DOCSLIB.ORG

The Celts and Urbanization.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Celts and Urbanization.Pdf OPPOSITE PAGE, TOP: An aerial view of the Titelberg, Luxembourg. 2000 The site of a major oppidum and uninhabited since A.D. 500, the , Titelberg, like many oppida, was constructed on a high and easily FICHTL fortified plateau. BOTTOM: Map of Europe showing sites of the major . S : oppida and sites mentioned in the text. The area of the oppida included southern England and much of transalpine Europe from France to Bohemia, but did not include northern Italy. THIS PAGE, LEFT: A reconstruction of the main pincer gate of an oppidum. The clothing and structure of the walls are based on archaeological finds and classical descriptions. BELOW: A plan of Villeneuve-St.- Germain showing the enigmatic perpendicular ditches. BOTTOM: A reconstruction of the covered ditches at Villeneuve-St.-Germain. PLAN AND BOTTOM RIGHT ILLUSTRATION ; By Elizabeth Hamilton BEEBE BAHRAMI TheThe : THE ENDURING ILLUSTRATION PUZZLE OF , THE OPPIDA THIS PAGE ; ELIZABETH HAMILTON : GROWTH AND CHANGE IN IRON AGE SETTLEMENTS MAP The Early Iron Age, the Hallstatt C-D Period (700 B.C.–450 ; CeltsCelts B.C.), was characterized by wealthy “princely” graves and for- andand urbanizationurbanization tified hillforts, the most elaborate of which is described by Bettina Arnold on page 8. From about 450 B.C. to 200 B.C., LUXEMBOURG Camulodunum , though, most people settled in undefended lowland villages. (Colchester) ART l ’ rchaeologists have speculated for decades about the role of Londiniuml This period saw the introduction and spread of the La Tène Celtic settlements called oppida, because they fit only loosely art style, after which the Middle and Late Iron Age period is Ribemont-sur-Ancre named. This swirling, almost hallucinogenic style of orna- hills, in river bends, or at into the category we call “urban.” Unlike the people of the HISTOIRE ET D l ’ Gournay ment is widely associated with Celtic-speaking people (see the edges of swamps. In Middle East, who possessed large cities such as Ur, Babylon, l Titelberg Závist l l Stradonice l Bernard Wailes’ article on page 26), and by the end of the third most cases, they were Lutetia l Villeneuve-St.-Germain l and Tyre, among many others, the people of Europe north (Paris) Heidengraben Kelheim century B.C. it is found from Central Anatolia to Ireland and new establishments, and of the Alps preferred to cluster in small villages or hillforts, l l l l Avaricum Hrazany Stare Hradisko from southern France to southern Poland. Although Celtic often the low-lying with their ritual sites out in the countryside. During most of (Bourges)l l Alesia l Manching MUSÉE NATIONAL D l l , speakers certainly did not occupy all of this wide area, the unfortified villages near the Bronze and Iron Ages, both southwest Asia and Europe Uxellodunum Bibracte (Mont Beuvray) rapidity of the spread and the similarity of the ornaments and them were abandoned. north of the Alps were densely populated, socially stratified, l METZLER . vessels found so many miles apart are a testament to the wide- Presumably the popula- Gergovia J Aand crossed by established trade networks, but only in the : spread trading networks of the Celtic world. tion moved into the new B C last two centuries . do we see what may have been the In the second century B.C. we see the abrupt reappearance oppida. At the same time first towns north of the Alps, the oppida. Although these of the fortified hilltop site, but on a much vaster scale. The we see signs of greatly PHOTOGRAPH were the largest and most complex sites in temperate Europe , wall of the Hallstatt Period Heuneberg in Germany enclosed increased trade with the before the coming of the Romans, their scale remained an area of 7.5 hectares (18 acres); in contrast, the wall of Mediterranean world, modest, and the question of why they did not become l the Heidengraben in southern Germany covers 1,500 especially in wine and Rome cities continues to be a puzzle. OPPOSITE PAGE hectares (3,705 acres). The sites are located on prominent drinking equipment. 20 VOLUME 45, NUMBER 1 EXPEDITION WWW.MUSEUM.UPENN.EDU/PUBLICATIONS 21 The fortifications of these new and Stradonice (Bohemia), what seem to be workshops and a settlements were massive. Even today, craft areas are found clustered on the main road near the gate. WHAT IS AN OPPIDUM ? 