Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03106-7 - Cambridge History of Europe: Early Modern Europe 1450–1789: Second Edition Merry E

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03106-7 - Cambridge History of Europe: Early Modern Europe 1450–1789: Second Edition Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks Index More information

Index

abortion, 65 , 304 Arkwright, Richard, 477 , 480–481 Beguines, 40 absolutism, 317 , 358–360 Armada, Spanish, 195–196 Behn, Aphra, 390 Académie Français, 329 , 368 , 370 armies, standing, 94–96 , 349 , 324 ; Bembo, Pietro, 145 Acosta, José de, 271 see also warfare, military Bering, Vitus, 495 adolescence, 59 –60 technology Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 395 adultery, 71 , 180 , 184 Arnauld, Angélique, 417 “Black Legend” 269 Afonso I (Nzinga Mbemba), king of art and artists, 37 , 128–129 , 152–159, Blake, William, 421 , 480 , 490 , 534 Kongo, 259 , 262 317 , 393–399 , 533 Bligh, Walter, 460 ages of man, 52 , 281 astronomy, 373 , 376–378 blood, ideas about, 520–522 Agricola, Georgius, 217 asylums, 306 bloodletting, 54 , 55 agriculture, 206 –216 , 456 “Atlantic World,” concept of, 241 Blumenbach, Johann, 525 Ailly, Pierre d’ , 246 Augsburg Confession, 181 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 144 Albert II of Habsburg, 32 , 113–115 Augsburg, Peace of, 182 , 321 Bodin, Jean, 137 , 138 Albert of Brandenburg, Duke of Augustinians, 39 , 167 body, 53 –58 , 301 , 310 , 379 , 433 Prussia, 117 Australia, 8 , 496 , 519 body politic, 280–281 , 311 , 469 Albert of Mainz, 168 Austria, 32 , 69 , 98 , 117 , 322 , 326 , 327 , Boehme, Jakob, 421 Alberti, Leon Battista, 152 349 , 352 , 354 , 359 , 399 , 418 , Bohemia, 164 , 167 , 322 , 349 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 254 467 , 472 Boleyn, Anne, 172 alchemy, 374–375 autos-da-fé, 60, 101 , 111, 233 Bologna, 133 Alciati, Andrea, 134 Azores Islands, 22 Bora, Katherina von, 179 alcoholic beverages, 455 Aztec Empire, 264 , 534 Borgia, Cesare, 135– 137 Aleksei, tsar of Russia 431 Borgia, Lucrezia, 187 d’Alembert, Jean, 13 , 385 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 400 Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Alexander VI, pope, 112 , 251 Bacon, Francis, 136 , 374 , 389 pope American Revolution, see War for Bacon’s Rebellion, 515 Bosch, Hieronymous, 156 American Independence Bafﬁ n, William, 495 Bossuet, Jacques, 316 , 318 Amsterdam, 344 , 370 Bainton, Roland, 164 Botticelli, Sandro, 152 , 157 economy in, 220, 224, 230 , 485 , Bakewell, Robert, 458 Bougainville, Louise Antoine de, 499 487 , 502 ballet, 403 Bourignon, Antoinette, 421 Anabaptists, see radical Reformation banks, 220 , 480 , 485 , 486 Boyle, Robert, 289 , 375 anatomy, 53 , 295–298 Barents, Willem, 495 Brahe, Tycho, 375, 376 Anderson, Benedict, 89 , 123 , 167 baptism, 40 , 81 , 168 , 175 , 176 , 191 , Bramante, Donato, 154 Angoulême, Marguerite d’, 145 429 , 516 Brandenburg-Prussia 325 , 423 Anguissola, Sofonisba, 158 Barcelona, 220 , 485 army in, 324 , 352 Anne, St., 149 , 167 , 192 baroque art, 393–399 politics in, 34 , 351–352 Anne, queen of England, 310 , 343 Basil I and II, grand dukes of Brazil, 251 , 260 , 261 , 325 , 337 , 495 , Anne of Austria, queen of France, Muscovy, 118 502 , 506 , 519 329 Batavia, 500–502 Brendan of Clonfert, St. , 26 Anne of Brittany, 105 Bayle, Pierre, 370 Britain, see England Antwerp, 219 , 223 –224 , 484 Beadle, John, 292 British colonies, 494 apothecaries, 301 Beauchamp, Pierre, 403 in the Caribbean, 494 , 505–511 , A r a g o n , see Spain Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin de, 517 , 518 Ariosto, Ludovico, 145 391 in North America, 249 , 513, Aristotle, 53 , 63 , 373 , 377 begging, 230 , 299 515 , 517–519 , 522 , 528

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03106-7 - Cambridge History of Europe: Early Modern Europe 1450–1789: Second Edition Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks Index More information

