Centaurea cyanus aus dem Spätglazial Nord-, Mittel- und Westeuropas nachgewiesen wurde (Zusammenstellung bei WILLERDING 1986). Die sensationellen Funde veranlaßten WAGENITZ (1953) zu einer Überprüfung, die positiv ausfiel (es müsse sich um Centaurea cyanus oder um eine aus- gestorbene, nahe verwandte Art handeln) und in der Folge zu einer umfassenden Bearbeitung der Pollenmorphologie von Centaurea s.l. (1955). Darin weist der Autor nach, daß die auch nach anderen Merkmalen nahe verwandten einjährigen Arten der Sektion Cyanus durch einen einheitlichen Pollentyp gekennzeichnet sind. 1983 ver- öffentlichte WAGENITZ eine Monographie der einjährigen Centaurea-Arten der Sektion Cyanus, zu denen zwei Arten mit einem großen Verbreitungsgebiet gehören: Centaurea cyanus, deren Areal von MEUSEL & JÄGER (1992) mit der Formel (m)-sm-b.(oz(])_3) EUR-WAS gekennzeichnet wird und Centaurea depressa, deren Areal in Kleinasien unmittelbar östlich an das von Centaurea cyanus anschließt, mit der Arealformel m/mo- (sm).k2 (WEUR) + WAS. Das spanische Teilareal beruht nach WAGENITZ (1983) wahr- scheinlich auf Einschleppung. Nach MEUSEL & JÄGER kommt Centaurea depressa vor allem in natürlichen Annuellen-Gesellschaften, daneben auch in Getreideäckern, nach WAGENITZ (1983) vorwiegend in Getreideäckern und viel seltener in naturnahen Gesellschaften vor. Ein sehr interessantes Areal hat Centaurea cyanoides WAHLENB. (1826), die vorwiegend in Garigue- und Batha-Gesellschaften, seltener im Kulturland des Libanon und Palästinas vorkommt und dort auf den mediterranen Bereich beschränkt ist (FEINBRUN-DOTHAN 1978, WAGENITZ 1983). Auf Zypern scheint die Art dagegen erloschen und auch früher nur spärlich auf Sekundärstandorten (Getreideäckern) vorgekommen zu sein (MEIKLE 1985). Der Typusbeleg stammt nach WAGENITZ (1983) aus einem Zedernwald im Libanon. Nur beschränkte Verbreitung haben auch Centaurea pinardii Boiss. (Mazedonien, Griechenland, West-Anatolien) und C. tchihatcheffü FISCH. & MEY. (Zentralanatolien südlich Ankara). Sie scheinen nach WAGENITZ (1983) überwiegend auf anthropogenen Standorten zu wachsen1. Material und Methode Centaurea cyanus wurde auf Reisen in der Türkei und in Griechenland an ihren Stand- orten beobachtet, die begleitende Vegetation analysiert. Freiland-Kulturversuche mit Samenmaterial verschiedener Herkünfte wurden in Groß-Enzersdorf bei Wien am 1 Arealkarten der genannten Arten bei MEUSEL & JÄGER (1992). Eine von JÄGER & SEIDEL revidierte Arealkarte von Centaurea cyanus in SCHNEIDER & SUKOPP (1994). HÜBL, HOLZNER & GLAUNINGER: Beiträge zu Centaurea cyanus L. 319 Rande des pannonischen Klimagebietes durchgeführt. Die Versuchsflächen liegen 153 m über NN. Die Niederschläge in diesem Gebiet schwanken zwischen 500 und 600 mm pro Jahr, das Jahrestemperaturmittel liegt bei 10° C. Beim Boden der Versuchsfelder handelt es sich um lehmigen Schluff mit 1,8 - 2,6 % organischer Substanz. Einige methodische Details werden später stichwortartig bei den Versuchen dargestellt. Die Beispiele betreffen jeweils 1 Versuchsjahr, von den Auswertungskriterien werden nur einige wenige herausgegriffen. Zunächst werden eigene Beobachtungen von Centaurea cyanus in der Türkei und in Griechenland mitgeteilt, dann Kulturversuche von Glauninger. Ergebnisse Bei einer von Reisigl und Hübl 1982 durchgeführten Reise durch die Türkei wurden an zwei Stellen Vorkommen von Centaurea cyanus analysiert. Der erste Fundplatz liegt etwa 5 km nördlich Ayvacik (südl. Canakkale) in einer Macchie oder Pseudomacchie (wegen mehrerer sommergrüner Gehölze). Hier wurden am 13. 5. 1982 folgende Pflanzen notiert: P hilly rea media L., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Cistus incanus L. ssp. creticus (L.) HEYWOOD, .Paliurus spina-christi MILL., Quercus macrolepis KOTSCHY, Pistacia terebinthus L. ssp. palaestina (Boiss.) ENGL., Pyrus amygdaliformis VILL., Genista lydia Boiss., Ornithogalum umbellatum L., Anemone coro- naria L., Leontodon tuberosus L.. Dazu eine Anzahl von Annuellen, die wie Centaurea cyanus in Mitteleuropa als Ackerunkräuter auftreten: Euphorbia exigua L., Aphanes arvensis L., Veronica arvensis L., Sherardia arvensis L., und Anagallis arvensis L. var. parviflora. Weitere Annuelle: Lagurus ovatus L., Bellis annua L., Rumex bucephalo- phorus L., Orlaya daucoides (L.) GREUTER und andere. Der zweite Fundplatz war eine Schlucht südlich Armutlu (östl. Izmir, zwischen Izmir und Turgutlu). Am 16. 5. 1982 wurden hier an einem mit Pinus brutia TENORE bestandenen steilen West-Hang (Deckung der Baumschicht 70 %) mit einer spärlichen Strauch- schicht (etwa 5 % Deckung) aus Quercus cerris L., Pistacia terebinthus L. ssp. terebinthus, Cercis siliquastrum L.und Celtis australis L. von der etwa 60 % deckenden Kraut- schicht neben den ausdauernden Arten Leontodon cf. crispus VILL., Origanum vulgäre agg., Cyclamen sp. und Rumex tuberosus L. ssp. tuberosus unter anderen folgende Annuelle notiert: Geranium purpureum VILL., Centaurea cyanus L., Orlaya daucoides (L.) GREUTER, Lathyrus aphaca L., Briza maxima L., Cynosurus echinatus L., Torilis leptophylla (L.) RCHB., Knautia integrifolia (L.) BERTOL., Galium aparine L., Galium brevifolium SM. ssp. brevifolium, Sonchus oleraceus L., Euphorbia exigua L. und Asterolinon linum-stellatum (L.) DUBY. In Griechenland wurden Vorkommen von Centaurea cyanus bei Reisen von Holzner und Hübl (1983), Holzner, Glauninger und Scharfetter (1984) und Holzner und Scharfetter (1985) notiert. A. 26. 6. 1983. Paßhöhe südlich
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