2,000 years after the abandonment of Here the bronze and iron smiths, the workers in bone and Two sources tell us about oppida: the archaeological the defenses, the earthen rampart of leather, and the makers of fine pottery and glass would have record and written records, especially those of Julius the Titelberg in Luxembourg stands their shops and sell their wares. Caesar. Indeed, the word oppidum comes from Caesar’s 10 meters high and 40 to 50 meters Passing the workshop area, you would emerge not into a The Battle for Gaul, where he refers to fortified Gallic wide at the base. The exact type of dense network of public buildings and assembly areas but strongholds. Oppidum simply means “town” in Latin, and defense varied geographically, but into streets lined with small houses and palisaded enclosures its usage implies that Caesar recognized similarities the type described by Caesar, the containing one or two houses, along with granaries, storage pits, between the oppida and the town centers familiar to him murus gallicus, or Gallic wall, con- and probably stock pens for chickens, pigs, and other domestic from the Roman world. sisted of an earthen rampart with animals. In their layout, the enclosures and the buildings within Unfortunately for us, Caesar was not writing a cultural internal timber lacing fastened were very like the isolated farmsteads found in the countryside. account but a war report largely composed for propaganda together with thousands of long Often traces of craft production are found within these enclo- and to justify his invasions. Also, Caesar was observing the iron spikes. The timber-laced ram- sures. Most of the rest of the land enclosed by the defensive Gallic landscape during a time of trauma (that he caused), part was then faced with stone ramparts would be used for farming and pasture. so what he reports may not have been representative of blocks. It has been estimated that it In a few sites there is evidence for what may be public build- the oppida 10 years earlier. In addition, his use of the term took 200,000–435,000 working hours ings. In Villeneuve-Saint-Germain (France), the oppidum is oppida is inconsistent; when describing his British cam- to construct the 5-kilometer-long A reconstruction of crossed by two intersecting trenches, 500 and 300 meters long, paigns, he uses it to refer to smaller fortified sites with no murus gallicus around the oppidum Complex B at Manching 1.4 meters deep, and 2 meters wide, dividing the site into four permanent population. of Bibracte (Mont Beuvray, France). unequal areas. Rows of postholes follow the trenches, showing To better solve the oppidum puzzle, we must rely upon In most cases these huge walls enclosed an area far larger the Celtic states from those in the Mediterranean is that the that they were covered by a wooden structure. Many traces of archaeology. English-speaking archaeologists define an than was actually inhabited. It has always been assumed Celtic states were tribal, not based on a city-state. A city-state fibulae (brooches) in various stages of manufacture are found oppidum as a site from 20 to over 1,000 hectares large from Caesar’s accounts that these oppida served as refuges is a fixed territory; a tribal state is based on a potentially near the covered trenches. Other areas nearby have traces of (1 hectare=2.47 acres) that is entirely surrounded by for the rural population in times of war, and thus in normal movable population and can include many political and eco- fur and leather working. Were these enigmatic covered trench- fortifications, both natural (rivers, cliffs, and swamps) and times would have had a great deal of excess land. But what is nomic centers. Caesar noted that each tribe possessed es the site of workshops or markets? constructed. (French archaeologists use oppidum to refer to puzzling is that in some cases the walls enclose an area so numerous oppida, and while some oppida were described as In Manching (Germany), the area known as Complex B any hillfort of this period.) Often located on high ground, large as to be indefensible. Clearly more is involved than especially beautiful or important, none was described as a was a giant enclosed area some 80 meters on one side and sur- the oppida have a commanding view of the surrounding straightforward defense. Perhaps the walls of the oppida political center. Indeed, though few oppida have undergone rounded on three sides by streets. The enclosure contained terrain. We find sites of this kind from the Czech Republic to reflect a trend seen in many Late Iron Age structures from broad horizontal excavations, it is rare to find large public seven long houses; the longest two were 44 meters long and 6 southern France to southern Britain. Some of these sites, MUNICH palisaded farmsteads to ditched and palisaded ritual sites: buildings or even areas of public assembly in those that have , meters wide. The roofed wall around the complex was pierced such as Bibracte in France, Manching in Germany, and a concern with boundaries, a desire to definitively mark been excavated. Caesar noted that particular oppida were the at one point by a gate and a guardroom. The purpose of this Stradonice in Bohemia, had dense permanent populations terrain and separate categories of territory.