540 index

brothels, 30 , 34 , 67 , 122 , 229 , 305 ; Charles XII, king of Sweden, 353 conversos , 108–109 , 116 , 440 see also prostitutes Charles “the Bold,” duke of Cook, James, 496–499 , 532 Brueghel, Peter, 156 Burgundy, 104 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 376–377 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 153 Châtelet, Emilie du, 387 Corneille, Pierre, 391 Bry, Theodor de, 270 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 147 Cortes , 106 Bucer, Martin, 170 chemistry, 375 Cortés, Hernan, 241–242 , 244, Buffon, Georges, 525 childbirth, 40 , 302–304 264–265 Burckhardt, Jacob, 52 , 88 childhood, 59 Corvinus, Matthias, 90 , 154 Burton, Robert, 288 , 292 China, 48 , 259 , 501 , 526 , 532 cottage industry, 213 Butler, Samuel, 408 merchants in, 21, 27 , 255 , 258 , craft guilds, see guilds Byzantine Empire, 38 267 , 500 , 503 Cranach, Lucas, 9 , 157 missionaries in, 26 , 256 , 419 , 420 Cranmer, Thomas, 173 cabala, 141 , 442 chocolate, 268 crime, 232 –233 Cabot, John, 249 Christian humanism, 142–143 Cromwell, Oliver, 340 , 414 Cabral, Pedro, 251 Chrysoloras, Manuel, 139 Cromwell, Richard, 342 Cahiers de doléances, 332 churching of women, 40 Cromwell, Thomas, 173 Cairo, 21 , 242 Cicero, 37 , 135 , 143 Crusades, 24 calculus, 379 , 382 circumcision, 41 Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, 390 Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de, 141 Dante Alighieri, 144 Calvin, John, 132 , 183–185 cities and towns, 21–22 , 28–29 , 34 , death, 75 –78, 294 , 465–468 Calvinism, 183–185 , 193–195 , 44 , 47 , 119 , 121–122 , 131 , de Vries, Jan, 456 , 529 204 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 345 , 224 –229, 284–286 , 305 Defoe, Daniel, 390 412 –414 citizenship, 122 , 286 deism, 384 Cambridge Group, 79 class, see social hierarchy demography, see population cameralism, 318 Clement VII, pope, 172 demonology, see witchcraft Campion, Edmund, 189 Clement XI, pope, 417 Denmark, 33 , 119 , 172 , 505 Canary Islands, 22 Clement XIV, pope, 420 Descartes, René, 293 , 344 , 378–381 Canisius, Peter, 188 climate, ideas about, 386 , 524 , 527 Desmond rebellions, 101 capitalism, 43 , 203 –204 , 206 , 233 Clive, Robert, 503 diaries, see memoirs and diaries Caravaggio, Michelangelo da, 394 cloistering of women, 122, 176 Dias, Bartolomeu, 245 , 251 Caribbean, 505–512 cloth production, 43 , 218 –220 , Diderot, Denis, 13 , 383 , 389 , 499 Carmelites, 191 470–472 , 507 , 529 diplomacy, 120–121 , 136 , 352 , 419 Cartier, Jacques, 495 clothing, 44 , 57 , 58 , 202 , 219 , 228 , disease, 22 , 54 , 95 , 263 –264 , 294 , Cartwright, Edmund, 7 286 , 308 , 319 , 386 , 454 , 455 , 323 , 374 , 465–466 , 467 , 480 , Carvajal, Luise de, 190 472 , 476 497 , 526 Castiglione, Baldassar, 144 coal, 216 , 479–480 divine right of kings, 316 , 318 , 338 , 361 Castile, 28 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 111 Code Noir, 508–509 divorce, 71 , 180 , 191 castrati, 402–403 coffee and tea, 268 , 452 , 455 , 502 Dominicans, 82 , 527 Catherine (II) the Great, empress of coins, 221 , 266 , 486 Donatello, 152 Russia, 310 , 432, 433 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 330 , 472 , Dort, Synod of, 413 Catherine of Aragon, 100 , 107 , 172 475 , 515 dowries, 71 , 72 , 82 , 284 , 465 Catherine de’ Medici, queen of “Columbian exchange” 267 Dózsa, György, 214 France, 403 Columbus, Christopher, 21 , 22 , 238 , Drake, Francis, 269 , 498 Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of, 115 245 –249, 260 , 272 , 505 drama, 146 , 390 celibacy, 63 , 64 , 71 , 169 , 179 , 426 Columbus Day, 248 Dryden, John, 390 Celtis, Conrad, 140 Complutensian Polyglot, 140 Dudley, Robert, 94 Cervantes, Miguel de, 92 , 145 , 203 Commedia dell’Arte, 146 Duplessis de Mornay, Philippe, 138 Champlain, Samuel de, 495 Concordat of Bologna, 192 Dürer, Albrecht, 156 , 265 , 532–534 charity, see poor laws and poor relief Condorcet, marquis de, 383 , 387 Dutch colonies, 325 , 494 , 502 , Charles I, king of England, 339–341 confessionalization, 165 , 197 , 410 505–507 , 514 , 521 Charles II, king of England, 342 confraternities, 82 –83 , 192 , 527 Dutch East India Company (VOC) Charles III, king of Spain, 336 Constance, Council of, 24 485 , 500–502 , 521 , 527 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Constantinople (Istanbul) 347 , 441 Dutch West Indian Company (WIC) and king of Spain, 112 , 172 , conquest of, 7 , 24 , 116 506 , 514 222 consumer goods and consumption, and religious reform, 181–182 , 203 , 372 , 454 , 455 , 475 , 476 , early modern, concept of, 2 , 14 194 502 Eck, Johann, 168 and Spanish empire, 252 , 265 contraception, 64 , 65 , 303–304 Edinburgh, 369 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, convents, 37 , 39 , 40 , 72 , 150 , 172 , education, 185 , 382 , 388; see also 349 189 , 191 , 306 , 417 , 527; see also schools, universities Charles VII, king of France, 104 monasteries Edward IV, king of England, 100

