L'organisation Spatiale De L'oppidum

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L'organisation Spatiale De L'oppidum L’organisation spatiale de l’oppidum Olivier Buchsenschutz, Roland Niaux, Dean Quinn, Jean-Loup Flouest, Daniele Vitali, Véronique Zwald, Hervé Richard, Katherine Gruel, Jean Gran-Aymerich, Miklós Szabó, et al. To cite this version: Olivier Buchsenschutz, Roland Niaux, Dean Quinn, Jean-Loup Flouest, Daniele Vitali, et al.. L’organisation spatiale de l’oppidum. Gallia - Archéologie de la France antique, CNRS Éditions, 1998, Dossier : L’oppidum de Bibracte, 55, pp.18-48. 10.3406/galia.1998.3259. hal-01308121 HAL Id: hal-01308121 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01308121 Submitted on 11 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License 18 Katherine Gruel, Daniele Vitali et al. portail (III), un fournil (V et VI) et deux autres locaux LES FORTIFICATIONS jointifs (I et II), ils constituent les annexes agricoles. Sous le couvent et ses annexes enfin, de nombreuses La fortification du Mont Beuvray, bien que masquée canalisations enterrées, constamment remaniées, aujourd'hui sous les arbres et sous ses propres éboulis, prolongent des drains courant sous les sols : l'eau de la fontaine, reste un des monuments les plus spectaculaires que nous située immédiatement en amont de la chapelle et aient légués les populations de l'Âge du Fer (fig. 8) . La alimentant le ruisseau de la Côme Chaudron, est ainsi hauteur du rempart, précédé d'un fossé et d'une captée pour assainir le terrain, fournir la communauté, contrescarpe qui dessinent aujourd'hui à son pied une large évacuer ensuite les déchets domestiques de deux latrines (D terrasse, le classe déjà parmi les fortifications les mieux et ZA) vers une fosse septique flanquant à l'est les conservées du monde celtique. Mais c'est surtout la annexes d'exploitation (VII). continuité du tracé, ininterrompu sur 5 km, qui force Plusieurs dizaines de monnaies des XIVe-XVIIe s. et un l'attention. Bulliot (1899, I, p. 1-95) avait déjà reconnu mobilier domestique abondant et diversifié, céramique, cette volonté de dresser une limite artificielle entre métallique, vitreux et ostéologique accompagnent les l'espace urbain et la campagne, soulignée encore par des structures. Leur analyse, en cours, permettra d'identifier portes monumentales. Déchelette avait fait les mieux encore les fonctions des différents locaux et comparaisons qui s'imposaient avec Manching (Allemagne) et d'éclairer l'environnement matériel de cette Stradonice (République tchèque). L'archéologie communauté monastique. confirme ici le témoignage des textes qui attribuent à L'enquête sur le terrain reste aujourd'hui inachevée : Bibracte le rôle de capitale d'une des plus puissantes une importante campagne de fouille est encore tribus de la Gaule. nécessaire pour terminer l'exploration de l'église conventuelle La reconnaissance d'une seconde fortification, et des extérieurs, et pour révéler les aménagements de la englobant celle de Bulliot, est l'un des apports les fontaine ; parallèlement, une prospection autour du plus neufs des campagnes de fouilles et de prospection Mont Beuvray doit apporter des éléments de récentes (fig. 4). L'acquisition des pentes de la comparaison sur les techniques et les matériaux de construction et montagne par l'État et leur nettoyage consécutif ont permis sur l'organisation spatiale des aménagements. de découvrir ce nouveau rempart qui se confondait Cette recherche, intégrée aux travaux des autres jusque-là avec les multiples chemins, antiques ou équipes du Centre archéologique européen, livre des modernes, se croisant et se recoupant jusqu'à la base éléments riches et originaux tant sur l'histoire de l'ordre du massif. F. Schubert a parcouru en tous sens ce franciscain que sur celle du Mont Beuvray ; la territoire et effectué des relevés minutieux pour chaque conservation et la restauration des vestiges, sans gêner l'étude des ondulation du terrain. Il a pu avancer de solides structures antiques sous-jacentes, devraient en assurer la hypothèses qui seront à confirmer par des fouilles dans lisibilité culturelle. les années à venir. Ce rempart « externe » entoure une P. B., W. B., C. C, K. G., J. L., B. St-J.