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan Comparative and Contextual Perspectives
    Comparative and Global Perspectives on Japanese Archaeology Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan Comparative and Contextual Perspectives edited by Access Thomas Knopf, Werner Steinhaus and Shin’ya FUKUNAGAOpen Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78969 007 1 ISBN 978 1 78969 008 8 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2018 © All image rights are secured by the authors (Figures edited by Werner Steinhaus) Access Cover illustrations: Mori-shōgunzuka mounded tomb located in Chikuma-shi in Nagano prefecture, Japan, by Werner Steinhaus (above) Magdalenenberg burial mound at Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany,Open by Thomas Knopf (below) The printing of this book wasArchaeopress financed by the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018. Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................................... iii List of authors .................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pressemitteilung Als
    MINISTERIUM FÜR WISSENSCHAFT, FORSCHUNG UND KUNST PRESSE- UND ÖFFENTLICHKEITSARBEIT PRESSEMITTEILUNG 10. Juli 2020 Nr. 078/2020 Meilensteine für Keltenkonzeption Baden-Württemberg Kunststaatssekretärin Petra Olschowski: „Wir wollen spannende Geschichten erzählen von einer längst vergangenen Zeit, deren oft geheimnisvolle Spuren im ganzen Land zu entdecken sind.“ Die ersten fünf Hotspots stehen jetzt fest – Trichtinger Silberring ist Symbol und Logo des Keltenlandes Das Keltenland Baden-Württemberg wächst zusammen – es gibt weitere Meilen- steine zu feiern: Das Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst fördert drei zentrale Fundstätten im Land und der Trichtinger Silberring wird zum Symbol und Logo der Marketingkampagne des „Keltenlandes Baden-Württemberg“. Zu- dem wird das Landesmuseum Württemberg das Schaufenster des Keltenlandes in der Landeshauptstadt. „Das spannende keltische Erbe kann nicht nur an eini- gen zentralen Fundstätten und Museen studiert werden, sondern prägt flächen- übergreifend das ganze Land“, betone Kunststaatssekretärin Petra Olschowski am Freitag (10. Juli) im Landesmuseum Württemberg in Stuttgart. Nach einem Beschluss der Landesregierung von 2019 will das Ministerium in den nächsten Jahren insgesamt 10 Millionen Euro in die Keltenkonzeption des Landes investie- ren. Das Land fördert mit dem Heidengraben, dem Ipf und dem Keltenmuseum Hoch- dorf drei zentrale Keltenstätten mit insgesamt 3 Millionen Euro. Zusammen mit der Heuneburg, einer der bedeutendsten keltischen Fundplätze Europas, und Königstraße 46, 70173 Stuttgart, Telefon 0711 279-3005, Fax 0711 279-3081 E-Mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.mwk.baden-wuerttemberg.de Seite 2 von 4 dem Landesmuseum Württemberg stehen damit die ersten fünf Hotspots der Kel- tenkonzeption fest. Weitere Förderungen, insbesondere auch im badischen Lan- desteil, sollen folgen. Keltenkonzeption Ein Herzstück des Keltenlandes, die oberhalb der Donau gelegene Heuneburg bei Sigmaringen, wird in den nächsten Jahren zu einer Kelten- und Naturerlebnis- welt ausgebaut.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Gallo-Roman Relations Under the Early Empire by Ryan Walsh A
    Gallo-Roman Relations under the Early Empire By Ryan Walsh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Ryan Walsh 2013 1 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitchhiking: the Travelling Female Body Vivienne Plumb University of Wollongong