index 541

Eleonore of Portugal, 18 , 20, 98 France Geneva, 184–185 Elias, Norbert, 287 agriculture in, 211 , 462 , 467 Genoa, 245 Elizabeth I, queen of England, culture in, 367 , 391 , 399 Gentileschi, Artemisia, 396 , 397 100–101 , 135 , 137 , 174 , 195 , economy in, 471 , 476 , 485 , 486 , 507 George I, king of Britain, 344 281 education in, 132 , 134 George II, king of Britain, 81 , 344 Elizabeth, queen of Russia, 358 medicine in, 302 George III, king of Britain, 518 emotions, 292–295 military in, 15, 30 , 321, 326 , 518 Germany enclosure, 211 , 459 politics in, 30 , 103–105 , 310 , 319 , culture in, 150 , 156 , 370 , 389 encomienda system, 260 , 265 328–332 , 336 , 342 , 351 economy in, 45 , 474 Encyclopédie , 13 , 385 religion in, 24 , 185 , 192 , 411 , education in, 130 , 370 England 415 –417 , 427 , 438 , 445 politics in, 32 , 113–115 , 317 agriculture in, 211 , 213 , 458 , 461 Francesca, Piero della, 152 religion in, 40 , 167 , 170 , 181 , 323 , economics in, 43 , 205, 455, 472, Francis I, king of France, 81 , 105 , 353 , 410 , 412 , 417 –418, 423 , 477 , 479–483 , 485 , 487 , 529 192 434 , 443 education in, 130 , 132 Franciscans, 39 , 187 , 230 Giotto di Bondone, 152 families in, 82 Franck, Sebastian, 470 Glickl bas Judah Leib, 289–290 , 454 , law in, 33 , 180 , 526 Francke, August, 422 472 literature in, 146 Franco, Veronica, 309 Glorious Revolution, 343 politics in, 31–32 , 99–103 , Frederick II (the Great), king of Goa, 254 , 256 , 258 338–344 Prussia, 326, 352 , 354 godparentage, 81 –82 religion in, 167 , 172–174 , 185 , Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Golden Bull of 1356, 114 189 , 195 , 413 –415, 421 , 20 , 98 Gordon riots, 415 426 Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Grafﬁ gny, Françoise de, 392 English Civil War, 339 , 389 Emperor, 113 Gramsci, Antonio, 240 English (later British) East India Frederick William, elector of Granada, 24 , 108 , 109 , 111 , 247 Company (EEIC) 476 , 485 , 498 , Brandenburg-Prussia, 351–352 Grebel, Conrad, 175 502–505 , 522 Frederick William, king of Prussia, Greenland, 27 “enlightened” absolutists, 358–360 352 green-sickness, 294 Enlightenment, 367–368, 371, 391 Freemasons, 369 Gregory VII, pope, 24 Erasmus, Desiderius, 141–143 French colonies, 494 , 499 , 505–510 , Gresham, Thomas, 223 Estates General of France, 104 , 332 514 , 515 , 517–518 , 524 Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob von, Estonia, 435 Fronde, 330 389 Eucharist, 169 , 185 , 390 Fugger family, 168 , 222 –223 Grünewald, Matthias, 157 E u r o p a , 3 funerals, 41 , 76 , 77 , 83 , 441 Guanches, 22 Europe, concept of, 2–3 , 14 guilds, 43–44 , 60 , 83 , 217 , 224 , 225 , Gainsborough, Thomas, 399 472–474 , 483 families and family structure, 68 –73, Galen, 53 , 134 , 296 Gustav III, king of Sweden, 353 78 , 294–295; see also marriage Galilei, Galileo, 296 , 369 , 377–378 , Gustavus Adolphus, 322 , 352–353 , 457 Farinelli, 402 389 Gutenberg, Johann, 7 Febronianism, 418 Galilei, Vincenzo, 150 Guyon, Jeanne-Marie, 418 Fénelon, François, 419 Galizia, Fede, 158 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, galley service, 232 Habermas, Jürgen, 368 322 Gama, Vasco da, 245 Habsburg-Valois wars, 93 , 115 , 181 Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Garcia II, king of Kongo, 239 Habsburgs, 98 , 113 , 217 , 317 , 322 Gassendi, Pierre, 296 349–351 Ficino, Marsilio, 139–140 gender, ideas about, 30 , 55 , 62 –63, Hajnal, John, 70 Fielding, Henry, 393 434 , 523 Hakluyt, Thomas, 492–493 Filmer, Robert, 138 , 382 in the Enlightenment, 370, 386 , Haller, Albrecht von, 296 Finland, 354 , 435 , 470 387–388 Hals, Franz, 396 ﬁ shing, 178 , 207 , 208 , 229 , 249 , 251 , in the Reformation, 179 Handel, George Frideric, 400 459 , 466 in the Renaissance, 148 Hanseatic League (Hansa), 21, 119 Florence, 32 , 135 , 138 , 153 , 205 , 220 , gender differences Hargreaves, Richard, 477 378 , 485 in the arts, 150 , 158 , 402 , 403 Harvey, William, 295 Flour War, 463 in education 37 , 130–131 Hasidism, 443 Fontana, Lavinia, 61 , 158 in families, 72 , 432 Haskalah , 443 Formula of Concord, 170 , 181 in law, 122 , 207 , 281 , 284 , 383 , Hawaiian Islands, 498 food, 45 , 46 , 56 –57 , 466–467 437, 522 Haydn, Franz Joseph, 401 Foucault, Michel, 287 in religion, 41 , 189–191 , 425 –427, Hemessen, Caterina van, 158 Fox, George, 340 , 420 441 Henry II, king of France, 105 Fox, Margaret Fell, 340 in work, 208 , 211 , 217 , 461 , 470 , Henry III, king of France, 193 , 309 Foxe, John, 9 471 , 477 Henry IV, king of France, 193–194 , 328