-V, C. S. surface de près de 200 ha, équivalente à celle qu'occupe la ville d'Autun ; toutes les observations sur les microreliefs semblent indiquer qu'il est antérieur au rempart « interne ». Cette séquence chronologique, si elle L'ORGANISATION SPATIALE est confirmée par des sondages, nous amènera à re DE L' OPPIDUM considérer l'évolution de Y oppidum, et surtout l'écart entre le programme initial et l'étendue effective de Les vestiges remontant à La Tène D et à l'époque l'agglomération. augustéenne atteignent une ampleur incomparable avec Les prospections géophysiques sur les clous du murus les faibles traces des périodes précédentes. Ils se gallicus, conduites par A. Hesse et K. Aitchison, ont caractérisent par la mise en place d'une voirie, la maîtrise de la permis jusqu'à présent de repérer cinq fiches de fer sur le circulation des eaux, la construction de fortifications, la rempart externe. C'est bien sûr un indice insuffisant délimitation d'espaces publics ou religieux qui pour en tirer des conclusions : il faudra attendre le structurent un habitat étendu sur une surface considérable. résultat des fouilles entamées par l'université de Vienne Gallia, 55, 1998, p. 1-140 © CNRS EDITIONS, Paris, 1999 L' OPPIDUM DE BlBRACTE 19 Fig. 8 - Vue aérienne du rempart supérieur sur le flanc occidental du Mont Beuvray. On distingue aussi au premier plan un tronçon de la fortification extérieure (photo R. Goguey). (Autriche) en 1995 pour connaître la datation et la C'est la fouille de la Porte du Rebout qui a permis de nature de ce rempart. mettre en évidence la succession de plusieurs phases de La découverte de clous, grâce à cette méthode, dans fortification pour cette entrée du type classique à ailes ce que nous pensions jusque-là être l'axe des Grandes rentrantes (Zangentor), mais de proportions Portes, révèle que la fortification interne elle-même a monumentales. Le talus, couronné d'une accumulation de pierres connu plusieurs phases. Des reprises dans son tracé, ou disposées sans ordre, est large au sommet de quelques des irrégularités manifestes, sont visibles en plusieurs mètres, alors que son emprise au sol dépasse nettement endroits. Les fiches, dont la présence a été détectée à les 10 m (fig. 9). Il est d'autant plus facile à repérer dans proximité des Grandes Portes ou de la Porte du Rebout, la porte qu'il suit l'aile rentrante nord. A sa base, le long sont toujours placées dans la pente du talus couronné de de cette aile, la masse des terres est retenue par une pierres qui marque le tracé actuel de la fortification : le construction en poutres de bois horizontales, dont nous murus gallicus est en réalité partiellement enfoui sous un avons retrouvé l'empreinte dans les sédiments et talus de terre, et c'est ce dernier que nous voyons lorsque l'ancrage dans le sous-sol. Nous ne pouvons pas affirmer nous suivons le tracé du rempart. que cet aménagement est strictement contemporain du Gallia, 55, 1998, p. 1-140 © CNRS ÉDITIONS, Paris, 1999 20 Katherine Gruel, Daniele Vitali et al. V 0 500m ross[ 10m Fig. 9 - Plan de la fouille de la Porte du Rebout (état fin 1991) et vue (vers le nord-ouest) du bastion septentrional en cours de reconstitution. 55, 1998, p. 1-140 © CNRS EDITIONS, Paris, 1999 L' OPPIDUM DE BlBRACTE 21 couronnement de pierres, les fouilles de nos prédécesseurs ayant interrompu les stratigraphies, mais cela reste très probable. Ce talus, scellé par des habitats de l'époque augustéenne, est à dater entre la conquête et le début de l'ère chrétienne. Ici, comme sur de nombreux oppida du nord de la France, un talus massif recouvre le rempart à poutrage interne et à paroi verticale externe. Le murus gallicus, exploré à la Porte du Rebout sur plus de 1 000 m2, présente une charpente interne classique, constituée de poutres horizontales entrecroisées (fig. 10). La taille de la fouille, exceptionnelle pour ce genre de construction, a permis maintes observations qu'il n'est pas possible de résumer ici (250 poutres horizontales, longitudinales et transversales, ont été Fig. 10 - La Porte du Rebout : le bastion septentrional relevées) . Un premier état de ce murus gallicus, comportant en cours de dégagement, vu vers l'ouest. également un parement en pierres et des poutres clouées, mais de diamètre plus fin que celles du murus gallicus principal, a pu être observé, suivant un tracé portes que C.-N. Ledoux avait construites autour de oblique par rapport aux parements est et sud de l'aile Paris. L'érosion naturelle et les destructions opérées par nord. Dans l'aile sud, une structure analogue a été mise les routes successives à travers la porte antique ont rendu au jour ; de plus, deux phases successives peuvent être très difficile la détection du sol du passage et des traces distinguées dans le murus gallicus principal. Même s'il d'une éventuelle superstructure. Nous pouvons n'est pas possible de généraliser à toute la fortification les néanmoins affirmer aujourd'hui qu'il n'y a jamais eu ici un observations faites sur cette porte, point grand portail avec un étage ou un passage supérieur sur particulièrement sensible, la rapide succession des reconstructions poteaux plantés comme on en connaît dans certains dans un laps de temps inférieur à un siècle ouvre de autres grands oppida.
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