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2012 Hitchhiking: the travelling female body Vivienne Plumb University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Plumb, Vivienne, Hitchhiking: the travelling female body, Doctorate of Creative Arts thesis, School of Creative Arts, University of Wollongong, 2012. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3913 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Hitchhiking: the travelling female body A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctorate of Creative Arts from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Vivienne Plumb M.A. B.A. (Victoria University, N.Z.) School of Creative Arts, Faculty of Law, Humanities & the Arts. 2012 i CERTIFICATION I, Vivienne Plumb, declare that this thesis, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Creative Arts, in the Faculty of Creative Arts, School of Journalism and Creative Writing, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Vivienne Plumb November 30th, 2012. ii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support of my friends and family throughout the period of time that I have worked on my thesis; and to acknowledge Professor Robyn Longhurst and her work on space and place, and I would also like to express sincerest thanks to my academic supervisor, Dr Shady Cosgrove, Sub Dean in the Creative Arts Faculty. Finally, I would like to thank the staff of the Faculty of Creative Arts, in particular Olena Cullen, Teaching and Learning Manager, Creative Arts Faculty, who has always had time to help with any problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – Issues of National Identity and Proto-Celtic Substratum
    Brathair 18 (1), 2018 ISSN 1519-9053 Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum Silvana Trombetta1 Laboratory of Provincial Roman Archeology (MAE/USP) [email protected] Received: 03/29/2018 Approved: 04/30/2018 Abstract : The object of this article is to discuss the presence of the Castro Culture and of Celtic people on the Iberian Peninsula. Currently there are two sides to this debate. On one hand, some consider the “Castro” people as one of the Celtic groups that inhabited this part of Europe, and see their peculiarity as a historically designed trait due to issues of national identity. On the other hand, there are archeologists who – despite not ignoring entirely the usage of the Castro culture for the affirmation of national identity during the nineteenth century (particularly in Portugal) – saw distinctive characteristics in the Northwest of Portugal and Spain which go beyond the use of the past for political reasons. We will examine these questions aiming to decide if there is a common Proto-Celtic substrate, and possible singularities in the Castro Culture. Keywords : Celts, Castro Culture, national identity, Proto-Celtic substrate http://ppg.revistas.uema.br/index.php/brathair 39 Brathair 18 (1), 2018 ISSN 1519-9053 There is marked controversy in the use of the term Celt and the matter of the presence of these people in Europe, especially in Spain. This controversy involves nationalism, debates on the possible existence of invading hordes (populations that would bring with them elements of the Urnfield, Hallstatt, and La Tène cultures), and the possible presence of a Proto-Celtic cultural substrate common to several areas of the Old Continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Oppida: a Settlement Phenomenon of the Later Iron Ages of Britain and Temperate Europe: an Analysis of Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury
    Oppida: A Settlement Phenomenon of the later Iron Ages of Britain and Temperate Europe: An Analysis of Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury Volume Two The Sites: Later Iron Age Occupation at Colchester, Titelberg and Canterbury Emma Louise Jackson Classical and Archaeological Studies School of European Culture and Language Thesis Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Kent March 2017 7: Colchester The modern town of Colchester, (often referred to as Camulodunum in literature pertaining to the site’s later Iron Age, and Iron Age/Roman transitional period, occupation), has a long and vibrant history, with secure but not continuous evidence for occupation dating back to the Bronze Age (Crummy 1995b, 131-133). Flints dating to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods have also been recovered through excavation (Brooks and Masefield 2006, 4; Brooks et al. 2007, 1); however, these are so limited in number that it is impossible to state definitively whether occupation was actually present at these times. Despite this early evidence for human activity it was not until the later Iron Age (Hawkes and Hull 1947, 5; Hawkes 1995, 4-6; Niblett 1985; 1-3) that Colchester truly became a flourishing centre of occupation. This is particularly true of the last c.50 years of the later Iron Age, (from c.15/10 BC1), when Colchester, (Figure 7.1), became one of Britain’s most significant settlements. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the archaeology associated with this period is both extensive and exciting; with, as N. Crummy rightly notes, ‘enormous research potential’ (2013, 38). Consequently, it was an ideal case study for the present thesis (see Chapter 1.2.3.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Reconsidering Oppida and the Urban Question in Late Iron Age Europe