542 index

Henry VII, king of England, 88 , 100 Intendants , 329 Katz, Naphtali Ha-Kohen, 443 Henry VIII, king of England, 100, intermarriage, 109 , 267 , 520 , Kepler, Johannes, 373 , 375 , 376 157 , 172–174 521–523 , 527 Kett’s Rebellion, 205 Henry the Navigator, prince of Ireland, 32 , 101–102 , 185 , 339 , 343 Knights’ Revolt, 178 Portugal, 243 –244 iron production, 480 knitting, 218 –219, 202, 424 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 393 Isabella and Ferdinand, rulers of Knox, John, 137 , 185 Hermetic texts, 139, 374 Spain, 107 , 238 , 247 Kongo, 259 , 263 Heywood, Eliza, 393 Isabella of Portugal, 113 Krämer, Heinrich, 434 Hippocrates, 53 Islam, 26 , 64 , 71 , 133 , 412, Kuhn, Thomas, 366 historiographical debates 445–448, see also Muslims about the arts, 141 , 394 Istanbul, s ee Constantinople La Salle, Robert, 330 about the body and sexuality, 54 , Italy La Pérouse, Jean François Galaup, 293 , 295 arts in, 140 , 145 , 153 , 158 , 317 count of, 499 about colonialism, 497 , 505 , 528 , economy in, 28 , 210 , 219 , 284 Labadie, Jean de, 421 532 education in, 21 , 140 lace-making, 219 about the economy, 204 , 481 politics in, 32 , 98 , 115 , 119–121 , Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de, 293 about politics, 136 , 138 123 , 137 , 224 Landes, David, 530 about religion, 41 , 173 religion in, 187 , 192 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 269 –271 Hobbes, Thomas, 280 , 382 Ivan III, grand duke of Muscovy, 118 Lasso, Orlando di, 150 Holbein, Hans, 157 Ivan IV, “the Terrible,” tsar of Russia, Laud, William, 339 Holy Roman Empire, see Germany 118 , 356 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 296 , Hogarth, William, 408 375 –376 homosexuality, see same-sex Jacobite rebellions, 343 Law, John, 485 , 517 relationships James IV, king of Scotland, 100 , 103 law, canon, 38 , 180 Hooke, Robert, 369 James V, king of Scotland, 103 common, 99 , 101 hospitals, 298–299 James VI and I, king of Scotland Roman, 122 , 134 , 435 , 511 Hoyer, Anna Owen, 410 and England, 281 , 283 , 316 , law codes, 8 , 12 , 41 , 434 , 442 Hudson, Henry, 495 , 514 338–339 , 413 , 481 Le Brun, Charles, 314 Huguenots, 193–194 , 328 , 329 , James VII and II, king of Scotland Lead, Jane, 421 330–331, 415–416 and England, 342 learned societies, 368–369 humanism and humanists, 37 , 134 , Janissary Corps, 347–348 Lee, Ann, 426 135 , 138–144 , 368 Jansen, Cornelius, and Jansenism, Leeuwenhoeck, Anton von, 296 Hume, David, 383–384 , 387 416 –417 Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques, 140 , 193 humors, 53 –55, 292 Japan, 255 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 368 , Hundred Years War, 7 , 30 , 91 , 99 , 104 Jefferson, Thomas, 383, 384 382 , 526 Hungary, 90 , 154 , 349 , 429 Jesuits, 133 , 256 , 271 , 416 , 527 Lenclos, Ninon de, 309 Hunyadi, John, 90 suppression of, 359 , 420 Lepanto, Battle of, 96 , 97 , 117 , 348 , 475 Hurll, Mary, 289 Jews and Judaism, 28 , 57 , 108–109 , Leo X, Pope, 168 Hus, Jan, 24 , 167 133 , 166 , 344 , 359 , 440–445, Leonardo da Vinci, 140 , 152 Hutten, Ulrich von, 141 508 , 521 Lessing, Gotthold, 391 Hutter, Jacob, 175 , 176 ideas and practices of, 41 , 60 , 71 , letters and letter-writing, 288–289 , Hutterites , 176 78 , 411 290 hymns, 177 Joanna of Castile, 107 Levellers, 340 , 341 , 411 João I (Nzinga Nkuwu), king of Linacre, Thomas, 140 Iceland, 27 , 435 Kongo, 259 Linneaus, Carl, 524 illness, see disease, mental illness John III, king of Portugal, 262 Lisbon, 195 , 245, 337 Inca Empire, 264 John III Sobieski, king of Poland, 354 literacy, 8–12 , 131–133 Index of Prohibited Books, 187 John IV, king of Portugal, 336 literature, 35 , 37 , 144–149, 389–393 India, 423 , 476 John V, king of Portugal, 337 Lithuania, 117 , 441 Indian Ocean, 27 , 241 –243 , 254 , 493 , John of Monte Corvino, 27 Livonia, 117 , 118 499–505 , 522 Joliet, Louis, 495 Locke, John, 344 , 367 , 382–383 individualism, 52 Joseph I, king of Portugal, 337 Lollards, 167 indulgences, 77 , 168 , 191 Joseph II, ruler of Austria, 351 , 359 , London, 147 , 230 , 281 , 283 , 299 , industry, 475–484 , 530 418 , 445 308 , 338 , 372 , 414 , 422 , 465 , infanticide, 304 , 432 journals, 290 , 370 484 , 485 inheritance, 78 –80, 284 journeymen, 44 , 149 , 172 , 226 –227, Lope de Vega, Félix, 146 , 390 Innocent III, pope, 24 474 Louis XI, king of France, 104 Innocent VIII, pope, 434 Julius II, pope, 154 , 187 Louis XIII, king of France, 328 Innocent XI, pope, 402 Louis XIV, king of France, 306 , 316, Inquisitions, 108–109 , 110 , 187 , 378 , Kant, Immanuel, 367 , 525 318 , 319 , 329–331 , 342 , 411 , 415 , 435 , 437 , 440 Karlstadt, Andreas, 175 415 , 508

index 543

Louis XV, king of France, 331–332 Mendelssohn, Moses, 385 Nasi, Gracia and Nasi family, 223 Louis XVI, king of France, 332 , 525 menopause, 75 Native Americans, love, 68 , 293 menstruation, 55 , 60 –62 in North America, 423 , 516 , 518 , Loyola, Ignatius, 188 mental illness, 293 528 Lukaris, Cyril, 428 –429 mercantalism, 205 , 468 , 477 in South America, 266 –267, 271 Luo Wanzao, 271 Mercator, Gerardus, 251 natural rights, 383–388 Luria, Isaac, 442 Merchant Adventurers, 206 naval technology and warfare, 96, Luther, Martin, 2 , 64 , 144 , 150 , merchants 21 , 43 , 203 –206 , 218 – 220, 325 , 348 , 519 164–165 , 167–172, 178 470 , 484 navigational instruments, 46 and overseas trade, 253 , 440 , 454 Nebrija, Antonio de, 140 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 88 , 135–137, Merici, Angela, 189 Nestorians, 26 146 Mennonites, 176 Netherlands, Magellan, Ferdinand, 252 mestizo culture, 267 , 520 agriculture in, 211 , 457 Magna Carta, 99 metals, precious, 267 , 335 art in, 156 , 396 Maintenon, madame de, 309 Methodists and Methodism, 423 , economy in, 224 , 284 , 308 , Malaspina, Alessandro, 498 425 , 426 , 526 345–346 , 470 Malherbe, François de, 391 Mevlevi orders, 446 religion in, 185 , 194–196 , Mali Empire, 7 , 22 Mexico, 264 , 240–243, 247, 415 412 –413 Malleus maleﬁ carum , 434 Michelangelo (Buonarotti) 128 , 144 , politics in, 319 , 326 , 344–347 Malthus, Thomas, 469 153–154 , 157 and war, 321 , 323 , 335 , 349 Mantegna, Andrea, 152 , 153 midwives, 302–303 , 437 Newcomen, Thomas, 479 Manuel I, king of Portugal, 245 military technology, 90–93 , 216 , newspapers, 370 Manufactories, 471–472 225 , 324 Newton, Isaac, 364 , 366 , 379–381, Manutius, Aldus, 141 Miller, Mattheus, 289 486 , 529 Margaret of Parma, 195 Milton, John, 281 , 390 Nicolet, Jean, 495 Margrete I, queen of Denmark, 33 , mining and miners, 13 , 43, 215 –217, Nicot, Jean, 268 119 222 , 265 , 266 Nikon, Patriarch, 431 Maria Theresa, queen of Austria, 319 , missionaries, 26 , 189 , 253 , 256 , 259 , nobles, 27 , 30 , 47 , 95 , 123 , 282 , 351 , 443 , 474 265 , 423 , 429 , 516 , 527–528 310 , 319 Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 309 Moctezuma, 265 in eastern Europe, 34 , 117 , 214 , Marie de Medici, queen of France, Mohacs, Battle of, 90, 94, 349 284 , 349 , 352 , 354 , 357 , 475 328 Mokyr, Joel, 529 , 530 in England, 338 , 481 marital strategies, 98 , 107 Molière, 391 in France, 105 , 185 , 225 , 283 Marlowe, Christopher, 147 Molinos, Miguel de, 417 in Spain, 108 , 283 , 309 , 335 Marquette, Jacques, 495 monasteries, 35 , 39 , 70 , 173 , 359 , 418 , in Sweden, 353 marriage, 45 , 65 , 68 –72 , 295 , 426 , 432 428 –429 in western Europe, 282–286 in the Reformation, 175 , 179 , 191 Montagu, Mary Wortley, 299 Nobunaga, Oda, 255 marriage contracts, 12 , 69 Montaigne, Michel de, 379 Northeast and Northwest Passage, Marx, Karl, 203 Montesquieu, baron de, 384, 386, 4 9 5 Mary I, queen of England, 137 389 , 526 Norway, 119 , 208 , 495 Mary of Burgundy, 98 Monteverdi, Claudio, 400 Nuremberg, 28 , 156 , 222 , 286 , Mary (Stuart), queen of Scotland, Moravians, 423 –426 532–534 103 , 195 More, Thomas, 141 , 173 Mary, Virgin, 40 , 41 , 191 , 192 Moriscos, 111 O’Gorman, Edmundo, 239 , 248 masculinity, 44 , 60 , 226 , 281 Moscow, 166 , 215 , 356 , 428 , 430 old age, 73 –75 masturbation, see onanism mothers and motherhood, 52 , 65 , 75 , Old Believers, 411 , 431 mathematics, 378 76 , 294 , 302 , 306 , 348 , 437 , 508 onanism, 306 Mather, Cotton, 272 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 401 opera, 391 , 399 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Münster, 176 opium, 502 , 503 86 , 98 Müntzer, Thomas, 175 Oppenheimer, Samuel and Joseph, Mazarin, Cardinal, 329 Murad II, Ottoman sultan, 268 440 Medici, Cosimo de’, 139–140 Muscovy, see Russia oral traditions, 149 Medici, Lorenzo de’ , 139 , 144 museums, 368 orphanages, 34 , 121 , 188 , 229 , 295 , Medici family, 135 , 157 , 378 music, 149–152 , 169 , 177 , 399–403 , 305 , 346 , 432 medicine, 55 –56 , 62 , 298–301 425 orphans, 12 , 22 , 213 , 230 , 231 , 513 Mehmet II, 7 , 426 Muslims Orthodoxy, Eastern, 38 , 63, 166, melancholy, 292 practices of, 23 , 28 , 41 , 77 –78 427–433 Melanchthon, Philipp, 169, 181 , 428 treatment of, 111 , 336 Ottoman Empire Memling, Hans, 156 art in, 146 , 154 memoirs and diaries, 289 , 290, 355 , names, 81 education in, 130 , 133 454 , 526 Nantes, Edict of, 194 , 328 , 331 , 416 , 508 economy in, 215 –217 , 268 , 469