    J World Prehist (2017) 30:281–300 DOI 10.1007/s10963-017-9109-4 Alternatives to Urbanism? Reconsidering Oppida and the Urban Question in Late Iron Age Europe Tom Moore1 Published online: 6 September 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract The mega-sites of Late Iron Age Europe (traditionally known as oppida) provide an important dataset for exploring how complex social systems can artic- ulate power in novel ways. The question of whether these can be described as ‘urban’ has overshadowed a deeper understanding of the development and role of such sites, with many studies examining this issue almost wholly against peculiarly classical concepts of urbanism, isolating Iron Age studies from wider debate. Rather than seek to redefine ‘towns’, this paper explores how and why oppida diverge from traditional concepts of urbanism, arguing that the form of oppida reflects their focus on particular aspects—assembly, theatricality, and the household—which reflect the nature of Late Iron Age societies. It will be suggested that oppida are comparable to a range of mega-sites and low-density settlements recognised throughout the world that represent alternative solutions to the social complications urbanism seeks to address. Keywords Europe Á Iron Age Á Low-density settlements Á Oppida Á Assembly Introduction Large complexes, known as oppida, in Late Iron Age Europe (c. second century BC to first century AD) represent one of the most significant developments in prehistoric Europe. Spread from southern Britain to Bohemia (Fig. 1), their large size and extensive ramparts have led to discussion of oppida being dominated by debate over whether they can be regarded as the first manifestation of urbanism in & Tom Moore [email protected] 1 Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, UK 123 282 J World Prehist (2017) 30:281–300 123 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Settlement Patterns in Roman Galicia
    Settlement Patterns in Roman Galicia: Late Iron Age – Second Century AD Jonathan Wynne Rees Thesis submitted in requirement of fulfilments for the degree of Ph.D. in Archaeology, at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London University of London 2012 1 I, Jonathan Wynne Rees confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the changes which occurred in the cultural landscapes of northwest Iberia, between the end of the Iron Age and the consolidation of the region by both the native elite and imperial authorities during the early Roman empire. As a means to analyse the impact of Roman power on the native peoples of northwest Iberia five study areas in northern Portugal were chosen, which stretch from the mountainous region of Trás-os-Montes near the modern-day Spanish border, moving west to the Tâmega Valley and the Atlantic coastal area. The divergent physical environments, different social practices and political affinities which these diverse regions offer, coupled with differing levels of contact with the Roman world, form the basis for a comparative examination of the area. In seeking to analyse the transformations which took place between the Late pre-Roman Iron Age and the early Roman period historical, archaeological and anthropological approaches from within Iberian academia and beyond were analysed. From these debates, three key questions were formulated, focusing on
    [Show full text]
  • L'oppidum Du Mont Vully Et Son Rempart Celtique
    L'oppidum du Mont Vully et son rempart celtique Autor(en): Kaenel, Gilbert / Curdy, Philippe Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Ingénieurs et architectes suisses Band (Jahr): 120 (1994) Heft 1/2 PDF erstellt am: 11.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-78299 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch L'oppidum du Mont Vully et son rempart celtique Par Gilbert Kaenel, sommet du Mont Vully ¦mî; u- l\A< Musée cantonal (commune de Bas-Vully FR) U> «M tW-' d'archéologie Lea fait l'objet d'une exploration et d'histoire, J**"" dans le cadre tH^^L- à*\&*.