544 index

Ottoman Empire (cont.) pietism, 422 –423 , 528 Quakers, 289, 340 , 411 , 420 –421 , 526 military in, 90 , 94 , 97 , 115 Pigafetta, Antonio, 252 Quietism, 417 politics in, 7 , 28 , 34 , 116–117, Pilgrimage of Grace, 173 347 pilgrimages, 20 , 23–24 , 167 , 429 , 446 Rabban Sauma, 26 religion in, 28 , 71 , 109 , 427 –429 , Pilgrims, 514 Rabelais, François, 145 440 pirates, 269 race, ideas about, 261 , 386–387 , 520 voyages by, 255 Pitt, William, 344 Racine, Jean, 391 Oxenstierna, Axel, 81 , 353 Pius II, Pope (Aeneas Silvius Piccolo- radical Reformation, 165 , 174–178 mini) , pope, 20 , 25 , 140 , 274 Rákóczy, Francis II , 349 Paciﬁ c, exploration of, 252 , 496–499 Pius IV, Pope, 135 , 187 Raleigh, Walter, 512 Palestrina, Giovanni, 150 Pizan, Christine de, 74 Ranters, 340 Palladio, Andrea, 399 Pizarro, Francisco, 265 r a p e , 6 5 papacy and Papal States, 38 , 114 , plague, bubonic, 28 , 298 , 465 Raphael (Sanzio) 154 , 155 415 –420 Plato, 135 , 373 reading, see literacy Paracelsus, 374 Poland, 8 , 117 , 185 , 189 , 354–355 , Reformation, Catholic 130 , 132, 134, Paré, Ambrose, 63 420 , 429 , 441 152 , 165 , 186–192 Paris, 66 , 105 , 133 , 193 , 225 , 305 , 308 , political theory, 135–138 , 316 , 317 , Reformation, Protestant 71 , 130 , 134, 369 , 472 382 143, 150 , 159 , 164 , 318 Paris, Treaty of, 327 Poliziano, Angelo, 139 , 144 Reinhart, Anna, 179 Parliament, English, 282 , 338–343 Polo, Marco, 21, 246 religious wars, 138, 180, 192–196 Parmentier, Antoine-Auguste, 467 Pombal, Marquise de, 337 Rembrandt van Rijn, 396 , 398 Parsons, Robert, 189 Pomeranz, Kenneth, 529 Renaissance, 37 , 52 , 128 , 367 Parthasarathi, Prasannan, 529 Pompadour, Madame de, 309 representative assemblies, 281 , 353 ; Pascal, Blaise, 416 Pope, Alexander, 366 , 380 see also Parliament, Estates Pasek, Jan Chryzostom, 355 poor laws and poor relief, 230 , 477 General, Cortes patents, 481 , 483 population, 204 –205 , 463–469 “Republic of Letters,” 368 , 404 patronage, artistic, 139 , 140 , 157 , Portugal, 107 , 109 , 223 , 258 , 336 –338 , resistance theory, 138 367 , 401 440 Reuchlin, Johann, 140 Paul III, pope, 154, 187 , 188 , 189 Portuguese colonies and voyages, 22 , Reynolds, Joshua, 399 Paul IV, pope, 187 243 –244 , 258 Ricci, Matteo, 256 Pauw, Cornelius de, 524 , 525 in Americas, 251 , 493 , 494 , 506 Richardson, Samuel, 293 , 393 peasants, 27 , 28 , 45 , 59 , 119 , 131 , in Asia, 244 , 255 –256 , 258, 499 Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, 206 –215 , 357 , 359 , 432 , 441 , post-colonial theory, 240 , 529 Cardinal, 328–329 , 368 461– 463 postal service, 288 , 310 , 370 , 532 riots, 157 , 165 , 195 , 205 , 206 , 459 , peasants’ revolts, 214, 356 potatoes 268 , 318 , 357 , 457 , 463 Peasants’ War, German, 178–179 , 205 466–467 Roches, Madeleine and Catherine Penn, William, 515 Poussin, Nicolas, 399 des, 144 Pepys, Samuel, 290 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 104 rococo art, 394 , 399 Perrault, Charles, 148 pregnancy, 55 , 65 –66 Romanov, Michael, tsar of Russia, Peru, 533 , 265 , 392 Prez, Josquin des, 149 356 Peter the Great, tsar of Russia, 316 , prices, 206 –211 Rome, 115 , 153 , 168 , 173 , 368 , 394 , 318 , 357–358 Priestley, Joseph, 296 , 375 462 Peter II, king of Portugal, 336 printing, 7 , 8–12 , 47 , 89 , 158 , 169 , Ronsard, Pierre de, 145 Petersen, Johanna Eleonora, 425 259 , 273 Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent, 529 Petrarch, 128 prostitutes and prostitution, 57 , 66 , Roser, Isabel, 189 Phanariots, 428 229 –230; see also brothels Rossi, Properzia de’, 158 Philadelphian Society, 421 proto-industrialization, 470–471 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 370 Philip II, king of Spain, 109 , 113 , Prussia, Brandenburg-Prussia , Royal Society, 290 , 368 , 381 , 496–499 158 , 195–196 , 322 351–352 Rubens, Peter Paul, 396–399 Philip III, king of Spain, 111 , 196 , Ptolemy, 246, 373 Russia, 3 335 , 336 public health, 298–299 , 465 economic life in, 214 , 215 , 461 Philip V, king of Spain, 336 , 402 public welfare, see poor law and poor explorations by, 495 , 498 Philip Augustus, king of France, 103 relief politics in, 118–119 , 356 Philip “the Good,” duke of Burgundy, Pugachev Rebellion, 358 religion in, 38 , 63 , 427 , 430 –433 , 104 Purchas, Samuel, 492 –493 435 , 518 Philippe d’Orléans, 309 Puritans and Puritanism, 338 , 339 , Philippine Islands, 113 , 251 –252 , 256 , 413 –414 , 514 Safavids, 116 , 348 , 447 267 , 327 “purity of blood” laws, 109 , 336 Sahlins, Marshall, 497 philosophy, 138 , 373 , 379 , 388 purgatory, 77 Salutati, Coluccio, 138 physiocrats, 468 putting-out system, see cottage St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, Pico della Mirandola, 139 industry 138 , 193

index 545

St. Thomas Christians, 257 Socinians, 176 , 189 Tetzel, Johann, 168 saints, 9 , 26 , 40 , 149 , 169 , 173 , 191 , s o d o m y , see same-sex relationships Teutonic Knights, 117, 351 428 , 446 , 519 South Sea Company, 486 textiles, see cloth production Salamanca, 133 Sozzini, Fausto, 175 , 176 , 422 Theotokópoulos, Doménikos Salic Law, 351 Spain (El Greco) 154 salons, 369–370 economy in, 207 , 210 , 222 , 267 , Thirty Years’ War, 321–325 , 329 , 353 , same-sex relationships, 62 , 308–309 , 268 , 461 , 484 411 432 education in, 130 , 134 Tiepelo, Giovanni Battista, 524 Sao Tomé, 22 literature in, 146 “Time of Troubles” 356 , 431 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 375 politics in, 32–33 , 195 , 232 , 283 Tintoretto, Jacopo, 154 Schmalkaldic League, 181 religion in, 415 Tissot, Samuel-August, 306 schools, 35 , 129–133 , 143, 359 ; Spanish colonies, 248 –249 , 263 –267 , Titian, 154 see also education, literacy 269 , 493 tobacco, 268 , 452 , 507 Schrader, Catharina van, 289 Spener, Philipp, 422 toleration, religious, 346 , 359 , 411 , Schwenkfeld, Kaspar von, 175 Spenser, Edmund, 101–102 , 147 415 , 418 , 421 Scientifi c Revolution, 366–375 spices, 241 –242 , 454 Tordesillas Line, 251 , 252 Scot, Reginald, 439 spinning, 477 Toscanelli, Paolo, 246 Scotland Spinoza, Baruch, 381–382 towns, see cities and towns law in, 304 , 526 spiritualism, 420 Townshend, Charles, 458 politics in, 103 , 338 , 343 , 510 Stahl, Ernst, 375 Trent, Council of, 133 , 169–170 , religion in, 185 , 339 , 438 steam engine, 479 , 483 191–192, 415, 416 Selim “the Grim,” Ottoman sultan, Stedman, John Gabriel, 490 “triangle trade,” 261 116 , 255 stock bubbles, 485 Tull, Jethro, 458 Selim II, Ottoman sultan, 223 stock exchanges, 223 , 485 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 474 Serbia, 166 Stradivari, Antonio, 401 Tyrone’s rebellion, 101 serfs, 45 , 213 –215 , 217 , 347 , 354 , 356 , Strasbourg, 67 , 331 Tzevi, Shabbetai, 442 –443 359 , 461 Stuart, Charles Edward, 81 servants, 65 , 67 , 70 , 80 , 225 , 228 , 286 , Stubbes, Phillip, 76 Ukraine, 117 , 354 , 443 308 , 455 , 469 Sturm und Drang , 393 Uniates (Eastern Rites Catholics) Seven Years’ War, 326–327 , 503, 517 S u fi sm, 445 –447 429 –430 Sévigné, marquise de (Marie de sugar, 220 , 259 –261 Union of Kalmar, 33, 119 Rabutin-Chantal) 290 suicide, 76 Unitarians, 349 sexuality, 62 –68 , 304–310 , 438 Süleyman “the Magnifi cent,” universities, 35 , 36 , 133–135 , 296 Shakers, 426 Ottoman sultan, 94 , 117 , 156 , unmarried people, 44 , 70, 208 Shakespeare, William, 80 , 147 , 280 447 Urban II, pope, 24 ships and ship-building, 46 , 220 , Sully, Maximilian de Béthune, duke Ursulines, 133 , 189 , 527 254 , 268 , 475 of, 328 Sidney, Philip, 147 sumptuary laws, 57, 286 Valdés, Juan de, 141 Sigismund II Vasa, king of Poland, surgeons, 55 , 301 Valla, Lorenzo, 128 189 Sweden Van der Weyden, Rogier, 156 silk and silk-making, 26 , 58 , 219 , economy in, 457 , 480 Van Dyck, Anthony, 399 469 , 476 mining in, 43 , 217 Van Eyck, Jan, 156 silver, see