    [Show full text]
  • L'organisation Spatiale De L'oppidum
    L’organisation spatiale de l’oppidum Olivier Buchsenschutz, Roland Niaux, Dean Quinn, Jean-Loup Flouest, Daniele Vitali, Véronique Zwald, Hervé Richard, Katherine Gruel, Jean Gran-Aymerich, Miklós Szabó, et al. To cite this version: Olivier Buchsenschutz, Roland Niaux, Dean Quinn, Jean-Loup Flouest, Daniele Vitali, et al.. L’organisation spatiale de l’oppidum. Gallia - Archéologie de la France antique, CNRS Éditions, 1998, Dossier : L’oppidum de Bibracte, 55, pp.18-48. 10.3406/galia.1998.3259. hal-01308121 HAL Id: hal-01308121 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01308121 Submitted on 11 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License 18 Katherine Gruel, Daniele Vitali et al. portail (III), un fournil (V et VI) et deux autres locaux LES FORTIFICATIONS jointifs (I et II), ils constituent les annexes agricoles. Sous le couvent et ses annexes enfin, de nombreuses La fortification du Mont Beuvray, bien que masquée canalisations enterrées, constamment remaniées, aujourd'hui sous les arbres et sous ses propres éboulis, prolongent des drains courant sous les sols : l'eau de la fontaine, reste un des monuments les plus spectaculaires que nous située immédiatement en amont de la chapelle et aient légués les populations de l'Âge du Fer (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Mountford, Alesia: the Climax of Julius Caesar's Campaigns
    Alesia: the Climax of Julius Caesar’s Campaigns in Gaul Alesia: the Climax of Julius Caesar’s Campaigns in Gaul PETER MOUNTFORD In 2012 an impressive museum was opened on the plain below the village of Alise-Ste- Reine (Alesia). A combined ticket for the museum and the Gallo-Roman site on the t the beginning of June 2016 I made a hilltop costs €11,50. The museum is obviously pilgrimage to Alesia, something that I a popular place for school groups to visit, as had wanted to do for many years. There there were several there at the time of our A visit. The circular museum is on two levels is nothing like a visit to the site of an ancient event for clarifying one’s understanding of that and has impressive views of the site of the event. The topography is so important. events of Alesia from its rooftop (pl.1). My wife and I were very lucky, as we had In the open space in the centre of the ground arrived in France at a time when record floor displays are put on of both Gallic and rainfall had led to severe flooding of the Roman fighting equipment and methods of Seine and other rivers. Thankfully the rain fighting (pl.2). stopped just before we reached Alesia and did not start again until after we left, although These are designed especially for students. it was overcast. Alesia can be easily accessed There is also a good bookshop, although from the motorway from Paris to Lyon. It is almost all books are in French.
    [Show full text]
  • Oratio Recta and Oratio Obliqua in Caesar's De Bello
    VOICES OF THE ENEMY: ORATIO RECTA AND ORATIO OBLIQUA IN CAESAR’S DE BELLO GALLICO by RANDY FIELDS (Under the Direction of James C. Anderson, jr.) ABSTRACT According to his contemporaries and critics, Julius Caesar was an eminent orator. Despite the lack of any extant orations written by Caesar, however, one may gain insight into Caesar’s rhetorical ability in his highly literary commentaries, especially the De Bello Gallico. Throughout this work, Caesar employs oratio obliqua (and less frequently oratio recta) to animate his characters and give them “voices.” Moreover, the individuals to whom he most frequently assigns such vivid speeches are his opponents. By endowing his adversaries in his Commentarii with the power of speech (with exquisite rhetorical form, no less), Caesar develops consistent characterizations throughout the work. Consequently, the portrait of self-assured, unification-minded Gauls emerges. Serving as foils to Caesar’s own character, these Gauls sharpen the contrast between themselves and Caesar and therefore serve to elevate Caesar’s status in the minds of his reader. INDEX WORDS: Caesar, rhetoric, oratory, De Bello Gallico, historiography, propaganda, opponent, oratio obliqua, oratio recta VOICES OF THE ENEMY: ORATIO RECTA AND ORATIO OBLIQUA IN CAESAR’S DE BELLO GALLICO by RANDY FIELDS B.S., Vanderbilt University, 1992 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2005 © 2005 Randy Fields All Rights Reserved VOICES OF THE ENEMY: ORATIO RECTA AND ORATIO OBLIQUA IN CAESAR’S DE BELLO GALLICO by RANDY FIELDS Major Professor: James C.
    [Show full text]