metals, precious overseas ventures of, 353 , 505 , 514 Vancouver, George, 498 Simons, Menno, 175 politics in, 106–113, 119, 282 , 323 , Vasa, Gustavus, king of Sweden, 119 Sinan, Mimar, 154– 156 352 , 354 Vasari, Giorgio, 97 , 128–129 , 152 , Sixtus IV, pope, 108 religion in, 172 , 438 366 slave trade, 254 , 260 , 263 , 387 , 390 , Swedenborg, Emanuel and Velázquez, Diego, 396 511 Sweden-borgians, 422 Venice, 120 , 154 , 166 , 192 , 400 slavery, 242 –243 , 334 , 526 Swift, Jonathan, 381 economy in, 21 , 475 , 483 in Americas, 260 –262 , 266 , 269, Switzerland, 78 , 132 , 170 , 180–181 Verrazzano, Giovanni de, 495 506, 512 , 513 , 516 , 522 syphilis, 120 , 298 Vergil, Polydore, 88, 100, 140 in Muscovy, 215 Vermeer, Jan, 346 , 396 in Ottoman Empire, 215 Taino people, 248 Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 140 in western Europe, 22 8 tax policies, 97–98 , 205 , 266 , 359 , vernacular languages and literature, smallpox, 265 , 299 530 see literature Smith, Adam, 203 , 386, 474 in British Isles, 99–101 , 518 Veronese, Paola, 154 smuggling, 473 , 505, 508 , 510 in France, 104–105 , 318 , 328 Versailles, 283 , 314 , 316 , 347 , 394 social discipline, 165 , 182 in western Europe, 88 , 115 , 319 , 461 Vesalius, Andreas, 55 , 62, 295 social hierarchy, 281 Taxis family, 288 , 293 Vespucci, Amerigo, 249 –251 Society for the Reformation of Tenochtitlán, 264 , 265 Vienna, 20 , 140 , 283 , 348 , 354 , 401 Manners, 308 Teresa of Avila, 191 , 289 village governments, 34 , 121 , 207

546 index

Visconti, Giangaleazzo, 120 War of Jenkins’ Ear, 325 widows, 30 , 44 , 72 –73 , 432 vitalism, 296 War of the League of Augsburg, Wilkinson, John, 480 Vivaldi, Antonio, 401–402 325 William and Mary, rulers of England, Vives, Juan Luis, 141 War of the Roses, 100 342–343 , 345 , 411 Vodun, 519 War of the Spanish Succession, 325 , William the Silent, Prince of Orange, Voltaire, 382 331 , 349 195 , 345 Von Goens, Rujkloff, 521 warfare, 7 , 95, 321–328 , 467 , 530 ; Winstanley, Gerrard, 341 voyages see also military technology; witchcraft, 304 , 433 –440 in Atlantic, 243 –244 , 247 –251 armies, standing Wittenberg, 168 in Indian Ocean, 241 –243 , 254 Washington, George, 517 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 8 in Paciﬁ c , 2 5 2 Watt, James, 479 Wolsey, Thomas, 172 , 173 Watteau, Antoine, 399 Würzburg, 317 Waldseemüller, Martin, 249 , 250 weaponry, see military technology Wyclif, John, 167 Wallenstein, Albrecht von, 322 weaving, see cloth production Wallerstein, Immanuel, 528 Weber, Max, 204 Xavier, Francis, 188 Walpole, Robert, 344 , 486 weddings, 40 , 70 War of American Independence, Wedgwood, Josiah, 479 Zarlino, Gioseffo, 150 327 , 510 , 518–519 Wesley, John, 423 –424 Zheng He, 27 , 243 War of the Austrian Succession, Wesley, Susanna, 423 , 425 Zinzendorf, Erdmuthe von, 425 326 , 351, 517 Westphalia, Peace of, 323 Zinzendorf, Nicholas von, 423 War of the Bavarian Succession, Weyer, Johann, 439 Zurbarán, Francisco de, 396 467 Whiteﬁ eld, George, 424 Zwingli, Ulrich, 169–170 , 179 , 181